Toxicological Abbreviations
May 1998
AA activation analysis; atomic absorption
AAF acetylaminofluorene
AAPCC American Association of Poison Control Centers
AAS atomic absorption spectrophotometry
ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACh acetylcholine
AChE acetylcholinesterase
AcP acid phosphatase
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
AD Alzheimer's disease
ADH alcohol dehydrogenase; anti-diuretic hormone
ADI acceptable daily intake
ADP adenosine diphosphate
AEP auditory evoked potential
AES atomic emission spectroscopy
AFID alkali flame ionization detection
Ah aromatic hydrocarbon
AHH aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
ai active ingredient
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIN acute interstitial nephritis
ALA aminolevulinic acid
ALAD ²-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase
ALAS o-aminolevulinic acid synthetase
ALAT alanine aminotransferase
ALC approximate lethal concentration
ALD approximate lethal dose
ALMS atomic line molecular spectrometry
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AM alveolar macrophages
AMP amperometric titration
AMPA aminomethylphosphonic acid
ANTU alpha-naphthylthiourea
AP alkaline phosphatase
APDM aminopyrine-N-demethylase
APP ammonium polyphosphate
AQG Air Quality Guidelines
ARF acute renal failure
ARL acceptable or tolerable residue limit
ART alternate reproductive test
ASAT aspartate aminotransferase
ASV anodic stripping voltametry
ATA alimentary toxic aleukia
ATH alumina trihydrate
ATPase adenosine triphosphatase
AUC area under the curve
AWI acceptable or tolerable weekly intake
B bursa-dependent
BA 2-bromoacrolein
BAER brainstem auditory-evoked response
BAF bioaccumulation factor
BAL bronchoalveolar lavage
BBB blood-brain barrier
BBPP bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
BCF bioconcentration factor
BEA 2-bromoethylamine
BEI biological exposure index
BEN Balkan endemic nephropathy
BGG bovine gammaglobulin
BHA butylated hydroxyanisole
BHK baby hamster kidney
BIC butyl isocyanate
BMAA beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine
BMD benchmark dose (US EPA)
BMF biomagnification factor
BOAA beta-N-oxalylamino-L-alanine
BOD biochemical oxygen demand
BP benzo[a]pyrene
BSA bovine serum albumin
BSP bromosulfophthalein
BUB 2-(3-butylureido)benzimidazole
BUN blood urea nitrogen
bw body weight
CA chrysanthemic acid
CALLA common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
CBF cerebral blood flow
CC critical concentration
CCFA Codex Committee on Food Additives (see definition of Codex Alimentarious
Commission)
CCPR Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
CCTTE Computerized Listing of Chemicals Being Tested for Their Toxicological Effects
(IPCS/IRPTC)
CD cluster of differentiation; coulometric detection
cDNA complementary DNA
CE capillary electrophoresis
CEC Commission of the European Communities
CEFIC European Council of Chemical Industry Federations
CFC chlorofluorocarbon
cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate
ChE cholinesterase
CHO Chinese hamster ovary
Ci curie(s)
CI confidence interval
CIN chronic interstitial nephritis
CKSCC cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
Cl2CA 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid
CLD chemiluminescence nitrogen detector
CLM chemiluminescence method
CLV ceiling value
Cl-Vacid
(= CPIA) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleric acid
CMI cell-mediated immunity
CML cell-mediated lympholysis
CNS central nervous system
COD chemical oxygen demand
CO-Hb carboxyhaemoglobin
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COT Committee on Toxicity (United Kingdom)
cP centipoise(s)
CP coproporphyrins
CPA cyclopropane carboxylic acid
CPK creatine phosphokinase
CRMs certified reference materials
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CSM Committee on Safety of Medicines (United Kingdom)
CT computerized tomography
cv coefficient of variation
2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
DAB 4-dimethylaminobenzene
DABA L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid
DBCP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
DBP di-n-butyl phthalate; 2,3-dibromopropanol
DBT dibutyltin
DCB dichlorobenzene
DCVC S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
DDC diethyldithiocarbamate
DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DEHP diethylhexyl phthalate
DEN diethylnitrosamine
DES diethylstilbestrol
DFB diflubenzuron
DFP diisopropylfluorophosphate (a delayed neurotoxic)
DHPN N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine
DiBP di-iso-butyl phthalate
DIDT 5,6-dihydro-3H-imidazo (2,1-C)-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione
DIT diiodotyrosine
DL detection limit
DMA dimethylamine
DMBA dimethylbenzathraline
DMF dimethylformamide
DMP dimethylphenol
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DNCB dinitrochlorobenzene
DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
DOC dissolved organic carbon
DPASV differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry
DPTA diaminopropanoltetraacetic acid
DT50 degradation time for 50% of a compound
DTPA diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
EBDC ethylene bisdithiocarbamate
EBK ethyl n-butyl ketone
EC effective concentration; electron capture; emulsifiable concentrate
EC50 median effective concentration
ECD electron capture detection
ECETOC European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre
ECG electrocardiogram
ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxidation
ECOD 7-ethoxycoumarin-o-deethylase
EDA ethylenediamine; exploratory data analysis
EDB 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)
EDCF endothelial-derived contracting factor
EDI ethylene diisothiocyanate
EDL electrode discharge lamp
EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
2-EE 2-ethoxyethanol
2-EEA 2-ethoxyethyl acetate
EEC European Economic Community; electroencephalograph
EEG electroencephalogram
EGF epidermal growth factor
EH epoxide hydratase
EHC Environmental Health Criteria
EI electron impact
EIFAC European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission of FAO
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMDI estimated maximum daily intake
EMG electromyography
EMTD estimated maximum tolerated dose
ENG electroneurography
ENL erythema nodosum leprosum
ENU ethylnitrosourea
EP electrophoresis
EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
EPDM ethylene propylene rubber
EPI exposure/potency index
EPS expandable polystyrene
EQC external quality control
EQT environmental quality target
ERL extraneous residue limit
EROD 7-ethoxyresurofin-o-deethylase
ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD end-stage renal disease
ETA electrothermal atomization
ETD ethylene bisthiuram disulfide
ETG epidermal transglutaminase
ETU ethylenethiourea
ETV electrothermal vaporization
EU ethyleneurea
F0 parental generation
F1 filial generation, first
F2 filial generation, second
FAA flameless atomic absorption
FACS fluorescence activated cell sorter
FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FCAT Freund's complete adjuvant test
f.c. Field capacity
FD fluorescence detection
FDA Food and Drug Administration (USA)
FEF forced expiratory flow
FEP free erythrocyte porphyrin
FEV forced expiratory volume
fg femtogram (10-15g)
FI flame ionization
FID flame ionization detector
FMLP formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine
FMN flavin mononucleotide
FOB functional observational battery
FPD flame photometric detector
FR flame retardant
FS fluorescence spectrophotometry
FSC Food Safety Council (USA)
FSD flame photometric detector selective for sulfur
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FTIR Fourier transform infrared
FVC forced vital capacity
GA gibberillic acid
GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
GAG glycosaminoglycan
GALT gut-associated lymphoid tissue
GAP good agricultural practice
GBM glomerular basement membrane
GC gas chromatography
GC-ECD gas chromatography with electron capture detector
GC-SIM gas chromatography with selected ion monitoring
GDH glutamate dehydrogenase
GDMS glow discharge mass spectrometry
GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System
GESAMP Group of Experts for the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution
GFAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
GFR glomerular filtration rate
GGT gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
GH growth hormone
GI gastrointestinal
GIFAP International Group of National Association of Manufacturers of Agrochemical Products
(French Acronym for: Groupement International des Associations Nationales de
Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques)
GLC gas-liquid chromatography
GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase
GLP good laboratory practice
cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate
GOT glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
GPC gel permeation chromatography
GPMT guinea-pig maximization test
GPT glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
GS glutamine synthetase
GSH glutathione-SH
GST glutathione-S-transferase
GTB glomerular tubular balance
GV guidance value
GWP global-warming potential
h hour(s)
ha hectare
Hb haemoglobin
HBCD hexabromocyclododecane
HBDH hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase
H & E haematoxolin and eosin
HCB hexachlorobenzene
HCBD hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HCFH-22 chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2)
HCG human chorionic gonadotropin
HCH hexachlorocyclohexane
HDL high density lipoprotein
HDPE high density polyethylene
HEAL Human Exposure Assessment Location
HECD Hall electron capture detector
HEV high endothelial venule
HEX hexachlorocyclopentadiene
HGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
HIPS high impact polystyrene
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
HLV hygienic limit value
hnRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA
HPCA human progenitor cell antigen
HPI cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
HPTLC high-performance thin-layer chromatography
HQ hydroquinone
HS headspace
HSA heat-stable antigen; human serum albumin
HSG Health and Safety Guide
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IC ion chromatography
ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule
IC50 median inhibitory concentration
ICD International Classification of Diseases
ICG indocyanine green
ICP inductively coupled plasma
ICST isolated cold stress testing
i.d. internal diameter
IDMS isotope dilution mass spectrometry
IFN interferon
Ig immunoglobulin
IL interleukin
ILO International Labour Organisation
ILSI International Life Science Institute
im intramuscular
ip intraperitoneal
IPA isopropylamine
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
IQ intelligence quotient
IQC internal quality control
IR infrared
IRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IT isomeric transition
IU international unit
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
iv intravenous
JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
JMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues
kcal kilocalorie(s)
keV kiloelectronvolt(s)
Kow octanol/water partition coefficient
LAP leucine aminopeptidase
LAQL lowest analytically quantifiable level
LC liquid chromatography
LC50 median lethal concentration
LD01 lethal dose for 1%
LD50 median lethal dose
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
LDL low density lipoprotein
LDPE low density polyethylene
LDQ lowest detectable quantity
LEI lifetime exposure intensity
LEV local exhaust ventilation
Lf limit flocculation
LFA lymphocyte function-related antigen
LFP lavage fluid protein
LH luteinizing hormone
LI labelling index
LIF laser-induced fluorescence; leukaemia inhibitory factor
LLD lowest lethal dose
LMS linear multistage model
LMW low molecular weight
LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
LOD limit of determination
LOEL lowest-observed-effect level
LRNI lower reference nutrient intake (UK)
LSC liquid scintillation counter
LT50 median lethal time
LTP long-term potentiation
MAA methoxyacetic acid
MAC maximum allowable concentration
MAD maximum allowable deviation
MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
MAK maximum workplace concentration (Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration)
MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
MAM methylazoxymethanol
MAP mutagenic activity profile
MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor
MARC Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre (UK)
MARE monoclonal anti-rat immunoglobulin E
MAS molecular absorption spectrometry
MAT mean absorption time
MATC maximum acceptable toxicant concentration
MBC minimum bactericidal concentration
MBDE mass balance differential equation
MBK methyl n-butyl ketone
MBP monobutyl phthalate
MBT monobutyltin
MC methyl chloroform
3-MC 3-methylcholanthrene
MCD microcoulometric detection
MCH mean cell haemoglobin
MCHC mean cell haemoglobin concentration
mCi millicurie
MCL melanotic cell lines
MCPA 4-chloro-o-tolyoxyacetic acid
MCV mean cell volume
MDA malondialdehyde
MDI methylene-diphenyl diisocyanate
MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine
2-ME 2-methoxyethanol
2-MEA 2-methoxyethyl acetate
MeB12 methylcobalamin
MED minimum effective dose; minimal erythemal dose
MEHP monoethylhexyl phthalate
MEK methyl ethyl ketone
mEq milliequivalent
MeV megaelectronvolt(s)
MFO mixed-function oxidase
MHC major histocompatibility complex
MHW Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan)
MIBK methyl isobutyl ketone
MIC minimal inhibitory concentration
MIT methylisothiocyanate; monoiodotyrosine
MLD minimum lethal dose
MLR mixed lymphocyte response assay
MLSS mixed liquor suspended solids
MMA methoxyacetic acid
MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter
MMH monomethylhydrazine
mmHg millimetre(s) of mercury
MMMF man-made mineral fibre
MNNG N-methyl-N -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
MNU N-methyl-N-nitrosurea
mPa millipascal (7.5 x 10-6 mmHg)
MPC maximum permissible limit
MQL minimum quantifiable limit
MRBIS mean running bias index score
MRL maximum residue limit
mRNA messenger RNA
MRVIS Mean Running Variance Index Score
MS mass spectrometry
MSD mass selective detection
MSW municipal solid waste
MTBE methyl tertiary butyl ether
MTC maximum tolerable or acceptable concentration
MTD maximum tolerated dose
MTE mild toxic encephalopathy
MTI N-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalamide
NAA neutron activation analysis
NAC N-acetyl cysteine
NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADPH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NBU N-nitrosobutylurea
NCAM neural cell adhesion molecule
NCI National Cancer Institute (USA); negative ion chemical ionization
NCV nerve conduction velocity
ND not detectable
NDDC sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
NDMA nitrosodimethylamine
NDMC sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate
NEQUAS National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UK)
NFT neurofibrillary tangle
ng nanogram (10-9g)
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (USA)
NK natural killer
nm nanometer
NMCL nonmelanolic cell lines
NMN N-methylnicotinamide
NMOR N-nitrosomorpholine
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
NNM N-nitrosomorpholine
NO nitrogen oxide
NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level
NOEC no-observed-effect concentration
NOEL no-observed-effect level
NOLC no-observed lethal concentration
NPD nitrogen-phosphorus sensitive detector
NPSH non-protein sulfhydryl
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NSD nitrogen selective detector
NTA nitrilotriacetic acid
NTE neuropathy target esterase
NTEL no-toxic-effect level
NTP National Toxicology Program (USA)
OCT ornithine carbamoyltransferase
ODC ornithine decarboxylase
ODP ozone-depletion potential
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEL occupational exposure limit
OER oxygen enhancement ratio
OES occupational exposure standard; optical emission spectrometry
OET open epicutaneous test
OP organophosphate
OPIDN organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy
OR odds ratio
OSC oil-enhanced suspension concentrate
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)
OVA ovalbumin
OZT oxazolidinethione
PA polyamides
PAA photon activation analysis
2-PAM
chloride pralidoxine (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl) chloride
PAH p-aminohippurate; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
PALS periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath
PAN peroxyacetyl nitrate; polyacrylonitrile
PAS periodic acid Schiff stain
PB phenobarbital
PBA phenoxybenzoic acid
PBalc 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol
PBald 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde
PBB polybrominated biphenyl
PBDD polybrominated dibenzodioxin
PBDE polybrominated diphenyl ether
PBDF polybrominated dibenzofuran
PBI protein-bound iodine
PBPK physiologically based pharmacokinetics
PBT polybutylene terephthalate
PCBD S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)
PCDD polychlorinated dibenzodioxin
PCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuran
PCA para-chloroaniline (4-chloroaniline); passive cutaneous anaphylaxis
PCB polychlorinated biphenyl
PCBD S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)
PCDD polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
PCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuran
PCDPE polychlorinated diphenylether
PCE polychromatic erythrocytes
PCOM phase contrast optical microscopy
PCPY polychlorinated pyrene
PCQ polychlorinated quaterphenyl
PCT porphyria cutanea tarda
PCV packed-cell volume
PD plasma desorption
PDG phosphate-dependent glutaminase
PE polyethylene
PEF peak expiratory flow
PEG pneumoencephalography
PEL permissible exposure limit
PET polyethylene terephthalate
PFC plaque-forming cell
pg picogram (10-12g)
PG prostaglandin
pH the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
PHF paired helical filaments
PHS prostaglandin-H-synthetase
PIB piperonyl butoxide
PIC picrotoxin
PID photo-ionization detection
PIXE proton-induced X-ray emission
pKa the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant
PMBA p-methylbenzyl alcohol
PMN polymorphonuclear leukocyte
PMTDI provisional maximum tolerable daily intake
PMR proportional mortality rate
PMSG pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin
PNS peripheral nervous system
pO2 plasma partial pressure (concentration) of oxygen
POCP photochemical ozone-creation potential
PoG proteoglycan
POS psycho-organic syndrome
PP polypropylene
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
ppt parts per trillion
PSD passive sampling device
PSPS Pesticides Safety Precautions Scheme (United Kingdom)
PT prothrombin time
PTH parathyroid hormone
PTT partial thromboplastin time
PTU propylenethiourea
PTWI provisional tolerable weekly intake
PTZ pentylenetetrazole
PVC polyvinyl chloride
PYR pyrene
QA quality assurance
QAP quality assurance programme
QC quality control
QSAR quantitative structure-activity relationship
RACB reproductive assessment by continuous breeding
RAST radioallergosorbent test
RBC red blood cell
RBP retinal binding protein
RDA recommended dietary allowance (USA)
REL recommended exposure limit
RER rough endoplasmic reticulum
RIA radio-immuno assay
RIPT repeat insult patch test
RMA reflex modification audiometry
RNA ribonucleic acid
RNI reference nutrient intake (UK)
ROC reactive organic carbon
RPN renal papillary necrosis
RR relative risk
RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
RUBISCO ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase
S9 9000 x g supernatant
SAM S-adenosylmethionine
SAP serum alkaline phosphatase
SAR structure-activity relationship
sc subcutaneous
SC suspension concentrate
SCE sister chromatid exchange
SCF stem-cell factor
SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
SCOPE Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the International Council of
Scientific Unions
SD standard deviation
SDAT senile dementia of Alzheimer type
SE standard error
SEM standard error of the mean; scanning electron microscopy
SER smooth endoplasmic reticulum
SFC supercritical fluid chromatography
SFS subjective facial sensation
SGOMSEC Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals
SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
SHE Syrian Hamster embryo
SIM selected ion monitoring
SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
SMA sequential multiple analyser
SMR standardized mortality ratio
SOP standard operating procedure
SPF specific pathogen free
SPM suspended particulate matter
S-PMA S-phenyl-mercapturic acid
SRT simple reaction time
SSB single strand breaks
STEL short-term exposure limit
t3 triiodothyronine
t4 thyroxine
2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
TADI temporary acceptable daily intake
TAN tropical ataxic neuropathy
TAP trialkyl/aryl phosphate
TBBPA tetrabromobisphenol A
TBG thyroxine-binding globulin
TBP tributyl phosphate
TBPP tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
TBT tributyltin
TBTO tributyltin oxide
TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle
TCD thermal conductivity detection
TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
TCDF 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzofuran
TCE 1,1,1-trichloroethylene
TCP trichlorophenol; tricresyl phosphate
TCPP tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate
TCR T-cell receptor
TDC thermal conductivity detection
TDI tolerable daily intake; toluene diisocyanate
TDLAS tuneable diode laser absorption spectrometry
TEA tetraethyl ammonium; thermal energy analyser
TEAC tetraethylammonium chloride
TEAM total exposure assessment methodology
TEF toxicity equivalency factor
TEPP tetraethyl-pyrophosphate
TGA thermogravimetric analysis
TH thyroid hormone
THF tetrahydrofolate
TI tolerable intake
TLC thin-layer chromatography
TLV threshold limit value
TMCP tri-meta-cresyl phosphate
TMDI theoretical maximum daily intake
TML tetramethyllead
TMRL temporary maximum residue limit
TMT trimethyltin
TNF tumour necrosis factor
TOCP tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate
TOD total oxygen demand
TPA 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
TPCP tri-para-cresyl phosphate
TPI 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide
TPIA 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid
TPN total parenteral nutrition
TPO thyroid peroxidase
TPP triphenyl phosphate
TPTA triphenyltin acetate
TPTH triphenyltin hydroxide
tRNA transfer ribonucleic acid
TRP tubular reabsorption of phosphate
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
TSP total suspended particulate
TST temperature sensitivity
TT toxicity threshold
TWA time-weighted average
UCM urographic contrast medium
UCL upper confidence limit
UDP uridine diphosphate
UDPGA UDP-glucuronic acid
UDPGT UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
UDS unscheduled DNA synthesis
UF uncertainty factor
ULV ultra-low volume
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
US ATSDR US Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry
UV ultraviolet
UVB ultraviolet B
VC vinyl chloride
VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule
VER visual evoked response
VHH volatile halogenated hydrocarbon
VLA very late antigen
VLDL very low-density lipoproteins
VOC volatile organic carbon compound
VSD virtually safe dose
VTR vibration threshold
v/v volume per volume
WAIS Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
WBC white blood cell
WG water-dispersible granule
WHO World Health Organization
WISN warfarin-induced skin necrosis
WP wettable powder
w/v weight per volume
XRF X-ray-generated atomic fluorescence
XRFS X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
ZPP zinc protoporphyrin