INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CERTAIN
VETERINARY DRUG RESIDUES IN FOOD
WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 45
Prepared by the
Fifty-fourth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
World Health Organization, Geneva, 2000
ANNEX 1
Reports and other documents resulting from previous meetings of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
1. General principles governing the use of food additives (First
report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).
FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 15, 1957; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 129, 1957 (out of print).
2. Procedures for the testing of intentional food additives to
establish their safety for use (Second report of the Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition
Meetings Report Series, No. 17, 1958; WHO Technical Report
Series, No. 144, 1958 (out of print).
3. Specifications for identity and purity of food additives
(antimicrobial preservatives and antioxidants) (Third report of
the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). These
specifications were subsequently revised and published as
Specifications for identity and purity of food additives, Vol. I.
Antimicrobial preservatives and antioxidants, Rome, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1962 (out of
print).
4. Specifications for identity and purity of food additives (food
colours) (Fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). These specifications were subsequently revised
and published as Specifications for identity and purity of food
additives, Vol. II. Food colours, Rome, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, 1963 (out of print).
5. Evaluation of the carcinogenic hazards of food additives (Fifth
report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).
FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 29, 1961; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 220, 1961 (out of print).
6. Evaluation of the toxicity of a number of antimicrobials and
antioxidants (Sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee
on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 31,
1962; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 228, 1962 (out of print).
7. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and
their toxicological evaluation: emulsifiers, stabilizers,
bleaching and maturing agents (Seventh report of the Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition
Meetings Series, No. 35, 1964; WHO Technical Report Series, No.
281, 1964 (out of print).
8. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and
their toxicological evaluation: food colours and some
antimicrobials and antioxidants (Eighth report of the Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition
Meetings Series, No. 38, 1965; WHO Technical Report Series, No.
309, 1965 (out of print).
9. Specifications for identity and purity and toxicological
evaluation of some antimicrobials and antioxidants. FAO Nutrition
Meetings Report Series, No. 38A, 1965; WHO/Food Add/24.65 (out of
print).
10. Specifications for identity and purity and toxicological
evaluation of food colours. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series,
No. 38B, 1966; WHO/Food Add/66.25.
11. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and
their toxicological evaluation: some antimicrobials,
antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour treatment agents,
acids, and bases (Ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Series, No.
40, 1966; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 339, 1966 (out of
print).
12. Toxicological evaluation of some antimicrobials, antioxidants,
emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour treatment agents, acids, and
bases. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 40A, B, C;
WHO/Food Add/67.29.
13. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and
their toxicological evaluation: some emulsifiers and stabilizers
and certain other substances (Tenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings
Series, No. 43, 1967; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 373, 1967.
14. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and
their toxicological evaluation: some flavouring substances and
non nutritive sweetening agents (Eleventh report of the Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition
Meetings Series, No. 44, 1968; WHO Technical Report Series, No.
383, 1968.
15. Toxicological evaluation of some flavouring substances and non
nutritive sweetening agents. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report
Series, No. 44A, 1968; WHO/Food Add/68.33.
16. Specifications and criteria for identity and purity of some
flavouring substances and non-nutritive sweetening agents. FAO
Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 44B, 1969; WHO/Food
Add/69.31.
17. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and
their toxicological evaluation: some antibiotics (Twelfth report
of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO
Nutrition Meetings Series, No. 45, 1969; WHO Technical Report
Series, No. 430, 1969.
18. Specifications for the identity and purity of some antibiotics.
FAO Nutrition Meetings Series, No. 45A, 1969; WHO/Food Add/69.34.
19. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and
their toxicological evaluation: some food colours, emulsifiers,
stabilizers, anticaking agents, and certain other substances
(Thirteenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Series, No. 46, 1970; WHO
Technical Report Series, No. 445, 1970.
20. Toxicological evaluation of some food colours, emulsifiers,
stabilizers, anticaking agents, and certain other substances. FAO
Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 46A, 1970; WHO/Food
Add/70.36.
21. Specifications for the identity and purity of some food colours,
emulsifiers, stabilizers, anticaking agents, and certain other
food additives. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 46B,
1970; WHO/Food Add/70.37.
22. Evaluation of food additives: specifications for the identity and
purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some
extraction solvents and certain other substances; and a review of
the technological efficacy of some antimicrobial agents.
(Fourteenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Series, No. 48, 1971; WHO
Technical Report Series, No. 462, 1971.
23. Toxicological evaluation of some extraction solvents and certain
other substances. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 48A,
1971; WHO/Food Add/70.39.
24. Specifications for the identity and purity of some extraction
solvents and certain other substances. FAO Nutrition Meetings
Report Series, No. 48B, 1971; WHO/Food Add/70.40.
25. A review of the technological efficacy of some antimicrobial
agents. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 48C, 1971;
WHO/Food Add/70.41.
26. Evaluation of food additives: some enzymes, modified starches,
and certain other substances: Toxicological evaluations and
specifications and a review of the technological efficacy of some
antioxidants (Fifteenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Series, No.
50, 1972; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 488, 1972.
27. Toxicological evaluation of some enzymes, modified starches, and
certain other substances. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series,
No. 50A, 1972; WHO Food Additives Series, No. 1, 1972.
28. Specifications for the identity and purity of some enzymes and
certain other substances. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series,
No. 50B, 1972; WHO Food Additives Series, No. 2, 1972.
29. A review of the technological efficacy of some antioxidants and
synergists. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 50C, 1972;
WHO Food Additives Series, No. 3, 1972.
30. Evaluation of certain food additives and the contaminants
mercury, lead, and cadmium (Sixteenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings
Series, No. 51, 1972; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 505, 1972,
and corrigendum.
31. Evaluation of mercury, lead, cadmium and the food additives
amaranth, diethylpyrocarbamate, and octyl gallate. FAO Nutrition
Meetings Report Series, No. 51A, 1972; WHO Food Additives Series,
No. 4, 1972.
32. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review
of general principles and of specifications (Seventeenth report
of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO
Nutrition Meetings Series, No. 53, 1974; WHO Technical Report
Series, No. 539, 1974, and corrigendum (out of print).
33. Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including
anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, and
thickening agents. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 53A,
1974; WHO Food Additives Series, No. 5, 1974.
34. Specifications for identity and purity of thickening agents,
anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants and emulsifiers.
FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 4, 1978.
35. Evaluation of certain food additives (Eighteenth report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition
Meetings Series, No. 54, 1974; WHO Technical Report Series, No.
557, 1974, and corrigendum.
36. Toxicological evaluation of some food colours, enzymes, flavour
enhancers, thickening agents, and certain other food additives.
FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 54A, 1975; WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 6, 1975.
37. Specifications for the identity and purity of some food colours,
enhancers, thickening agents, and certain food additives. FAO
Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 54B, 1975; WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 7, 1975.
38. Evaluation of certain food additives: some food colours,
thickening agents, smoke condensates, and certain other
substances. (Nineteenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Series, No.
55, 1975; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 576, 1975.
39. Toxicological evaluation of some food colours, thickening agents,
and certain other substances. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report
Series, No. 55A, 1975; WHO Food Additives Series, No. 8, 1975.
40. Specifications for the identity and purity of certain food
additives. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 55B, 1976;
WHO Food Additives Series, No. 9, 1976.
41. Evaluation of certain food additives (Twentieth report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Food and
Nutrition Meetings Series, No. 1, 1976; WHO Technical Report
Series, No. 599, 1976.
42. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 10, 1976.
43. Specifications for the identity and purity of some food
additives. FAO Food and Nutrition Series, No. 1B, 1977; WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 11, 1977.
44. Evaluation of certain food additives (Twenty-first report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 617, 1978.
45. Summary of toxicological data of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 12, 1977.
46. Specifications for identity and purity of some food additives,
including antioxidant, food colours, thickeners, and others. FAO
Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 57, 1977.
47. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Twenty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 631, 1978.
48. Summary of toxicological data of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 13, 1978.
49. Specifications for the identity and purity of certain food
additives. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 7, 1978.
50. Evaluation of certain food additives (Twenty-third report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 648, 1980, and corrigenda.
51. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 14, 1980.
52. Specifications for identity and purity of food colours,
flavouring agents, and other food additives. FAO Food and
Nutrition Paper, No. 12, 1979.
53. Evaluation of certain food additives (Twenty-fourth report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 653, 1980.
54. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 15, 1980.
55. Specifications for identity and purity of food additives
(sweetening agents, emulsifying agents, and other food
additives). FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 17, 1980.
56. Evaluation of certain food additives (Twenty-fifth report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 669, 1981.
57. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 16, 1981.
58. Specifications for identity and purity of food additives (carrier
solvents, emulsifiers and stabilizers, enzyme preparations,
flavouring agents, food colours, sweetening agents, and other
food additives). FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 19, 1981.
59. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Twenty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 683, 1982.
60. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 17, 1982.
61. Specifications for the identity and purity of certain food
additives. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 25, 1982.
62. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Twenty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 696, 1983, and
corrigenda.
63. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 18, 1983.
64. Specifications for the identity and purity of certain food
additives. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 28, 1983.
65. Guide to specifications General notices, general methods,
identification tests, test solutions, and other reference
materials. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 5, Rev. 1, 1983.
66. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Twenty-eighth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 710, 1984, and
corrigendum.
67. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 19, 1984.
68. Specifications for the identity and purity of food colours. FAO
Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 31/1, 1984.
69. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives. FAO
Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 31/2, 1984.
70. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Twenty-ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 733, 1986, and
corrigendum.
71. Specifications for the identity and purity of certain food
additives. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 34, 1986.
72. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 20. Cambridge
University Press, 1987.
73. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants (Thirtieth
report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).
WHO Technical Report Series, No. 751, 1987.
74. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 21. Cambridge
University Press, 1987.
75. Specifications for the identity and purity of certain food
additives. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 37, 1986.
76. Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and
contaminants in food. WHO Environmental Health Criteria, No. 70.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 1987 (out of print). The full
text is available electronically at www.who.int/pcs.
77. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Thirty-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 759, 1987 and
corrigendum.
78. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 22. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
79. Specifications for the identity and purity of certain food
additives. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 38, 1988.
80. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Thirty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 763, 1988.
81. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 23. Cambridge University
Press, 1988.
82. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41, 1988.
83. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Thirty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 776, 1989.
84. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 24. Cambridge
University Press, 1989.
85. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Thirty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 788, 1989.
86. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 25, 1990.
87. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/2, 1990.
88. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Thirty-fifth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 789, 1990, and
corrigenda.
89. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 26, 1990.
90. Specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives.
FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 49, 1990.
91. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Thirty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 799, 1990.
92. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 27, 1991.
93. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/3, 1991.
94. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Thirty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 806, 1991, and
corrigenda.
95. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 28, 1991.
96. Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Combined specifications from
1st through the 37th Meetings, 1956-1990. FAO, 1992 (2 volumes).
97. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Thirty-eighth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 815, 1991.
98. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary residues in food.
WHO Food Additives Series, No. 29, 1991.
99. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/4, 1991.
100. Guide to specifications -- General notices, general analytical
techniques, identification tests, test solutions, and other
reference materials. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 5, Ref. 2,
1991.
101. Evaluation of certain food additives and naturally occurring
toxicants (Thirty-ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series No.
828, 1992.
102. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and naturally
occurring toxicants. WHO Food Additive Series, No. 30, 1993.
103. Compendium of food additive specifications: Addendum 1. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 52, 1992.
104. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food (Fortieth
report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).
WHO Technical Report Series, No. 832, 1993.
105. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 31, 1993.
106. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/5, 1993.
107. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Forty-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 837, 1993.
108. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 32, 1993.
109. Compendium of food additive specifications: Addendum 2. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 52, Add. 2, 1993.
110. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Forty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 851, 1995.
111. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 33, 1994.
112. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/6, 1994.
113. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Forty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 855, 1995, and
corrigendum.
114. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 34, 1995.
115. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/7, 1995.
116. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Forty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 859, 1995.
117. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and
contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 35, 1996.
118. Compendium of food additive specifications: Addendum 3. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 52, Add. 3, 1995.
119. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Forty-fifth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 864, 1996.
120. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 36, 1996.
121. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/8, 1996.
122. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Forty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 868, 1997.
123. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food
Additives Series, No. 37, 1996.
124. Compendium of food additive specifications, addendum 4. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 52, Add. 4, 1996.
125. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Forty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 876, 1998.
126. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 38, 1996.
127. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/9, 1997.
128. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Forty-eighth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 879, 1998.
129. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 39, 1997.
130. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/10, 1998.
131. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Forty-ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 884, 1999.
132. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO
Food Additives Series, No. 40, 1998.
133. Compendium of food additive specifications: Addendum 5. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 52, Add. 5, 1997.
134. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food (Fiftieth
report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).
WHO Technical Report Series, No. 888, 1999.
135. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 41, 1998.
136. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/11, 1999.
137. Evaluation of certain food additives (Fifty-first report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 891, 2000.
138. Safety evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food Additives
Series, No. 42, 1999.
139. Compendium of food additive specifications, addendum 6. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 52, Add. 6, 1998.
140. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food
(Fifty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 893, in press.
141. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in
food. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 43, 2000
142. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 41/12, 2000.
143. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants
(Fifty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, in press.
144. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO
Food Additives Series, No. 44, 2000.
145. Compendium of food additive specifications, addendum 7. FAO Food
and Nutrition Paper, No. 52, Add. 7, 1999.
ANNEX 2
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE MONOGRAPHS
ADI acceptable daily intake
AUC integrated area under the curve of concentration-time
bw body weight
CFU colony-forming unit
ED50 median effective dose
F female
F0 parental generation
F1 first filial generation
F2 second filial geneartion
F3 third filial generation
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
GABA gamna-aminobutyric acid
GLP good laboratory practice
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
i.p. intraperitoneal
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
JMPR Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues
LC50 median lethal concentration
LD50 median lethal dose
LH luteinizing hormone
LOEL lowest-observed-effect level
M male
MEA 6-methyl-8ß-ergoline-acetonitrile
MIC50 median inhibitory concentration
MS mass spectrometry
NOEC no-observed-effect concentration
NOEL no-observed-effect level
NR not reported
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
S9 hepatic microsome fraction
SPF specific pathogen-free
TLC thin-layer chromatography
USP United States Pharmacopeia
WHO World Health Organization
ANNEX 3
JOINT FAO/WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE ON FOOD ADDITIVES
Geneva, 15-24 February 2000
Members
Professor A. Anadón, Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Dr L.-E. Appelgren, Professor of Pharmacology, Department of
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Dr D. Arnold, Acting Director, Federal Institute for Health Protection
of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
Dr J. Boisseau, Director, National Agency for Veterinary Medicinal
Products, French Food Safety Agency, Fougères, France
(Vice-Chairman)
Professor A.R. Boobis, Section on Clinical Pharmacology, Division of
Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith
Campus, London, England (Rapporteur)
Professor L.D.B. Kinabo, Department of Veterinary Physiology,
Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sokoine University of
Agriculture, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
Dr J.D. MacNeil, Head, Center for Veterinary Drug Residues, Health of
Animals Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada (Rapporteur)
Dr J.G. McLean, Professor Emeritus, Swinburne University of
Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (Chairman)
Dr M.A. Miller, Deputy Director, Human Food Safety, Office of New
Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and
Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
Professor J. Palermo-Neto, Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology
Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Sœo Paulo, Sœo Paulo, Brazil
Dr J.L. Rojas Martínez, Chief, Toxicology and Residues Section,
National Laboratory of Veterinary Sciences, Ministry of
Agricultural and Animal Husbandry, San José, Costa Rica
Dr S. Soback, Head, National Residue Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary
Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Beit Dagan, Israel
Dr R.W. Stephany, Head, Laboratory for Residue Analysis, National
Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven,
Netherlands
Secretariat
Dr F. Aguilar, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Dr S.M.F. Calumpang, National Crop Protection Centre, University of
the Philippines, Los Baños College Laguna, Philippines (FAO
Consultant)
Dr C.E. Cerniglia, Director, Division of Microbiology and Chemistry,
National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug
Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA (WHO Temporary
Adviser)
Dr R. Ellis, Nutrition Officer, Food Quality Liaison Group, Food
Quality and Standards Service, Food and Nutrition Division, FAO,
Rome, Italy (Joint Secretary)
Dr L.G. Friedlander, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug
Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA (FAO Consultant)
Dr K. Greenlees, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug
Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA (WHO Temporary
Adviser)
Mr D.J. Hamilton, Principal Scientific Officer, Animal and Plant
Health Service, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane,
Australia (FAO Consultant)
Dr J.L. Herrman, Scientist, International Programme on Chemical
Safety, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (Joint Secretary)
Dr R.J. Heitzman, Science Consultant, Newbury, Berkshire, England
(FAO Consultant)
Dr R.C. Livingston, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug
Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA (FAO Consultant)
Dr K. Mitsumori, Chief, Third Section, Division of Pathology,
Biological Safety Research Centre, National Institute of Health
Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Professor M.R.A. Morgan, Procter Department of Food Science,
University of Leeds, Leeds, England (FAO Consultant)
Mr N. Nakashima, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Mrs M.E.J. Pronk, Engineer, Center for Substances and Risk Assessment,
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,
Bilthoven, Netherlands (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Mr D. Renshaw, Principal Scientist: Veterinary Products, Joint
Ministry of Foof and Fisheries/Department of Health Food
Standards and Safety Group, Department of Health, London, United
Kingdom (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr L. Ritter, Executive Director, Canadian Network of Toxicology
Centres, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
(WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr G. Roberts, Manager, Chemical Products Assessment Section,
Therapeutic Goods Administration, Commonwealth Department of
Health and Aged Care, Woden, Australian Capital Territory,
Australia (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr B. Roestel, Head International Affairs, National Agency for
Veterinary Medicinal Products, French Food Safety Agency, La
Haute Marche, France (FAO Consultant)
Dr S. Sundlof, Director, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug
Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA (WHO Temporary
Adviser)
Dr A. Tejada, Pesticide Management Group, Plant Production and
Protection Division, FAO, Rome, Italy
Professor F.R. Ungemach, Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and
Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr Y. Yamada, Food Standards Officer, Joint FAO/WHO Standards
Programme, Food and Nutrition Division, FAO, Rome, Italy
Dr R. Wells, Gordon, New South Wales, Australia (FAO Consultant)
Professor J. Zmudzki, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
(FAO Consultant)
ANNEX 4
RECOMMENDATIONS ON COMPOUNDS ON THE AGENDA AND FURTHER INFORMATION
REQUIRED
Anthelminthic agent
Ivermectin
Acceptable daily intake: 0-1 µg/kg bw (established at the
fortieth meeting of the Committee (WHO
TRS 832, 1993))
Residue definition: Ivermectin H2B1a
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)a
Species Milk
(µg/kg)
Cattle 10b
a The MRLs that were recommended at the thirty-sixth and fortieth
meetings of the Committee (WHO TRS 799 (1990) and 832 (1993),
respectively) were not reconsidered and were maintained.
b Temporary MRL. Validation data on the analytical method and
information on other routes of application to cattle to evaluate
the residues in milk are required for evaluation in 2002.
Antimicrobial agents
Flumequine
Acceptable daily intake: 0-30 µg/kg bw (established at the
forty-eighth meeting of the Committee
(WHO TRS 879, 1998))
Residue definition: Flumequine
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Muscle Liver Kidney Fat
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
Cattle 500 500 3000 1000
Pigs 500 500 3000 1000
Sheep 500 500 3000 1000
Chickens 500 500 3000 1000
Trout 500a
a For trout muscle including skin in natural proportions.
Lincomycin
Acceptable daily intake: 0-30 µg/kg bw
Residue definition: Lincomycin
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Muscle Liver Kidney Fat Milk
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
Cattle 100a 500a 1500a 100a 150
Pigs 100 500 1500 100
Sheep 100a 500a 1500a 100a
Chickensb 100a 500a 1500a 100a
a The recommended MRLs are temporary. Data comparable to those
provided for tissues of pigs, which show that lincomycin is the
major component with significant microbiological activity in
tissues of cattle, sheep, and chickens, are required for
evaluation in 2002.
b Before considering an MRL for chicken eggs, the Committee would
wish to see (1) data showing that lincomycin is the major
component with significant microbiological activity and (2) a
residue depletion study in which the gas chromatographic-mass
spectrometry method is used.
Oxytetracycline
Acceptable daily intake: 0-30 µg/kg bw (group ADI for
tetracycline, oxytetracycline and
chlortetracycline; established at the
fiftieth meeting of the Committee (WHO
TRS 888, 1999))
Residue definition: Oxytetracycline, singly or in
combination with chlortetracycline and
tetracycline
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)a
Species Muscle
(µg/kg)
Fish 200b
a The MRLs that were recommended in cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry,
and giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) at the fiftieth meeting
of the Committee (WHO TRS 888, 1999) were not reconsidered and
were maintained.
b Temporary MRL. Residue data and a validated analytical method are
required for evaluation in 2002.
Tilmicosin
Acceptable daily intake: 0-40 µg/kg bw (established at the
forty-seventh meeting of the Committee
(WHO TRS 876, 1996))
Residue definition: Tilmicosin
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)a
Species Milk
(µg/kg)
Sheep Not extendedb
a The MRLs that were recommended for muscle, liver, kidney, and fat
of cattle, pigs, and sheep at the forty-seventh meeting of the
Committee (WHO TRS 876, 1998) were not reconsidered and were
maintained.
b The temporary MRL for sheep milk was not extended as results of a
study with radiolabelled drug in lactating sheep to determine the
relationship between total residues and parent drug in milk were
not available.
Insecticides
Cyhalothrin
Acceptable daily intake: 0-2 µg/kg bw (temporary)a
Residue definition: Cyhalothrin
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Muscle Liver Kidney Fat Milk
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
Cattleb 20 20 20 400 30
Pigsb 20 20 20 400
Sheepb 20 20 20 400
a Results of appropriate studies to establish a NOEL for
neurobehavioural effects in laboratory animals are required for
evaluation in 2002.
b The recommended MRLs are temporary because the ADI is temporary.
In addition, results of the validation of the analytical method
for sheep liver to demonstrate a limit of quantification of 0.01
mg/kg are required for evaluation in 2002.
Cypermethrin
Acceptable daily intake: 0-50 µg/kg bw (established at the
forty-seventh meeting of the Committee
(WHO TRS 876, 1998))
Residue definition: Cypermethrin, sum of isomers
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Muscle Liver Kidney Fat Milk/Eggs
Cattlea Not Not Not Not Not
extended extended extended extended extended
Sheepa Not Not Not Not
extended extended extended extended
Chickensa Not Not Not Not Not
extended extended extended extended extended
a Since the information required at the forty-seventh meeting of
the Committee (WHO TRS 876, 1998) was not provided and there was
no indication that it would be provided in the future, the
temporary MRLs that had been recommended for cattle, sheep, and
chickens were not extended.
alpha-Cypermethrin
Acceptable daily intake: 0-20 µg/kg bw (established at the
forty-seventh meeting of the Committee
(WHO TRS 876, 1998))
Residue definition: alpha-Cypermethrin, sum of isomers
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Muscle Liver Kidney Fat Milk/Eggs
Cattlea Not Not Not Not Not
extended extended extended extended extended
Sheepa Not Not Not Not
extended extended extended extended
Chickensa Not Not Not Not Not
extended extended extended extended extended
a Since the information required at the forty-seventh meeting of
the Committee (WHO TRS 876, 1998) was not provided and there was
no indication that it would be provided in the future, the
temporary MRLs that had been recommended for cattle, sheep, and
chickens were not extended.
Dicyclanil
Acceptable daily intake: 0-7 µg/kg bw
Residue definition: Dicyclanil
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Muscle Liver Kidney Fat
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
Sheep 200 400 400 150
Permethrin
Acceptable daily intake: 0-50 µg/kg bw (for technical-grade
permethrin with cis:trans ratios of
25:75 to 40:60; established by the 1999
Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide
Residues (JMPR) (FAO Plant Production
and Protection Paper, No. 153, 1999)
Residue definition: Permethrin, sum of isomers
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
The Committee concluded that the database available to the 1999
JMPR was not adequate to assess the toxicity of the 80:20 cis:trans
isomeric mixture proposed for use as a veterinary drug. In the absence
of an ADI, the Committee was unable to establish MRLs for this
isomeric mixture of permethrin.
Trichlorfon
Acceptable daily intake: 0-20 µg/kg bw
Residue definition: Trichlorfon
Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Muscle Liver Kidney Fat Milk
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
Cattle 50a 50a 50a 50a 50
a Guidance value only. Residues of trichlorfon were not detected in
the depletion studies reviewed by the Committee. MRLs were not
recommended by the Committee for muscle, liver, kidney, or fat in
cattle, since no detectable residues should be present in tissues
from animals treated with trichlorfon when used in accordance
with good practice in the use of veterinary drugs. The limit of
quantification may be used as a guide for maximum residue
concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat of cattle.
Production aid
Melengestrol acetate
Acceptable daily intake: 0-0.03 µg/kg bw
Residue definition: Melengestrol acetate
Maximum residue limits (MRLs)
Species Liver Fat
(µg/kg) (µg/kg)
Cattle 2a 5a
a Temporary MRL. A practical analytical method for monitoring
residues of melengestrol at the recommended MRL is required for
evaluation in 2002.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations