PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1980
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
EVALUATIONS 1980
Joint meeting of the
FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment
and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 6-15 October 1980
DELTAMETHRIN
IDENTITY
Chemical Name (S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzylcis-(1R,3R)-3-
(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropane
carboxylate
Synonyms RU-22974, NRDC-161, OMS-1998, Roussel Uclaf
DECIS(R), Roussel Uclaf K-OTHRIN(R),
Decamethrin
Molecular Formula C22H19Br2NO3
Structural Formula
Other information on identity and properties
Molecular Weight 505.2
Physical Form Technical material is a white crystalline
powder.
Purity >98.00% for technical grade material.
Melting Point 98 to 101°C
Vapour pressure 1.5 × 10-8mm Hg at 25°C
Solubility Insoluble in water (less than 0.002 mg/kg at
20°C); soluble in acetone, DMSO, DMF,
benzene, xylene, cyclohexanone, HMTP, ethyl
acetate, THF, dioxan; slightly sol. in ethanol,
isopropanol, acetonitrile (9g/100ml).
Stability Stable in acidic and neutral solution;
unstable in alkaline solution. No alteration of
the technical product was observed after
24-month storage in white glass vials at 40°C in
dark, in polyethylene flasks at 40°C in dark, in
aluminum bottles at 40°C, in metal tins with
liner at 40°C, in white glass vials at R.T.
exposed to light, in polyethylene flasks at
R.T. exposed to light. Under standardized
irradiation conditions with a Xenon lamp,
the half-life was >21 hours.
Formulations Available formulations are: emulsifiable
concentrate (10g/l-25g/l), ultra low volume
(1g/l-10g/l), wettable powders (2.5%-5%),
and dusts (0.05%-0.1%). In some countries, a
certain quantity of cotton seed oil has been
introduced into the EC or ULV formulations;
these are designated with the letters NH in
the trade mark.
DATA CONSIDERED FOR DERIVATION OF ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE
BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS
Distribution, excretion and biotransformation
Male rats (1-3 animals) received a single oral dose of 0.90 mg/kg bw
14Cv-deltamethrin, 1.60 mg/kg bw 14C(alpha)-deltamethrin, 0.64 mg/kg
bw 14CN-deltamethrin, 3.74 mg/kg bw 14Cv-becisthemic acid or 0.94
mg/kg bw 14Cv-[1R,3S,trans]deltamethrin (Figure 1).
The radiocarbon of all compounds except for 14CN was nearly fully
excreted within 8 days with the main portion within 1 day.
14C-becisthemic acid showed the highest excretion with 94% in the
urine and 6% in the faeces, followed by 14C(alpha)-deltamethrin and
14C-trans-isomere, both with 75% and 25% respectively and 14C-deltamethrin with
54% and 44% respectively. No 14CO2 was found in the exhaled air.
Residues in carcase at 8 days amounted 0.2% with 14Cv-becisthemic
acid and 1.1-1.5% with the 14Cv-labelled compounds. Tissues with a
relatively high radiocarbon content were different at each
14C-compound: 59 µg/kg from 14Cv-deltamethrin in the fat, 182 µg/kg
in the fat and 89 µg/kg in the blood from 14C and 27 µg/kg from
14Cv-becisthemic acid in the liver.
Excretion after 14CN administration was slow and amounted to not more
than 79% within 8 days with 43% in the urine and 36% in the faeces.
No CO2 was expired. Residues in carcase and tissues amounted 21%
with relatively high radiocarbon contents in the stomach (603 µg/kg)
and the skin (645 µg/kg). Oral and i.p. applications of 0.1 mg/kg
14CN showed only small differences in excretion and distribution
pattern after 3 days. A radiocarbon content of the stomach of 3%
after both applications was noticed. Compared with these patterns
oral and i.p. application respectively of 0.1 mg/kg potassium cyanide-
14C showed a 2-3 times higher excretion in urine at 3 days. The
excretion in the faeces and the residues in carcase were about the
same and only after i.p. administration of KCN a lower stomach residue
as with 14CN was noticed.
The parent compound (6-21% of the applied dose) and hydroxylated
deltamethrins (7-15%; 4'-hydroxy- and 5-hydroxy deltamethrin) were
present in faeces only. The other metabolites, primarily carboxylic
acids or their conjugates, derived from ester cleavage and oxidation,
appeared mainly in urine. The major urinary metabolite from 14CN was
thiocyanate; those from the other labelled compounds were
4'-hydroxy-phenoxybenzoic acid sulphate and becisthemic acid
glucuronide (Ruzo et al., 1977).
In a separate experiment with rats it was shown that the residual 14C
in skin and gastrointestinal tract from 14CN was 14C-thiocyanate.
This latter compound has a relatively high tissue affinity, accounting
probably for the delayed and incomplete excretion of
14CN-deltamethrin (Ruzo et al., 1977).
Incubation of 14C(alpha)- and 14Cv-deltamethrin with rat stomach
strips in pH 7.2 medium for 6-24 hours yields approximately 60%
metabolism, the major products being phenoxybenzoic acid and
becisthemic acid (Ruzo et al., 1977).
The metabolism of orally given deltamethrin in mice is essentially the
same as in rats. The faeces contain less parent compound and more
mono- and di-hydroxylated esters than in rats. Intraperitoneal
administration in mice yields the same metabolites as oral injection
but in different ratios (Ruzo et al., 1978b).
Deltamethrin incubated with mouse liver microsomal fraction yields in
an oxidase system more metabolised (59%) and hydroxylated parent
compound (8%) than in an oxidase plus esterase system (25% and 4%
respectively). In the latter system the total amount of derivatives
from the acid and alcohol moieties of the ester is more than doubled.
No racemization occurred since only alpha S epimers were recovered in
the alcohol moiety (Shono et al., 1978).
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
Special studies on primary irritation
Cutaneous irritation
Male albino rabbits (12/group) weighing 2.5 to 3.5 kg were
administered 0.5 g deltamethrin to either shaven intact or abraded
skin. The occulsive patch was fixed on the skin for 23 hours.
Scoring for erythematous and oedematous lesions occurred 1 hour and 49
hours after removal of the patches. Technical deltamethrin, 98% ai
showed no irritant effect (Coquet, 1976a).
Ocular irritation
Deltamethrin (0.1 g/animal) was administered into the conjunctival sac
of the eye of 6 male albino rabbits, weighing 2.5 kg, with or without
rinsing 60 sec after instillation. Observations for conjunctival
lesions, chemosis, discharge, conjunctival enanthema, opacity and
affected cornea were made 1 hour, 24 hours, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days
following instillation. Deltamethrin showed both with and without
rinsing transient irritating effects (Coquet, 1976b).
Special studies on sensitization
Deltamethrin (0.5 g/animal ) was applied topically to the skin of
albino guinea pigs (10 male and female) 3 times per week, with a 2-day
interval for 3 weeks, and once at the start of the 4th week. The
preparation was covered with an occlusive patch for 48 hours. On day
1 and 10 the guinea pigs received an intradermal injection of 0.1 ml
of Freund's adjuvant. The animals were challenged 12 days after the
last application with 0.5 g deltamethrin. The macroscopic and
histological examination did not reveal evidence of sensitisation.
(Guillot and Guilaine, 1977).
Special studies on reproduction
Rat
Groups of 10 female and 10 male Charles River rats were fed
deltamethrin in the diet at 0, 2, 20 or 50 mg/kg and mated to begin a
three-generation, 2 litter (first generation, 3 litter) standard
reproduction study. Parental body weights and food consumption were
recorded during the study. After weaning of the second litter the
survival parental rats were sacrificed and necropsied.
Five male and 5 female pups of the F3b were necropsied. No changes
in general behaviour, or survival of parental rats or pups relevant to
tent material were observed. The body weight of F0-males of the 50
mg/kg group was decreased from week 11 onward; there were some slight
decreases in mean food consumption of the parental F1 male rats in
the 50 mg/kg feed group.
The basic reproduction indices (fertility, gestation, lactation,
viability and litter size) were not affected by the treatment.
However, the mean pup weight was in some litters, especially of the 50
mg/kg group, slightly decreased in comparison to the controls. Gross
external examination revealed no abnormalities. No gross or
microscopic lesions of treatment-related significance or significant
effects on the organ weights of the F3b generation were observed
(Wrenn et al, 1980).
Special studies on teratogenicity
Mouse
Mated female Swiss CDI.SPF mice (24/group) were given orally
deltamethrin dissolved in sesame oil at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 1 or 10
mg/kg bw/day during day 6-17 of pregnancy. The animals were
necropsied on day 18 of gestation. No teratogenic effects could be
detected. Total implantation sites, foetal losses, living foetuses
and examinations of skeletal tissue were normal. Minor embryotoxic
effects as dose-dependent decrease of average fetal weight and delayed
ossifications were observed at all dose levels tested (Glomot and
Vannier, 1977).
Rat
Mated female Sprague Dawley rats (24/group) were administered orally
0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg deltamethrin bw/day during day 6-18 of
pregnancy. Examination occurred on day 21 of gestation. Twelve
females in control and 10 mg/kg bw-group were allowed to deliver.
There were no effects on the reproduction or teratogenicity parameters
examined, with the exception of a slight delayed ossification in the
highest dose level (Glomot and Vannier, 1977).
Rabbit
Groups of fifteen mated females received deltamethrin dissolved in
sesame oil at levels of 0, 1, 4 or 16 mg/kg bw/day from day 6-19 of
pregnancy. Examination was carried out on day 28 of gestation. The
average foetal losses were not related to dose increase at all doses
tested. This effect was mainly caused by a higher rate of expelling
traces. The average foetal weight in the highest dose group was
decreased. Some malformations (one animal with hydrocephalia, and one
with exencephalia and thoracogastrochisis) were observed in 2 animals
of the highest dose level. A complementary study with 16 mg/kg bw/
day was performed. In this study one foetus with spina bifida and
shortened tail was detected among 69 apparently normal foetuses. It
was concluded that the malformations were within the normal limits of
the strain used and were not related to the treatment despite the
occurrence at the highest does level only (Glomot and Vannier, 1977
and 1978).
Special study on delayed neurotoxicity
Chicken
Adult hens (10/group) were gavaged with a single dose of O, 500, 1250
or 5000 mg/kg bw deltamethrin suspended in corn oil or 0 or 100 mg/kg
bw dissolved in sesame oil. Tri-o-cresylphosphate (TOCP) (500 mg/kg
bw) was used an positive control for delayed neurotoxicity. During 21
days observations were made on mortality, health, neurotoxic signs and
body weight.
In the TOCP group 8 out of 10 animals died whereas only 2 mortalities
were observed in the group dosed at 1000 mg deltamethrin/kg with
sesame oil as the vehicle. Deltamethrin induced no clinical,
macroscopic or histological signs of delayed neurotoxicity. TOCP-
treated hens showed severe ataxia and degenerative changes in spinal
cord and occasionally in sciatic nerve (Ross et al., 1978).
Special studies on potentiation
Mice
Deltamethrin is hydrolysed in vitro by esterases in blood and in
brain, kidney, liver and stomach preparations of mice. Pretreatment
of mice with oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PB), or esterase
inhibitor, S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithicate (DEF), delayed
metabolism of i.p. administered deltamethrin. Using oxidase or
esterase inhibitor, different vehicular and different administration
routes, it was possible to induce similar toxic effects with a wide
range of deltamethrin doses (6-191 mg/kg bw). The different
treatments showed that PB or DEF made mice more sensitive to
deltamethrin (Ruzo et al., 1978a).
Special studies on mutagenicity
Bacterial growth tests
In a growth inhibition test with E. coli, deltamethrin at levels
of 1250, 2500, or µg/ml DMSO (0.1 ml per plate) had the same marginal
inhibitor effect on the mother strains (W3110 and WP2) as on their
mutants (p3478 and CM611). Chloramphenicol and N-methyl
N'-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (MNNG) were used as positive controls and
induced clear inhibition (Peyre et al., 1980).
Deltamethrin was compared with MMNG, 9-aminoacridine, 2-nitrofluorene
and 2-aminoanthracene for mutagenic activity in the Ames test with
Salmonella typhimurium his strains TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA
1528, and TA 98. The concentrations of deltamethrin used were 2, 10,
50, 200, 500, 1000 or 5000 µg/plate. Deltamethrin began to
precipitate at 200 µg/plate.
The mean number of revertants wan not influenced by any concentration
of deltamethrin in any strain with or without S9-mix(metabolic
activation), whereas the positive control mutagens produced an
increase of the number of spontaneous revertants (Peyre et al,
1980).
In a similar experiment, deltamethrin (0, 2, 20, 200 or 400 µg/plate
dissolved in DMSO) in the presence of activated microsomal enzymes did
not influence the number of revertants of Salmonella typhimurium
strains TA 1535, 1537, 1538, 98 and 100. 2-Aminoanthracene,
3-methylcholanthrene, benzo(alpha)pyrene and acridine orange showed
mutagenic activity, whereas thio-TEPA was negative (Fouillet, 1976).
Test with mammalian cells
Deltamethrin dissolved In Cremaphor oil (0, 0.04, 0.2, 1 or 5 mMol, 0,
0.08, 0.4, 1 or 10% v/v respectively) in the presence of a metabolic
activation system increased the incidence of chromosome and chromatid
aberrations and SCE's, after incubation with Chinese hamster ovary
cells at 1 mMol. In the absence of S9-mix (metabolic activation) no
higher rate of aberration was observed.
It was shown that this increased incidence was due to a sub-toxic
effect of some reaction product of Cremaphor oil and S9-mix.
Deltamethrin in Cremaphor oil without S9-mix and dissolved
in DMSO (1%) at levels of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 0.2 mMol with or
without metabolic activation had no effect on the number of
aberrations and SCE's. Due to insolubility no higher concentrations
were tested (Sobels et al., 1978).
Animal tests
Mice, 3 males and 3 females per dose, were gavaged for two consecutive
days with 5 or 10 mg deltamethrin (dissolved in sesame oil)/kg bw.
Control mice were gavaged with 0.3 ml sesame oil. The incidence of
chromatid aberrations in bone marrow cells or of micronuclei in
polychromic erythrocytes did not show any significant statistical
difference in treated and control groups (Sobels, et al., 1978).
A single oral administration of 15 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to
Swiss mice. Groups of 2 animals were sacrificed every 3 hours during
a 24-hour period. Several animals died after treatment. The
incidence of chromatid aberrations in the bone marrow of femora was
low. There was no consistent time-related trend in the distribution
of these aberrations (Sobels, et al., 1978).
Deltamethrin dissolved in sesame oil in groups of 9-13 male mice dosed
orally with 0 or 3 mg/kg bw for 7 days and 6 or 15 mg/kg bw in a
single dose showed after mating with 6-18 non-treated females, no
effect on the rate of pre- or post-implantation losses.
The highest dose tested was toxic to the males. 7 out of 20 animals
died shortly after treatment. Histological examination of the testes
of all animals revealed no abnormalities.
Triethylene thiophosphoramide (10 mg/kg bw) used as positive control
reduced considerably the rate of pregnancies in the second and third
week and increased the number of embryonal looses (Vannier and Glomot,
1977).
Special studies in man
Among plant workers dermally exposed to technical deltamethrin or its
formulations cutaneo-mucous manifestations were observed. Initial
lesions were tenacious and painful pruritus (pricking sensation),
especially observed after exposure to hot water or on perspiration,
followed by a blotchy local burning sensation with blotchy erythema
for about 2 days. Thereafter slight and regular desquamation,
restricted to the contaminated area, occurred. The cutaneous signs
are sometimes accompanied by itching of the face (mainly around the
mouth) and/or rhinorrhoea or lacrimation. No other symptoms related
to exposure were observed (Husson, 1978).
Acute toxicity
Mouse
Mice injected i.v. with deltamethrin showed intense tremors,
convulsions and taxis immediately after administration. Also
tachycardia and respiratory defects were observed at higher doses.
Surviving animals showed normal appearance after 4-5 hours.
Immediately after i.p. injection, jumping movements, slight
convulsions and prostration, ptosis, tail hypertonicity and cyanosis
were observed. Surviving animals showed normal appearance after 72
hours. Animals gavaged with deltamethrin showed 1 hour after dosing
muscular stiffening and convulsions. After 24 hours hypermotility,
stereotype movements of the head, tachycardia hypertonicity of the
tail and a few convulsion. Normal behaviour and appearance were
observed after 48 hours (Glomot and Chevalier, 1976a, b and c).
Rat
Rats injected i.v.with deltamethrin showed immediately following
treatment muscular contractions, piloerection, respiratory defects,
convulsions and paresis of the hind quarters. Death occurred within
10 min. After 25 hours only piloerection was visible, after 48 hours
surviving animals showed normal behaviour. After i.p. injection
immediate tremors, convulsions, prostration and cyanosis were
observed. After 48 hours surviving animals showed normal behaviour.
Gavage with deltamethrin shortly after dosing induced motor
incoordination, convulsions and respiratory defects. After 24 hours
and 48 hours, hypomotility and convulsions were still observed. After
3 days surviving animals showed normal behaviour (Glomot and
Chevalier, 1976a, b and c).
Rats (7 males and 7 females/group) were exposed (whole body) during 6
hours to aerosol concentrations of 0.049, 0.43, 0.54 or 0.72 g ai/m3.
The aerosol contained 66-86% of particles <5.5 µ. During exposure
hyperactivity and dose-dependent increase in grooming and irritation
was observed. The animals were hypersensitive to touch and noise and
showed uncoordinated movements. During the observation period of 14
days following exposure all animals except those from the lowest dose
group developed poor motor coordination and hypersensitivity. At the
end of the period all animals were recovered to normal. In these
groups the body weight gain and food intake was depressed during 3
days following exposure. In rats (4 of control and of highest dose
group) killed immediately after exposure stomach and small intestine
were gas-filled. In treated rats, as result of exposure, massive
haemorrhage and oedema in lungs was observed. Stomachs were filled
with gas, blood and mucus. In trachea white deposits were visible.
In animals killed after the observation period dose-dependent increase
of degenerations (coloured spots to congestion) in lungs was observed
(Coombs and Clark, 1978).
Rabbit
Rabbits (10 males and 10 females) were treated with 2 g deltamethrin
in 2 ml PEG 400/kg bw on 80 cm2 shaven akin for 24 hours on
occlusion. The animals were observed for 14 days.
One animal showed obvious erythema and another congested skin. No
weight changes or abnormal behaviour were observed. On histological
observation of liver, kidneys and skin small changes were observed
which were common for this strain of rabbits and not related to
treatment (Clair, 1977).
Birds
Oral administration of a.i. to hens, game duck, or partridge showed no
distinct symptoms except for a small initial weight loss occasionally.
In chickens, diarrhoea, convulsions and jerky movements of the head
were observed.
Mallard ducks, at lethal doses, exhibited signs of neurotoxic effects
which included ataxia, loss of equilibrium and of coordination. The
effect was dose related: at lower dose levels only some
hyperexcitibility and imbalance were observed (Beavers and Fink,
1977a).
Dog
Dogs showed, at non-lethal doses, transient hyperexcitibility,
akynesia, vomiting and stiffness of the hind legs (Glomot et al.,
1977).
Short-term studies
Quail and duck
Deltamethrin was given to 14-day old mallard ducks for 5 days in their
diet at doses of 0, 464, 1000, 2150, 4640 or 10,000 mg/kg feed. The
number of birds per group was 10. There was some mortality in the two
highest dose groups. Birds of the highest dose group showed ataxia
and loss of coordination. There was a dose-related decreased weight
gain and food consumption (Beavers and Fink, 1977b).
An identical experiment was performed with 14-day old Bobwhite quails
(10 birds/group). The effects were the same as in the mallard ducks,
except there was no mortality (Beavers and Fink, 1977c).
Rat
Male and female weanling Spargue Dawley rats (20/sex/group) were daily
dosed by oral gavage with 0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg deltamethrin in
PEG 200/kg bw/day for 13 weeks. No treatment related effects on food
and water consumption, mortality, urinalysis and haematology were
observed. Neurological examinations and ophthalmoscopy revealed no
abnormalities. In the 10 mg/kg bw group some hypersensitivity with
males was observed in week 6. Body weight gain among males receiving
deltamethrin was significantly lower at 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day. The
body weight of the females was not affected by the treatment. The
male animals of the 1 mg/kg group showed a tendency to a reduced body
weight gain. In the females blood glucose and urea was significantly
increased in week 6 but no significant changes occurred in week 12 or
with other blood chemistry parameters. No clear effects were noted on
the weights of the organs. Gross and microscopic examination of a
variety of tissues and organs showed no treatment-related alterations.
Following the 13-week dosage period, 5 males and 5 females per group
were allowed to recover for 4 weeks. Autopsy was performed at the end
of this recovery period. The body weights of all previously treated
animals appeared not to be different from controls. Thyroid weights
were not dose-related increased in males. This increase was
significant in the 1.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg group. Marginal no effect
level was 1 mg/kg bw (Hunter et al., 1977).
Dog
Male and female beagle dogs (3-5/sex/group) at 25 weeks of age, were
daily dosed orally with O, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg deltamethrin in
PEG 200/kg bw/day in gelatin capsules. Dosage was continued for 13
weeks, followed by a recovery period of 20 weeks for 2 dogs/sex, from
the groups receiving 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg/kg bw/day.
Observations were made on behaviour, mortality, body weight, food and
water consumption. Haematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis and six
channel EEG-analysis were performed at week 0, 6 end 12;
ophthalmoscopy at week O, 5 and 12. Special attention was paid to the
muscular and nervous system.
Liquid faeces was associated with all groups of treated dogs
throughout the dosing period. All groups of animals receiving
deltamethrin gained less weight than the controls. The effects were
not strictly dose-related. The dogs from the control group were
leaving smaller quantities of the offered food than those of the
treated groups. Water consumption was not dose-related decreased in
any treated group.
Dilatation of the pupils was seen to occur in the dogs receiving 2.5
and 10.0 mg/kg/day. The sign was first seen 4-7 hours after dosing
and persisted throughout the day. They reacted normally prior to
dosing on the following day. The incidence of vomiting was
dose-related increased in all treated groups, except the 0.1 mg dose
level. The incidence decreased in all the animals affected as the
dosing period progressed.
In the highest dose group, unsteadiness, body tremors and jerking
movements were seen particularly in males in weeks 2, 3 and 4.
These effects were reduced during weeks 5 to 9 and were seen only in
one dog in week 13. Excessive salivation was seen initially and
diminished during the dosing period. After 5 and 12 weeks depression
of the gag reflex was noted in a proportion of animals in all treated
groups. Depression of the patellar reflex was observed in all treated
groups except the dogs administered 0.1 mg/kg. In the animals given 1
or 2.5 mg/kg/day exaggeration of the patellar reflex was noted only
after 5 weeks. Some animals of all treated groups showed variations
in the flexor reflex. A high proportion of the animals had depression
of the hind limb tactile placing reaction.
Dosage levels of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day deltamethrin caused modification
of the EEG pattern in some animals, following 12 weeks administration.
Histopathological evaluations of tissues and organs, including nervous
s stem and muscles did not reveal abnormalities that could be related
to dosage with the test compound. During recovery the gag reflex
continued to be depressed, whereas exaggeration of the patellar reflex
was still seen in some dogs that had previously received 1.0
mg/kg/day. One animal continued to show an abnormal EEG-pattern
(Chesterman et al., 1977).
TABLE 1. Acute toxicity of deltamethrin
LD50
Species sex route mg/kg bw references
mouse M + F intrav. 4 Glomot and Chevalier, 1976c
M intrap. 18 " " , 1976b
M intrap. 1711 " " , 1976b
M oral 21 " " , 1976a
M oral 331 " " , 1976a
F intrap. 12 " " , 1976b
F intrap. 1661 " " , 1976b
F oral 19 " " , 1976a
F oral 341 " " , 1976a
rat M + F intrav, 3 " " , 1976c
M intrap. 24 " " , 1976b
M intrap. 2091 " " , 1976b
M oral 67 " " , 1976a
M oral 1281 " " , 1976a
M + F inhal. 0.62 Coombs and Clark, 1978
M + F dermal >29403 Kynoch et al, 1979
F intrap. 25 Glomot and Chevalier, 1976b
F intrap. 1861 " " , 1976b
F oral 86 " " , 1976a
F oral 1391 " " , 1976a
rabbit M + F dermal >20001 Clair, 1977
chicken oral >10001 Anonymous, 1976a
adult hen F oral >25001 Ross et al, 1978
F oral >50001 " " , 1978
mallard duck oral >46401 Beavers and Fink, 1977a
game duck oral >40001 Anonymous, 1976b
grey partridge F + M oral >18006 " , 1976c
TABLE 1. Continued...
LD50
Species sex route mg/kg bw references
red partridge M + F oral >30006 " , 1976c
beagle dog M + F oral >300 Glomot et al, 1977
M + F oral >3006 1977
without index: suspended in polyethylene glycol 200
1 dissolved in sesame oil
2 expressed for LC50 in mg dust/m3 air
3 60% w/v suspension in aqueous methylcellulose on occulsion;
4 as paste in PEG 400 on occlusion;
5 dissolved in corn oil;
6 in capsules or cachets.
Long-term studies
Mouse
Male and female Charles River CD-1 mice (80/sex/group) were fed (in
the diet) at dosage levels of 0 (control), 1, 5, 25 or 100 mg
deltamethrin/kg for 24 months. In a second control group 60 mice/sex
were used. After 12 and 18 months 10 mice/sex/group except control
two were sacrificed.
There were no clear effects related to the administration of
deltamethrin on general behaviour, mortality, body weight and food
consumption. Blood chemistry, haematology and urine analysis
parameters were normal after 12, 18 and 24 months. Increases or
decreases in absolute and/or relative organ weights occurred in a few
organs at each dosage level at any time of sacrifice. Microscopic
examination of tissues did not reveal any lesions indicative of a
compound-related effect. The tumour incidence was unaffected by
deltamethrin administration. No-effect level was 100 mg/kg feed
(Goldenthal et al., 1980a).
Rat
Male and female Charles River CD rats (90/sex/group) were fed with 0
(control), 2, 20, or 50 mg decamethrin/kg in the diet for two years.
Sixty males and 60 females were used in a second control group. After
6, 12 and 18 months of compound administration 10 animals/sex/group
were sacrificed except for the second control group.
No changes in general behaviour and appearance in relation to compound
treatment were recorded. Survival was similar for control and treated
rats (50-67%). Rats at 50 mg/kg feed-group gained slightly less
weight than control rats, whereas the food consumption was essentially
the same. Ophthalmoscopic findings generally were similar for control
and treated rats. No haematological and biochemical parameters were
changed in a biologically significant way in relation to treatment at
any time, except for a decreased SGPT activity at 6 months, in the
mid- and high-dose groups.
No treatment-related effects were observed on organ weights. The
macroscopy and microscopy findings were common for the animals of
species and strain, except for a slightly increased incidence of
axonal degenerations in sciatic, tibial and/or plantar nerves at 18
months in the 20 and 50 mg/kg groups. Evaluation of incidence and/or
severity of these degenerations at termination of the study was
obscured by the age of the animals.
Seven interstitial cell adenomas were observed in the testes of the 50
mg/kg feed group, compared to 0 and 4 in the two control groups. Only
from some animals of the 2 and 20 mg/kg groups were some organs and
tissues, including the testes, studied histopathologically.
Evaluation of a possible dose-response effect on the testes is
therefore not possible. No-effect level is 2 mg/kg feed (Goldenthal
et al., 1980).
RESIDUES IN FOOD
USE PATTERN
Deltamethrin is a new synthetic pyrethroid insecticide manufactured
and marketed as a single diastereo isomer (>98%) out of eight
possible isomers. It is a contact and stomach insecticide with a very
large spectrum of action and considerable stability when exposed to
air and light.
Pre-harvest treatments
When applied on field crops, deltamethrin is active at the level of
only 0.01 lb./acre against very numerous species of insects. Current
recommendations for foliar applications on various crops in growth are
summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 2. Foliar dosage rates on various crops
Crop Rate, g ai/ha
Cotton 7.5-18.75
(usually 12.5 for medium
infestations most cotton
insects)
Vegetables
Artichokes 10
Eggplants 7.5-25
Cabbage 7-5-25
Strawberries 12.5-25
Beans 7.5-17.5
Lettuce 1.25-12.5
Melon 7.5-12.5
Tomatoes 7.5-25
Pimento 12.5-17.5
Leeks and onions 7.5-12.5
Peas 7.5-12.5
Fruit
Apricots 1.25-1.75 (g/hl)
Citrus fruit 1-1.5 (g/hl)
3 (g/ha, directed)
7.5 (g/ha, overall)
Cherries 0.75 (g/hl)
12.5
Figs 1.25 (g/hl)
Olives 0.625-1.75 (g/hl)
Bananas 1.25 (g/hl for 250 l/ha)
Pome fruit 0.75-1.25 (g/hl)
Peaches 0 75-1.75 (g/hl)
Plums 0.75-1.25 (g/hl)
Field crops
Sugarbeets 7.5-17.5
Coffee 7.5-12.5
Cereals(foliar treatments
during vegetative period) 7.5-12.5
Rapeseeds 5-7.5
Alfalfa 10-17.5
Maize 7.5-12.5
Potatoes 7.5-12.5
Soybeans 5-12.5
Grapes 7-5-17.5
Groundnuts(peanuts) 12.5
Sugarcane 17.5
Rice 7.5-25
Post-harvest treatment
Because of its extreme stability and persistence, deltamethrin (as
K-OTHRIN(R) is very effective against stored product pests, especially
in grain storage, including oil seeds and semi-finished products
deriving therefrom (flour, feed, etc.) It can be economically
synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PB), but to a lesser extent than
other pyrethroids. The recommended rates of application (which have
to be adapted according to local situations, local insects, and the
type of grain to be treated) are:
deltamethrin 0.75 to 1 g ai/ton.
deltamethrin/PB: 1/5 0.5 to 0.75 g ai/ton.
deltamethrin/PB: 1/10 0.25 to 0.5 g ai/ton.
Other uses
Special formulations for use on animals, as ectoparasiticides, for
household use, and for public health uses are still under development
and no data are available at this time.
RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED FIELD TRIALS
Extensive field trials have been conducted world-wide on a wide
variety of crops and the results are presented in Table 3. (Roussel
Uclaf, 1980).
Table 3. Delthamethrin residues in various crops.
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Root and Tuber
Vegetables
Carrots England 12.5g ai/ha 1 Root (76)
<0.01
France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Root 0.008 0.008 0.005
France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Root 0.015 0.008 0.007
Parsnips England 12.5g ai/ha 1 Root (76)
<0.01
Potatoes England 12.5g ai/ha 1 Tubers <0.01
F. R. Ger. 12.5g ai/ha 2 Whole n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Tuber
2 Whole n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Tuber
2 Whole n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Tuber
Sugarbeets France 17.5g ai/ha 1 Root (11 wks)
<0.001
Beet (11 wks)
Top 0.002
25g ai/ha 1 Root (11 wks)
0.001
Beet (11 wks)
Top 0.001
17.5g ai/ha 1 Whole (17 wks)
Beet <0.001
25g ai/ha 1 Whole (17 wks)
Beet 0.001
17.5g ai/ha 1 Whole (21 weeks)
Beet <0.001
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
25g ai/ha 1 Whole (21 weeks)
Beet <0.001
17.5g ai/ha 2 Root (22 weeks)
0.004
Beet (22 weeks)
Top 0.003
25g ai/ha 2 Root (22 weeks)
0.002
Beet (22 weeks)
Top 0.003
England 12.5g ai/ha 1 Root (10 weeks)
<0.01
F. R. Ger. 25g ai/ha 3 Root n.d. (55) (109)
n.d. n.d.
25g ai/ha 3 Root n.d. n.d.
25g ai/ha 3 Root n.d. n.d.
25g ai/ha 4 Root n.d.(55) (66)
n.d. n.d.
Finland 15g ai/ha 2 Root (116)
<0.1
Bulb Vegetables
Leeks F. R. Ger. 13g ai/ha 2 Green 0.03 0.01 n.d. 0.02 n.d.
Part
13g ai/ha 2 White n.d. 0.03 0.02 n.d. n.d.
Part
13g ai/ha 2 Green 0.05 0.06 0.1 0.06 n.d.
Part
13g ai/ha 2 White n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.03
France 5g ai/ha 5 Leek 0.020
7.5g ai/ha 5 Leek 0.010
Table 3. Continued....
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Onions F. R. Ger. 13g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.2 0.04 0.03 0.02 n.d.
13g ai/ha 2 Bulb 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.03
12g ai/ha 2 Peel n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
13g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03
13g ai/ha 2 Bulb 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.03
13g ai/ha 2 Peel n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
13g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.4 0.1 n.d. 0.09 0.09
13g ai/ha 2 Bulb 0.04 0.05 0.1 n.d. 0.04
England 18.75g ai/ha 1 Bulb (52)
<0.01
Leafy Vegetables
Lettuce F. R. Ger. 25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.1 n.d. n.d. n.d.
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.4 0.1 0.1 n.d. n.d.
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.6 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.1
France 25g ai/ha 1 Leaf 0.25 0.25
25g ai/ha 1 Leaf 0.28 0.23
F.R.Ger. 12.5g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.20 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.01
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.08 0.01
12.5g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.20 0.04 0.05 0.03 n.d.
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.30 0.10 0.03 0.05 0.02
12.5g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.10 0.04 0.01 n.d. 0.02
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.20 0.10 0.02 0.01 n.d.
France 10g ai/ha 1 Leaf 0.23 0.067 0.004
17.5g ai/ha 1 Leaf 0.37 0.082 0.020
10g ai/ha 1 Leaf 0.22 0.044 0.006
17.5g ai/ha 1 Leaf 0.33 0.054 0.022
Spinach France 17.5g ai/ha 1 Crude Leaf 0.48 0.33 0.22
Cooked Leaf 0.27 0.21
Cooking Water 0.0001 0.00009
17.5g ai/ha 1 Crude Leaf 0.52 0.30 0.155
Cooked Leaf 0.28 0.12
Cooking Water 0.00015 0.00005
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Crude Leaf 0.4 0.2 0.14 0.12
Cooked Leaf 0.12 0.10
Cooking Water 0.0001 n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 1 Crude Leaf 0.4 0.2 0.17 0.15
Cooked Leaf 0.15 0.12
Cooking Water 0.00015 0.0001
Brassica Leafy
Vegetables
Cabbages F. R. Ger. 25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.08 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.01
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.2 0.04 0.03 n.d. n.d.
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.2 0.02 n.d. n.d. n.d.
25g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.2 0.04 n.d. n.d. n.d.
S.Africa 5.0g ai/ha 1 Leaf <0.05 <0.05
7.5g ai/ha 1 <0.05 <0.05
10.Og ai/ha 1 <0.05 <0.05
Finland 3.8 mg/m 1 Leaf <0.1 <0.1
F.R.Ger. 12.5g ai/ha 2 Leaf 0.05 0.007 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Cabbage, Taiwan 50g ai/ha 8 Leaf 0.024 0.035 0.133 0.01 0.028 n.d.
Chinese
Cauliflower F. R. Ger. 12.5g ai/ha 2 n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 0.03 0.04 0.06 n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01
Kohlrabi F.R.Ger. 12.5g ai/ha 2 0.006 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Stem Vegetables
Artichokes France 12.5g ai/ha 2 Whole 0.20 0.03 0.04 0.03
After 0.17 0.02 0.01 0.01
Cooking
Cooking 0.0005 0.0005 0.0001 0.0001
Water
12.5g ai/ha 2 Whole 0.23 0.06 0.05 0.04
After 0.17 0.06 0.05 0.04
Cooking
Cooking 0.0005 0.0005 0.0001 0.0001
Water
Legume Vegetables
Broad Beans France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Bean 0.01 0.02
Without
Pod 0.02 0.01
France 17.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Bean 0.001 0.0011 0.0008 0.0015
Whole 0.002 0.0009 0.0007 0.0015
Washed
France 15g ai/ha 1 Whole Bean 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.01
Whole 0.01 0.015 0.007 n.d.
Cooked
Cooking n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Water
15g ai/ha 1 Whole Bean 0.1 0.06 0.05 n.d.
Whole 0.06 0.05 0.04 n.d.
Cooked
Cooking n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Water
France 12.5g ai/ba 2 Peel 0.008
12.5g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 1 Peel 0.09 0.14 0.02 0.07
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Bean 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.03
12.5g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 1 Peel 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.03
12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Bean 0.05 0.010 0.005 0.01
12.5g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
French Beans France 1.75g ai/ha 1 Whole Bean 0.001 0.0011 0.0008 0.0015
After Quick 0.002 0.0009 0.0012 0.0014
Washing
France 1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole Bean 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.01
Whole 0.01 0.015 0.007 n.d.
Cooked
Cooking n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Water
France 1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole Bean 0.1 0.06 0.05 n.d.
Whole 0.06 0.05 0.04 n.d.
Cooked
Cooking n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Soybeans France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Seed n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Stem & 0.04 0.012
Leaves
Pod n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 Seed n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Stem & 0.1
Leaves
17.5g ai/ha 1 Seed n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Stem & 0.035 n.d.
Leaves
Pod 0.32 0.32
17.5g ai/ha 2 Seed n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d
Stem & n.d.
Leaves
Pod
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
France 12.5g ai/ha 2 Seed n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 Stem 0.13
12.5g ai/ha 2 Pod 0.45
Ivory Coast 25g ai/ha 7 Seed n.d.
Peas F. R. Ger. 12.5g ai/ha 2 Seed n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 Pod 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04
12.5g ai/ha 2 Seed n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 Pod 0.05 0.01 0.02 n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 Seed n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 Pod 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04
France 1.25g ai/hl 2 Seed 0.013 0.010
1.25g ai/hl 2 Pod 0.008 0.005
1.25g ai/hl 2 Whole Peas n.d. n.d.
England 12.5g ai/ha 1 Pod & Pea 0.02
Sugarpeas France 1.25g ai/hl 2 Whole Pea 0.030 0.015
Non-Washed
Whole Pea 0.030 0.005
Washed
France 1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole Pea 0.06 0.015 0.025 n.d.
Cooked Pea 0.02 0.007 0.008 n.d.
Cooking n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Water
France 1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole Pea 0.10 0.025 n.d. n.d.
Cooked Pea 0.011 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Cooking n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Water
Lentils Morocco 10g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d.
15g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d.
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Fruiting Vegetables
with Edible Peel
Cucumbers Finland 2.1 mg/l 1 Whole 0.02 0.03 0.01 n.d.
Fruit
France 12.5g ai/ha Whole 0.009 0.004 n.d. n.d.
Fruit
Pulp n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Peel 0.04 0.005 n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha Whole 0.0045 0.002 n.d. n.d.
Fruit
Pulp n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Peel 0.026 0.012 n.d. n.d.
Eggplants France 1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole 0.025 0.010 0.006
Fruit
After 0.030 0.010 0.010
Washing
After 0.015 0.005 0.005
Cooking
Cooking 0.0001 0.00009 0.00007
Water
Gherkin Belgium 37.5g ai/ha 1 Whole (0.5)
Fruit 0.078 0.051 0.036 0.021
37.5g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.049 0.035 0.008 0.002
Fruit
37.5g ai/ha 1 Whole (0.5)
Fruit 0.009 0.013 0.007 0.004
37.5g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.019 0.004 0.001 0.004
Fruit
Jamaica France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.04
Pepper Fruit
France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.01 0.01 n.d. n.d.
Fruit
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Tomatoes France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.023 0.023 0.027
Fruit
25g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.047 0.023 0.015
Fruit
12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.008 0.009 0.024
Fruit
25g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.006 0.019 0.042
Fruit
France 25g ai/ha 2 Whole 0.017 0.014 0.016 0.011
Fruit
France 10g ai/ha 3 Whole 0.009 0.009
Fruit
10g ai/ha 3 Whole 0.010 0.007
Fruit
Spain 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole <0.03 n.d. n.d.
Fruit
France 12.5g ai/ha 2 Whole 0.019 0.016 0.014 0.008 0.008 0.004 0.004
Fruit
Whole Washed 0.008 0.003
Whole Peeled n.d. n.d.
Peel 0.049 0.043
Juice 0.003 0.002
Washing Water 0.0019 0.001
Washing Water+48H 0.0001 n.d.
Finland 1 mg/l 1 Whole Fruit 0.04 0.03 0.01
Fruiting Vegetables
with Inedible Peel
Melons France 12.5g ai/ha 2 Peel 0.022 0.022 0.014
Pulp 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016
Whole Fruit 0.009 0.009 0.006
12.5g ai/ha 2 Peel 0.04 0.03 0.01
Pulp n.d. n.d. n.d.
Whole Fruit 0.018 0.015 0.004
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Citrus Fruits
Oranges Morocco 50g ai/ha 3 Peel (180) (180)
0.020 0.002
Pulp (180) (180)
0.003 n.d.
Whole Fruit (180) (180)
0.008 0.0006
75g ai/ha 3 Peel (180) (180)
0.035 0.005
Pulp (180) (180)
0.001 n.d.
Whole Fruit (180) (180)
0.011 0.0015
100g ai/ha 3 Peel (180) (180)
0.060 0.007
Pulp (180) (180)
n.d. n.d.
Whole (180) (180)
Fruit 0.017 0.0023
S. Africa 82.5g ai/ha 1 Peel 0.085 0.060 0.047 0.037 0.030 0.063 0.027 (35) (42)
0.044 0.023
Pulp 0.0003 0.0008 0.0004 0.0005 0.0008 0.0003 0.0008 (35) (45)
0.0009 0.0004
Whole 0.026 0.018 0.014 0.010 0.0095 0.018 0.0086 (35) (42)
Fruit 0.014 0.007
165g ai/ha 1 Peel 0.109 0.079 0.060 0.067 0.058 0.083 0.140 (35) (42)
0.100 0.042
Pulp 0.0009 0.0006 0.0007 0.0004 0.0006 0.0009 0.0002 (35) (42)
0.0009 0.0005
Whole 0.0355 0.0255 0.0215 0.020 0.022 0.026 0.043 (35) (42)
Fruit 0.032 0.013
Morocco 10g ai/ha 5 Peel (42)
0.05
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Pulp (42)
n.d.
Whole (42)
Fruit 0.01
Spain 12.75g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.1 n.d n.d
S.Africa 220g ai/ha 1 Peel (62)
0.10
Pulp (62)
n.d.
Whole (62)
Fruit 0.03
34.3g ai/ha 1 Peel (196)
0.005
Pulp (196)
0.0009
Whole (196)
Fruit 0.002
68.7g ai/ha 1 Peel (231)
n.d.
Pulp (231)
n.d.
Whole (231)
Fruit n.d.
S. Africa 110g ai/ha 1 Peel (86)
0.075
Pulp (86)
n.d.
Whole (86)
Fruit 0.025
220g ai/ha 1 Peel (86)
0.105
Pulp (86)
n.d.
Whole (86)
Fruit 0.035
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
396g ai/ha 1 Peel 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.16(135)(49)(63)
0.18 0.24 0.25
Pulp n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.(35)(49)(63)
n.d.n.d.n.d.
Whole 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.06 (35)(49)(63)
Fruit 0.06 0.08 0.07
396g ai/ha 1 Peel 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.17 0.19 (35)(49)(63)
+132 l of oil 0.21 0.20 0.16
Pulp n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. (35)(49)(63)
n.d.n.d.n.d.
Whole 0.10 0.10 0.095 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.08 (35)(49)(63)
Fruit 0.08 0.07 0.05
Clementines Morocco 10g ai/ha 5 Peel (42)
0.05
Pulp (42)
n.d.
Whole (42)
Fruit 0.01
Pome Fruits
Apples F. R. Ger. 50g ai/ha 4 Whole 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03
Fruit
50g ai/ha 4 Whole 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02
Fruit
50g ai/ha 4 Whole 0.2 0.1 0.08 0.1 0.06
Fruit
50g ai/ha 4 Whole Fruit 0.2 0.1 0.09 0.1
France 12.5g ai/ha 7 Whole (57)
Fruit 0.007
25g ai/ha 7 Whole 0.048 0.50 (57)
Fruit 0.032
25g ai/ha 6 Whole Fruit 0.061
25g ai/ha 9 Whole Fruit 0.194 0.264 0.144
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
France 7.5g ai/ha 8 Whole Fruit 0.005
12.5g ai/ha 8 Whole Fruit 0.007
7.5g ai/ha 10 Whole 0.003
12.5g ai/ha 10 Whole 0.004
12.5g ai/ha 5 Whole (34)
Fruit 0.002
12.5g ai/ha 5 Whole (34)
Fruit 0.005
7.5g ai/ha 8 Whole 0.008
Fruit
12.5g ai/ha 8 Whole 0.020 0.012 0.020
Fruit
F. R. Ger. 25g ai/ha 6 Whole 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.05
Fruit
50g ai/ha 6 Whole 0.06 0.06 n.d. 0.07 0.07
Fruit
25g ai/ha 6 Whole Fruit 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05
50g ai/ha 6 Whole 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04
Fruit
France 11.25g ai/ha 7 Whole Fruit 0.01
18.75g ai/ha 7 Whole Fruit 0.014
7.5g ai/ha 6 Whole Fruit 0.020 0.011
12.5g ai/ha 6 Whole Fruit 0.035 0.008
8.25g ai/ha 6 Whole Fruit 0.011
13.75g ai/ha 6 Whole Fruit 0.012
7.5g ai/ha 10 Whole Fruit 0.005
12.5g ai/ha 10 Whole Fruit 0.015
7.5g ai/ha 8 Whole Fruit 0.01
12.5g ai/ha 8 Whole Fruit 0.011
7.5g ai/ha 8 Whole Fruit 0.08
12.5g ai/ha 8 Whole Fruit 0.01 0.014 0.011
12.5g ai/ha 5 Whole (34)
Fruit 0.012
England 12.5g ai/ha 2 Whole 0.03
Fruit
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
F. R. Ger. 26g ai/ha 6 Whole 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.07
Fruit
26g ai/ha 6 Whole 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.05
Fruit
26g ai/ha 6 Whole 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.06
Fruit
France 0.75g ai/hl 8 Whole Fruit 0.035 0.030 0.032
1.25g ai/hl 8 Whole Fruit 0.068 0.040 0.050
0.75g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.017 0.008 0.006 0.012
1.25g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.025 0.011 0.010 0.006
0.75g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.016
1.25g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.012
0.75g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.025 0.020 0.011 0.013
1.25g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.0i8 0.034 0.030 0.019
0.75g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.018
1.25g ailhl 5 Whole Fruit 0.025 0.033 0.025 0.015
0.75g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.034 0.024 0.023 0.020
1.25g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.057 0.040 0.036 0.030
0.75g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.027 0.016 0.014 0.030
1.25g ai/hl 5 Whole Fruit 0.041 0.042 0.030 0.049
Sweden 22.5g ai/ha 3 Whole (63)
Fruit 0.010
S.Africa 0.31g ai/hl 2 Whole <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Fruit
0.75g ai/hl 4 Whole <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Fruit
France 7.5g ai/ha 6 Whole Fruit 0.045 0.035 0.02 0.01
7.5g ai/ha 4 Whole Fruit 0.03 0.03 0.01
Sweden 43.2 & 21.6g ai/ha 2 (58)
0.006
43.2 & 21.6g ai/ha 2 (58)
0.004
43.2 & 21.6g ai/ha 2 (58)
0.006
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Pears France 7.5g ai/ha 3 Whole (33)
Fruit 0.006
12.5g ai/ha 3 Whole (33)
Fruit 0.011
15g ai/ha 3 Whole (33)
Fruit 0.015
Italy 1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole Fruit 0.01 0.02 0.005
1.875g ai/hl 1 Whole Fruit 0.025 0.015 0.015
France 1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole Fruit 0.004
1.75g ailhi 1 Whole Fruit 0.004
1.25g ai/hl 1 Whole Fruit 0.006
1.75g ai/hl 1 Whole Fruit 0.006
0.75g ai/hl 4 Whole Fruit 0.018 0.021 0.015
1.25g ai/hl 4 Whole Fruit 0.017 0.014 0.004
France 7.5g ai/ha 5 Whole Fruit 0.125 0.015 0.010 0.010
7.5g ai/ha 5 Whole Fruit 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.02
Stone Fruits
Apricots France 12.5g ai/ha 2 Pulp 0.22 0.026 0.022 0.03
Whole Fruit 0.20 0.02 0.02 0.02
12.5g ai/ha 2 Pulp 0.077 0.026 0.026 0.011
Whole Fruit 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01
France 12.5g ai/ha 2 Pulp 0.03 0.025 0.008 0.006
Whole Fruit 0.025 0.023 0.007 0.005
Cooked n.d. n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 2 Pulp 0.03 0.024 0.008 n.d.
Whole Fruit 0.027 0.020 0.007 n.d.
Cooked n.d. n.d.
Cherries France 15g ai/ha 2 Whole Fruit 0.055
21g ai/ha 2 Whole Fruit 0.095
27g ai/ha 2 Whole Fruit 0.045
F. R. Ger 25g ai/ha 3 Whole 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03
Fruit
25g ai/ha 3 Whole 0.1 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.05
Fruit
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
25g ai/ha 3 Whole 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04
Fruit
France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Pulp n.d. 0.0023 0.002
Whole Fruit n.d. 0.002 0.0018
Preserved 0.003 0.0017 0.0023
Pulp
Preserved 0.0025 0.0015 0.002
Pulp
Peaches France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.05 0.04 0.02
12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.03 0.04 0.02
25g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.09 0.07 0.08
25g ai/ha. 1 Whole Fruit 0.15 0.08 0.08
France 12.4g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.008 0.015
22.5g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.10 0.045
France 17.5g ai/ha 2 Pulp 0.03 0.047 0.043 0.029
Whole Fruit 0.03 0.043 0.040 0.026
Preserved n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.0015
Fruit
17.5g ai/ha 2 Pulp 0.027 0.045 0.040 0.024
Whole 0.025 0.04 0.037 0.022
Preserved n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Fruit
F. R. Ger. 18.75g ai/ha 3 Whole 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.03
Fruit
18.75g ai/ha 3 Whole O.04 0.03 0.02 0.03
Fruit
18.75g ai/ha 3 Whole 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.02
Fruit
France 17.5g ai/ha 1 Whole 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02
Fruit
Preserved 0.01.
Fruit
Juice n.d.
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Plum F. R. Ger. 25g ai/ha 5 Whole 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.05
Fruit
25g ai/ha 5 Whole 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05
Fruit
25g ai/ha 5 Whole 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04
Fruit
France 1.25g ai/hl 2 Whole Fruit 0.018 0.009 0.009 n.d.
Juice n.d.
Small Fruits
and Berries
Blackberries Finland 6.3 mg/bush 1 Berries 0.1 0.1
Grapes France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.020 0.035 0.055 0.035 0.035
Fruit 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.055 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.025
25g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.025 0.045 0.033 0.015 0.010
25g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.040 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.005
France 25g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.006 0.075 0.040
25g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.015 0.010 0.030
F. R. Ger. 50g ai/ha 2 Whole 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 (35)
Fruit 0.06
50g ai/ha 2 Whole 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.05 (35)
Fruit 0.05
France 17.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.035 0.035
Juice Traces Traces
17.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.045 0.045
Juice Traces Traces
France 22.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.025 0.03 0.01 0.01
Juice 0.006
22.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.06 0.04 0.015 0.01
F. R. Ger. 25.Og ai/ha 2 Whole n.d. 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.02
Fruit
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Strawberries F. R. Ger. 50g ai/ha 1 Whole (5W)(6W)
Fruit n.d. n.d.
50g ai/ha 1 Whole (12W)(13W)
Fruit n.d. n.d.
50g ai/ha 1 Whole (6W)(7W)
Fruit n.d. n.d.
50g ai/ha 1 Whole (5W) (6W)
Fruit n.d.n.d.
France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.015 0.004 0.008
Whole 0.014 n.d. n.d.
Washed
12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.011 0.010 0.004
Whole 0.008 0.008 0.005
Washed
France 12.5g ai/ha 1 Whole Fruit 0.017 0.015 0.012 0.002
Jam n.d. n.d.
Assorted Fruits
with Edible Peel
Figs France 16g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.002
21g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.002
27g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.002
Olives France 15g ai/ha 3 Pulp <0.007
21g ai/ha 3 Pulp <0.007
27g ai/ha 3 Pulp <0.007
15g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.005
21g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.0O5
27g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.005
15g ai/ha 3 Pulp <0.007
21g ai/ha 3 Pulp <0.007
27g ai/ha 3 Pulp <0.007
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
15g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.005
21g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.005
27g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit <0.005
17.5g ai/ha 4 Pulp 0.225 0.115 0.130 0.155 0.110 0.058
17.5g ai/ha 4 Whole Fruit 0.140 0.080 0.085 0.100 0.070 0.040
Oil 0.035 0.040 0.060 0.006
France 15g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.003
21g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.004
25g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.003
21g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.003
25g ai/ha 3 Whole Fruit 0.006
18.75g ai/ha 1 Whole (75)
Fruit 0.007
18.75g ai/ha 1 Whole (55)
Fruit 0.005
18.75g ai/ha 2 Whole (55)
Fruit 0.016
25g ai/ha 1 Whole (55)
Fruit 0.018
37.5g ai/ha 1 Whole (55)
Fruit 0.029
France 28g ai/ha 2 Pulp n.d. n.d. n.d.
Oil n.d. n.d. n.d.
Tunisia 12.5g ai/ha 1 Pulp (135)
n.d.
Assorted Fruits
with Inedible Peel
Bananas Phillippines 2.5g ai/ha 3-6 Pulp (77)
<0.01
Peel (77)
<0.01
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Whole (77)
Fruit <0.01
2.5g ai/ha 3-6 Pulp (77)
<0.01
Peel (77)
<0.01
Whole (77)
Fruit <0.01
2.5g ai/ha 3-6 Pulp (77)
<0.01
Peel (77)
<0.01
Whole (77)
Fruit <0.01
2.5g ai/ha 3-6 Pulp (77)
0.01
Peel (77)
1.0
Whole (77)
Fruit 0.39
2.5g ai/ha 3-6 Pulp (77)
<0.01
Peel (77)
0.10
Whole (77)
Fruit 0.04
Guadeloupe 22.5g ai/ha 1 Pulp (77)
n.d.
Peel (77)
0.07
Whole (77)
Fruit 0.016
46.8g al/ha 1 Pulp (77)
n.d.
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
Peel (77)
0.03
Whole (77)
Fruit 0.01
93.7g ai/ha 1 Pulp (77)
0.003
Peel (77)
0.10
Whole (77)
Fruit 0.03
Pineapples 75g ai/ha 1 Juice (31)(61)
n.d. n.d.
Pulp (31)(61)
n.d. n.d.
Peel (31)(61)
0.025 0.018
Whole (31)(61)
Fruit 0.007 0.005
150g ai/ha 1 Juice (31)(61)
n.d. n.d.
Pulp (31)(61)
n.d. n.d.
Peel (31)(61)
0.2 0.025
Whole (31)(61)
Fruit 0.07 0.008
Cereal Grains
Wheat Brazil 7.5g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d.
10g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d.
12.5g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d.
15g ai/ha 1 Grain n.d.
Table 3. Continued...
Number of Part Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application
Crop Country Dosage rate applications analyzed 0 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-16 21-24 27-30 >30
France 10g ai/ha 1 Grain (53)
0.003
17.5g ai/ha 1 Grain (53)
0.003
10g ai/ha 1 Grain (53)
0.004
17.5g ai/ha 1 Grain