AZINPHOS-METHYL JMPR 1974
This monograph addendum has to be read in conjunction with the
monograph from the 1973 Meeting (FAO/WHO 1974), p. 29-32.
Explanation
Arising out of the list of requirements in the report of the 1972
Joint Meeting, some information on use patterns in several countries
and residues resulting from supervised trials therein and some data on
the disappearance of residues during storage and processing was
referred to the FAO Working Party.
The Codex Committee on Pesticide residues in its 7th session,
February 1974, requested the JMPR to recommend specific maximum limits
rather than general ones for fruit and vegetables. The New Zealand
delegation to the CXPR brought forward a proposal for a separate
tolerance for kiwi fruit (Chinese gooseberry; Actinidia chinensis).
RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION
RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS
Residue data from supervised trials on kiwi fruit were provided.
Including the data provided to the 1968 Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO 1969),
and the additional data received since then, extensive data were
available from supervised trials on a broad range of fruits and
vegetables such as apricots, apples, pears, peaches, plums,
blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, grapes, beans,
peas, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, red cabbage, savoy
cabbage, onions, peppers and spinach. The new information is
summarized in Table 1.
APPRAISAL
It was considered that a sufficient range of fruits and
vegetables had been studied to enable recommendations to be made for
fruits and vegetables, respectively, each as a group except those for
which specific tolerances could be recommended.
It was shown that thermal processing of spinach at 110°C for 60
minutes and apricots at 100°C for 50 minutes decreased the initial
residue by 100 and 60% respectively. After one year's storage of
canned apricots at ambient temperatures the remaining residue had
disappeared totally (Elkins et al. 1972). Household cooking of deep
frozen beans with about 1 mg/kg azinphos-methyl for 15 minutes
decreased the residue by about 85% (Carlin et al. 1966). Washing of
citrus fruits removed 30-80% of the residue occurring on the peel
(Anderson et al. 1963, Gunther et al. 1963).
TABLE 1 Residues of azinphos-methyl and its P=O analogue expressed as azinphos-methyl
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
Fruit crops
Apple
USA 1 (12.5) Wp 25 1.19 0.66 0.45 n.d.
Fed. Rep. of
Germany (1967) 1 (50) low Wp 25 1.65 1.3 1.0 0.45 0.5
volume
Marks Codlin
Netherlands
(1959) 1 1 Wp 25 0.20 0.22 0.19 0.06
Jonathan
Netherlands
(1959) 1 1 Wp 25 0.25 0.29 0.18 0.07 n.d.
Lombarts Calvill
Netherlands
(1967) 1 0.75 Wp 25 0.14- 0.05- 0.04- 0.03- 0.03-
0.29 0.1 0.07 0.09 0.08
Jonathan
Netherlands
(1967) 1 0.75 Wp 25 0.48- 0.33- 0.07- 0.12- 0.05
0.74 0.53 0.17 0.20 0.20
Almonds USA 3 2.24 Wp 25
nut meats n.d.
hulls 6.0
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
Apricots
USA 1 (12.5) Wp 25 16.3 4.6 3.1
USA 1 (15) Wp 25 16.6 1.95
Blackberries
USA 3 0.56 Wp 25 0.8
3 0.56 Wp 25 4.0 1.8 1.9 1.3 0.3
Blueberries
USA 4 0.56 Wp 25 3.8 4.8 n.d. n.d.
Boysenberries
USA 1 0.21 EC 22 n.d.
0.42 EC 22 n.d.
Chinese Gooseberry
(kiwi fruit)
New Zealand
(1972) 4 2.21 Wp 25 6.4 2.8 1.02
4 2.21 Wp 25 7.4 4.1 2.02
Cranberry
USA 1 0.21 EC 22 n.d.
0.56 Wp 25 n.d.
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
Grapes
USA 1 1.2 Wp 25 0.2 0.45 0.29 0.22
Nectarines
USA 1 (15) Wp 25 9.80 0.59
Peaches 1 (15) Wp 25 53.2 4.58
USA
1 2.25 Wp 25 9.25 9.43 5.48 3.80 1.93
1 (10) EC 22 1.06
Raspberries
USA 2 0.42 EC 22 2.9 1.5 1.8
1 0.42 EC 22 2.9 0.6 1.0
2 1.12 EC 22 0.2 n.d. n.d.
Strawberries
(outdoor) USA 3 0.56 Wp 25 0.72
Citrus fruit
Lemons USA 3 0.42 WP 50
whole fruit 0.50 0.35
pulp 0.03 0.03
Lemons 3 0.42 EC 22
whole fruit 0.32 0.03
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
pulp 0.01 0.02
Lemons 5 0.42 WP 50
whole fruit 1.51 1.52 1.60
pulp 0.25 0.51 -
whole fruit 1.10 0.68 1.92 1.12 1.46
Oranges USA 4 0.42 WP 50
peel 3.16 3.69
pulp 0.21 0.19
Oranges 3 (10) EC 22
peel 7.6 7.1 7.4 6.3 5.6
pulp n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Vegetables
Green beans
USA 2 0.56 Wp 25 0.11-
0.13
Snap beans
USA 3 1.7 WP 25
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
beans 0.34 0.13
beans (dry) 0.05
vines 0.41
beans 3 1.7 Wp 25 0.31 0.11
beans (dry) 0.16
vines 6.87 5.10 3.32 0.49
Broccoli
USA 1 0.84 EC 22 28.0 11.63 0.94 0.11
Brussels sprouts
USA 1 0.84 EC 22 0.88 0.75 0.43
Netherlands 1 0.33 Wp 25 0.04 0.02- 0.02-
0.05 0.04
1 0.3 Wp 25 0.15- 0.13- 0.13-
0.20 0.19 0.29
Cabbage (red)
Fed. Rep. of
Germany (1972) 1 0.3 Wp 25 1.50 n.d. n.d.
(1972) 1 0.3 Wp 25 0.05 n.d. n.d.
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
Savoy cabbage
Fed. Rep. of
Germany 1 0.3 WP 25 n.d. n.d.
Celery
USA 10 0.70 EC 22 2.0 1.4 1.6 0.1
10 0.56 EC 22 3.0 0.9 0.3 0.2
11 0.70 EC 22 9.1 11.0 4.6 1.4
Cucumbers
USA 3 1.2 EC 22 0.3 n.d. n.d.
Honeydew melon
USA 4 0.7 Wp 25 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Muskmelon
USA 4 0.7 Wp 25 1.5 1.4 1.4 0.2
4 0.7 Wp 25 0.4 0.2 n.d.
4 0.7 Wp 25 2.3 1.0 0.3 n.d.
Watermelon
USA 4 0.7 Wp 25 n.d. n.d.
Onions
USA 3 1.12 EC 22 8.5 2.7 n.d. n.d.
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
Green onions
USA 3 1.12 EC 22 6.4 0.5 n.d.
Potatoes
Netherlands
(1971) 1 0.24 Wp 20 n.d.
USA 6 1.7 Wp 25 <0.01 <0.01
USA 6 1.7 Wp 25 <0.01 <0.01
6 1.7 EC 22 <0.01 <0.01
6 0.85 EC 22 n.d. 0.18 n.d.
6 0.85 EC 22 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Soybean (dry)
USA 3 1.2 WP 50 0.01
3 1.95 EC 22 <0.01
Spinach
USA 1 0.56 Wp 25 11.47 0.37 n.d.
1 0.56 Wp 25 n.d.
2 0.56 Wp 25 n.d.
4 0.56 Wp 25 24
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
Tomatoes
USA 1 0.84 EC 22 0.43 0.23 0.13
1 1.7 EC 22 0.55 0.42 0.20
Barley-grain
USA 1 0.56 EC 22 n.d.
1 0.56 EC 22 n.d.
Oats-grain
USA 1 0.85 Wp 25 0.03
-straw 0.81
-grain 1 0.85 EC 22 <0.01
-straw 1.67
Wheat-grain
USA <0.015
-straw 0.68
Cottonseed
USA 7 0.56 ULV n.d. n.d.
13 0.56 ULV 0.2 0.1
6 0.56 ULV 0.2 0.2
TABLE 1 (Cont'd.)
Application
No. rate formulation Residues in mg/kg at interval (days) after application
Crop and kg a.i./ha %
Country or (g/100l) 0/1 3/5 7/10 14/16 21/23 28/30 31/35+
6 0.56 ULV 0.2 0.2
Sunflower seed 2 0.35 EC 22 0.016
1 Overdosage, normal rate 1-1.5 kg/ha, pre-harvest interval 28 days.
2 After 45 days.
3 Together with 150 g dimethoate/ha.
4 Plus 0.1 kg dimethoate.
5 After 41 days.
6 After 62 days.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The tolerances recommended at the 1968 Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO
1969) have been confirmed as no longer temporary.
In the case of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, melons and peaches
some of the new data together with the data available at the 1968
Joint Meeting justified changes in the earlier established limits.
Additional tolerances are recommended. These are based on residues
likely to be found at harvest following currently recommended use
patterns.
The earlier established tolerances are underlined. Residues are
to be determined as azinphos-methyl and its P=0 analogue and expressed
as azinphos-methyl.
Pre-harvest intervals on
which recommendations
TOLERANCES mg/kg are based (days)
Apricots, grapes, peaches 4 21 (grapes 5-10)
Citrus fruit 2 7
Other fruit 1 7-14
Vegetables (except
broccoli, Brussels sprouts,
celery, melons) 0.5
Broccoli, Brussels sprouts 1 7-14
Celery, melons 2 14 and 3 respectively
Raw cereals, dry soybeans,
sunflower seed, cottonseed 0.2 30-45
Almonds (shelled nuts) 0.2
Alfalfa (green), pea vines,
soybean vines 2 14-21
Almond hulls 10
In those commodities where a mixture of residues of
azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl occur together, except tomatoes,
the total residue of both compounds including their P=0 analogues may
not exceed the levels recommended above for azinphos-methyl; in case
of tomatoes the total should not exceed 1 mg/kg.
FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION
DESIRABLE
Residue data for other crops, including grapes, for which
insufficient data were available to establish or amend tolerances at
the 1973 and 1974 Joint Meetings.
REFERENCES
Anderson, C.A., MacDougall, D., Kesterson, J.W., Hendrickson,
R. and Brooks, R.F. (1963). The effect of processing on Guthion
residues in oranges and orange products. J. agr. Food Chem.,
11:422-424.
Carlin, A.F., Hibbs, E.T. and Dahm, P.A. (1966). Insecticide residues
and sensory evaluation of canned and frozen snap beans field-sprayed
with Guthion and DDT. Fd. Technol., Champaign, 20:80-84.
Elkins, E.R., Farrow, R.P. and Kim, E.S. (1972). The effect of heat
processing and storage on pesticide residues in spinach and apricots.
J. agr. Food Chem., 20:286-291.
FAO/WHO (1969). 1968 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food,
FAO/PL/1968/M/9/1; WHO/Food Add./70.38.
FAO/WHO (1973). Pesticide residues in food. Report of 1972 Joint
Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues and
of the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. FAO Agricultural
Studies, No. 90; Wld. Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 525.
FAO/WHO (1974). 1973 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food.
FAO/AGP/1973/M/9/1; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 3.
Gunther, F.A., Carman, G.E., Blinn, R.C. and Barkley, J.H. (1963).
Persistence of residues of Guthion on and in mature lemons and oranges
and in laboratory processed citrus "pulp" cattle feed. J. Agr. Food
Chem., 11:424-427.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Azinphos-methyl (ICSC)
Azinphos-Methyl (FAO Meeting Report PL/1965/10/1)
Azinphos-methyl (FAO/PL:1968/M/9/1)
Azinphos-methyl (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 2)
Azinphos-methyl (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 3)
Azinphos-methyl (Pesticide residues in food: 1991 evaluations Part II Toxicology)