IPCS INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY
Health and Safety Guide No. 31
TETRAMETHRIN
HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDE
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, GENEVA 1989
This is a companion volume to Environmental Health Criteria 98:
Tetramethrin
Published by the World Health Organization for the International
Programme on Chemical Safety (a collaborative programme of the United
Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation,
and the World Health Organization)
ISBN 92 4 154352 3
World Health Organization 1989
Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright
protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the
Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or
translation of WHO publications, in part or in toto, application
should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization
welcomes such applications.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on
the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area
or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers
or boundaries.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers'
products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the
World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature
that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of
proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
This report contains the collective views of an international group of
experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated
policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International
Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. PRODUCT IDENTITY AND USES
1.1. Identity
1.2. Physical and chemical properties
1.3. Analytical methods
1.4. Production and uses
2. SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
2.1. Human exposure
2.2. Environmental exposure and fate
2.3. Uptake, metabolism, and excretion
2.4. Effects on organisms in the environment
2.5. Effects on experimental animals and in vitro
test systems
2.6. Effects on human beings
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1. Conclusions
3.2. Recommendations
4. HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS, PREVENTION AND PROTECTION, EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
4.1. Human health hazards, prevention and protection, first aid
4.1.1. Advice to physicians
4.1.2. Health surveillance advice
4.2. Explosion and fire hazards
4.3. Storage
4.4. Transport
4.5. Spillage and disposal
4.5.1. Spillage
4.5.2. Disposal
5. HAZARDS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR PREVENTION
6. INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL SAFETY CARD
7. CURRENT REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND STANDARDS
7.1. Previous evaluations by international bodies
7.2. Exposure limit values
7.3. Specific restrictions
7.4. Labelling, packaging, and transport
7.5. Waste disposal
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) documents produced by the
International Programme on Chemical Safety include an assessment of
the effects on the environment and on human health from exposure to a
chemical or combinations of chemicals, or physical or biological
agents. They also provide guidelines for setting exposure limits.
The purpose of a Health and Safety Guide is to facilitate the
application of these guidelines in national chemical safety
programmes. The first three sections of a Health and Safety Guide
highlight the relevant technical information in the corresponding EHC.
Section 4 includes advice on preventive and protective measures and
emergency action; health workers should be thoroughly familiar with
the medical information to ensure that they can act efficiently in an
emergency. Within the Guide is an International Chemical Safety Card
which should be readily available, and clearly explained, to all who
could come into contact with the chemical. The section on regulatory
information has been extracted from the legal file of the
International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) and
from other United Nations sources.
The target readership includes people in the occupational health
services, ministries, governmental agencies, industry, and trade
unions, who deal with the safe use of chemicals and the prevention of
environmental health hazards, and those workers who want more
information on this topic. An attempt has been made to use only terms
that will be familiar to the intended user. However, sections 1 and 2
inevitably contain some technical terms. A bibliography has been
included for readers who would like to have further background
information.
Revision of the information in this Guide will take place in due
course, and the eventual aim is to use standardized terminology.
Comments on any difficulties encountered in using the Guide would be
very helpful and should be addressed to:
The Manager
International Programme on Chemical Safety
Division of Environmental Health
World Health Organization
1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
THE INFORMATION IN THIS GUIDE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A STARTING POINT
TO A COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAMME
1. PRODUCT IDENTITY AND USES
1.1 Identity
Common name: Tetramethrin
Chemical structure:
Molecular formula: C19H25NO4
CAS chemical name: Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid,
2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-
propenyl)-,(1,3,4,5,6,7-
hexahydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-
isoindol-2-yl) methyl ester
Common trade names and synonyms: tetramethrine, phthalthrin,
neo-pynamin, FMC-9260
CAS registry number: 7696-12-0
RTECS registry number: GZ173000
Relative molecular mass: 331.45
Tetramethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. It is a mixture
of four stereoisomers. Neo-pynamin Forte is a mixture of the two
isomers that have the highest insecticidal activity and a cis:trans
ratio of 1:4.
1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties
Some physical and chemical properties of tetramethrin are given in the
International Chemical Safety Card (section 6).
1.3 Analytical Methods
Residue analysis can be carried out by quantification using
dual-wavelength densitometry (370-230 nm). Gas chromatography with a
flame ionization detector is used for analysis of the technical
product.
1.4 Production and Uses
A few hundred tonnes of tetramethrin are manufactured and used
annually worldwide, primarily for indoor pest control. It is
formulated as an aerosol, an emulsifiable concentrate, and in mosquito
coil, and is also prepared in combination with other insecticides and
synergists.
2. SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
2.1 Human Exposure
The general population may be exposed to tetramethrin primarily
through its use as an indoor pest control. When tetramethrin is used
as recommended, the aerial levels and those of its 1R isomer are
unlikely to exceed 0.5 mg/m3, and the compound will degrade rapidly.
Therefore, the exposure of the general population is expected to be
very low. Tetramethrin is not used on food crops.
2.2 Environmental Exposure and Fate
Rapid degradation occurs when a thin film of tetramethrin is exposed
to sunlight. The major photoreactions during a 2-h exposure (30%
conversion) were: epoxidation at the isobutenyl double bond; oxidation
at the trans-methyl of the isobutenyl group to hydroxymethyl,
aldehyde, and carboxylic acid; and hydroperoxidation to allylic
hydroperoxide.
No data are available on the exact levels of tetramethrin in the
environment, but with the current domestic pattern of use and when
tetramethrin is used as recommended, environmental exposure is
expected to be very low. Degradation to less toxic products is rapid.
2.3 Uptake, Metabolism, and Excretion
In rats, tetramethrin radiolabelled in the acid or alcohol moiety is
readily taken up, metabolized, and excreted after oral or subcutaneous
administration. Approximately 95% is excreted in 5-7 days in the
urine and faeces in more or less equal amounts. The tissue residues
from both administration routes are very low. The metabolic reactions
are: ester cleavage; loss of the hydroxymethyl group from the alcohol
moiety; reduction of the 1-2 bond of the alcohol moiety; oxidation at
the isobutenyl methyl moiety of the acid and at the 2-, 3-, and
4-positions of the alcohol moiety; conjugation of the resultant acids
and alcohols with glucuronic acid; and cis/trans isomerization.
2.4 Effects on Organisms in the Environment
Only very limited information is available. Tetramethrin is highly
toxic for fish, the 96-h LC50 values for two species being 19 and
21 µg/litre. A third species showed a 48-h LC50 of 200 µg/litre and
a no-observed-effect-level of 50 µg/litre. The no-observed-effect-
level for Daphnia is 50 µg/litre. Tetramethrin has very low toxicity
to birds but is toxic for honey bees. Because tetramethrin is rapidly
degraded, and provided its use is limited to buildings, as
recommended, the potential that it has for producing effects on the
environment is unlikely to be realised.
2.5 Effects on Experimental Animals and In Vitro Test Systems
The acute oral toxicity of tetramethrin is low. The LD50 for rats
is >5000 mg/kg with both the racemic mixture and the 1R, cis/trans
isomer, whereas for mice it is about 2000 mg/kg (racemate) and
1060 mg/kg (1R, cis/trans). The acute dermal toxicities in both the rat and
mouse, as well as in the rabbit, are also low (the LD50 in rats and
mice is >5000 mg/kg, while in rabbits it is >2000 mg/kg (all studies
were done with racemic mixture). In acute inhalation studies, the
LC50 in rats and mice was 2500 mg/m3 for the racemic mixture and
>1180 mg/m3 for the 1R, cis/trans isomer. The toxic signs include
hyperexcitability, tremor, ataxia, and depression (general signs
combined from all the acute studies). Mice were somewhat more
susceptible than rats, but no differences were observed in
susceptibility between males and females. Tetramethrin, either as the
racemic mixture or the 1R, cis/trans isomer, is virtually
non-irritating to the rabbit eye and is non-irritating to rabbit skin.
In addition, neither the racemic mixture nor the 1R, cis/trans isomer
is a sensitizer in guinea-pigs.
Tetramethrin is a type 1 pyrethroid. In mammals, tremor (T-syndrome)
is the characteristic poisoning symptom.
When rats were fed tetramethrin at dietary levels of up to 5000 mg/kg
diet for 91 days, reduced body weight gain was observed at 5000 mg/kg.
The results from 3- or 6-month feeding studies using the 1R, cis/trans
isomer in rats at dietary levels ranging from 25 mg/kg diet to
3000 mg/kg diet indicated that the no-observed-effect level was
200 mg/kg diet for males and 300 mg/kg diet for females (observations
included decreases in the body weight gain and in final body weight,
and effects on the kidneys and the liver). The effects on the liver
were thought to be an adaptive response to the feeding of the corn oil
vehicle.
The no-observed-effect level in a 26-week study in dogs was 1250 mg/kg
diet.
When mice and rats were exposed to aerosolized tetramethrin by
inhalation at a concentration of 200 mg/m3 for 3-4 h/day for up to 4
weeks, no significant compound-related changes were observed. An
additional inhalation study in which rats were exposed to a mist
(1.2-1.5 µm diameter droplets) of 1R, cis/trans isomer in deodorized
kerosene at concentrations up to 87 mg/m3, 3 h/day, 7 days/week for
28 days, indicated a no-observed-effect level of 49 mg/m3. Toxic
signs were noted only during the exposure period.
Neither tetramethrin nor its 1R, cis/trans isomers were mutagenic in a
variety of in vivo and in vitro test systems, which investigated
gene mutations, DNA damage, DNA repair, and chromosomal effects.
Three 104-week chronic/oncogenicity feeding studies have been
conducted on tetramethrin, two in rats and one in mice. In mice,
tetramethrin was fed at dose levels up to 1500 mg/kg diet. No
oncogenic effects were observed. Decreased pituitary and
thyroid/parathyroid weights were observed at 60 mg/kg diet or more.
The no-observed-effect level for systemic effects was 12 mg/kg diet in
mice. In the rat studies, the test animals were exposed to
tetramethrin at dose levels up to 5000 mg/kg diet in utero and
through long-term feeding. In both studies in rats, body weight gains
were significantly lower in animals exposed to 3000 mg/kg diet or
more. In addition, increases in liver weight were observed at these
dose levels. The no-observed-effect level for systemic effects in
both studies in rats was 1000 mg/kg diet. The incidence of testicular
interstitial cell tumours at 3000 mg/kg diet or more was higher than
the level in the concurrent control group in both studies. Testicular
interstitial cell tumours occur spontaneously in aged rats, and the
incidence can vary greatly in the control groups. This tumour is
thought to be hormonally mediated. There was no evidence of
malignancy and no evidence of this type of tumour in mice. It has been
concluded that the tumorigenic effect, if real, is most unlikely to
affect human beings.
Tetramethrin was not teratogenic or embryotoxic at dose levels up to
1000 mg/kg body weight in rats and up to 500 mg/kg body weight in
rabbits (the highest dose levels tested). In a fertility study in
which rats were given tetramethrin in dose levels up to 1000 mg/kg
body weight per day, the no-observed-effect level for the parents'
reproductive ability and growth of the fetuses was 300 mg/kg body
weight per day. In a perinatal and post-natal reproduction study in
rats, the no-observed-effect level was 100 mg/kg body weight per day
(the highest level tested).
When dose levels of 1000 to 6000 mg/kg diet were tested in a
one-generation reproduction study on tetramethrin in rats, the
no-observed-effect level was 1000 mg/kg diet. Levels of
100-3000 mg/kg of the 1R, cis/trans isomer were tested in a
two-generation reproduction study, which gave a no-observed-effect
level of 500 mg/kg diet.
2.6 Effects on Human Beings
Although tetramethrin and its 1R-isomer have been used for many years,
there have been no reports of poisoning or adverse effects in human
beings.
There are no indications that tetramethrin or its 1R-isomer will have
an adverse effect on human beings if it continues to be used in low
concentrations and only to control household pests.
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Conclusions
(a) General Population: The exposure of the general population to
tetramethrin, as it is currently used, is expected to be low. It is
not likely to present a hazard if used as recommended.
(b) Occupational Exposure: When good work practices, hygiene
measures, and safety precautions are followed, tetramethrin is not
likely to present a hazard to those occupationally exposed.
(c) Environment: It is highly unlikely that tetramethrin or its
degradation products will reach levels that could cause adverse
environmental effects.
3.2 Recommendations
Although tetramethrin and its 1R-isomer have been used for many years
with no reports of adverse effects in human beings, observations of
human exposure should continue.
4. HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS, PREVENTION AND PROTECTION, EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
4.1 Human Health Hazards, Prevention and Protection, First Aid
Tetramethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. There have been no
reports of poisoning in the general population or in those who have
been occupationally exposed. Experimental studies in animals show
that after massive over-exposure or accidental ingestion, neurological
signs and symptoms (e.g., tremor, ataxia, etc.) could occur.
The human health hazards associated with certain types of exposure to
tetramethrin, together with preventive and protective measures and
first aid recommendations, are given in the International Chemical
Safety Card (section 6).
4.1.1 Advice to physicians
No specific antidote is known. Treat symptomatically. Chemical
pneumonitis resulting from aspiration of the solvent into the lungs
occurs when liquid formulations are used.
4.1.2 Health surveillance advice
Regularly exposed workers should undergo pre-employment and annual
general medical examinations.
4.2 Explosion and Fire Hazards
Some solvents in pyrethroid formulations are highly flammable. DO NOT
USE WATER to extinguish fires. Use dry powder, carbon dioxide, or
alcohol-resistant foam, sand, or earth. Cool nearby drums with water
spray.
Whenever pyrethroid products are involved in a major fire, instruct
the fire service to wear protective clothing and breathing apparatus.
Inform the fire service and the relevant authorities that pyrethroids
are toxic for fish, and that water should be used only to cool the
unaffected stock. In this way, the accumulation of polluted run-off
from the site is prevented.
4.3 Storage
Store technical material and formulations away from heat, in a locked
area, designated for pesticide storage only. Keep out of reach of
children, unauthorized personnel, and animals, and away from food and
animal feed. Prevent spills from leaking into watercourses.
4.4 Transport
For transport purposes, pyrethroids are classified as "harmful" or as
"low hazard". Formulations based on flammable solvents may be subject
to local transport controls. Before transport, ensure that containers
are sound and that labels are securely fixed and undamaged. Comply
with local transport regulations.
Do not transport in the same compartments as food and animal feed.
4.5 Spillage and Disposal
4.5.1 Spillage
Keep spectators away from leaking or spilled product. Prohibit
smoking and the use of naked flames in the immediate vicinity.
Transfer any product remaining in damaged or leaking containers into a
clean, empty drum, and label the drum.
Absorb spillage with lime, damp sawdust, sand, or earth, or other
absorbent material and place in a secure container for safe disposal
(see below). Contain a large spillage by building a barrier of earth
or sandbags. Prevent liquid from spreading to other cargo,
vegetation, or waterways.
Decontaminate empty, damaged, or leaking containers with a 10% sodium
carbonate solution added at the rate of at least 1 litre per 20-litre
drum. Puncture containers to prevent reuse.
4.5.2 Disposal
Waste that contains tetramethrin should be burnt in an appropriate
high-temperature incinerator with effluent scrubbing. Where no
incinerator is available, contaminated absorbents or surplus products
should be decomposed by hydrolysis at pH 12 or above. Contact with a
suitable hydrolysing agent is required to ensure degradation of the
active ingredient to a safe level.
For emulsifiable material, use 5% sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
solution or saturated (7-10%) sodium carbonate (washing soda)
solution.
For non-emulsifiable material, use a 1:1 mixture (by volume) of
caustic soda or washing soda and a water/oil soluble solvent such as
denatured alcohol, monoethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, or
isopropanol.
Cover the material with a hydrolysing agent and let it stand for 7
days. Before disposal, the waste must be analysed to ensure that the
active ingredient has been degraded to a safe level.
Never pour untreated waste or surplus products into public sewers or
where there is any danger of run-off or seepage to streams,
watercourses, open waterways, ditches, fields with drainage systems,
or to the catchment areas of boreholes, wells, springs, or ponds.
5. HAZARDS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR PREVENTION
When used as recommended, it is unlikely that tetramethrin and its
degradation products will reach levels of adverse environmental
significance. Tetramethrin is toxic for fish, but because of the very
low exposure levels that usually occur, it would only cause a problem
if spilled.
Do not contaminate ponds, waterways, or ditches with tetramethrin or
its containers.
6. INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL SAFETY CARD
This card should be easily available to all health workers concerned
with, and users of, phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus
oxychloride. It should be displayed at, or near, entrances to areas
where there is potential exposure to phosphorus trichloride and
phosphorus oxychloride, and on processing equipment and containers.
The card should be translated into the appropriate language(s). All
persons potentially exposed to the chemical should also have the
instructions on the chemical safety card clearly explained.
Space is available on the card for insertion of the National
Occupational Exposure Limit, the address and telephone number of the
National Poison Control Centre, and for local trade names.
TETRAMETHRIN
CAS chemical name: Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-,
(1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl) methyl ester
CAS registry no: 7696-12-0
RTECS registry no: GZ 173000
Molecular formula: C19H25NO4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESc Racemic isomer (1R)-isomer OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Physical state crystalline solid viscous liquid Tetramethrin is a mixture of four stereo-isomers;
Colour colourless yellow or brown technical tetramethrin is stable
Odour pyrethrum-like to heat at 50 °C for 6 months, but unstable
Relative molecular mass 331.45 331.45 to light and air and to alkaline conditions;
Melting point (°C) 60-80 - it is a synthetic pyrethroid which is mainly
Water solubility (30 °C) 4.6 mg/litre 2-4 mg/litre used to control household insects
(23 °C)
Solubility in organic solublea solubleb
solvents
20 25
Relative density d20 1.108 d25 1.11
Vapour pressure (20 °C) 3.5 x 10-8 mmHg 2.4 x 10-9 mmHg
(30 °C) 7.1 x 10-6 mmHg
a Methanol (53 g/kg); hexane (20 g/kg); xylene (1 kg/kg); acetone, toluene.
b Hexane (>1 kg/kg), methanol, xylene.
c No data are available for boiling point and n-octanol/water partition coefficient.
HAZARDS/SYMPTOMS PREVENTION AND PROTECTION FIRST AID
SKIN: Some formulations may Use proper application techniques; Remove contaminated clothing; wash
cause skin irritation proper skin protection skin with soap and water
EYES: Slightly irritating Wear face shield or goggles Flush immediately with clean water
for at least 15 min
INHALATION: Dust or droplets Avoid inhalation of fine dust and Fresh air
may cause irritation mist
INGESTION: Unlikely Do not eat, drink, or smoke during
occupational hazard work; wash hands before eating,
drinking, and smoking
Accidental or deliberate Obtain medical attention; if breathing
ingestion could cause has stopped, apply artificial respiration
neurological signs and symptons
such as tremor and ataxia
A hazard of ingested liquid Do not induce vomiting
formulations is aspiration
into lungs
ENVIRONMENT: Toxic for Do not contaminate ponds,
fish waterways, or ditches with product
or used containers
SPILLAGE STORAGE FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Absorb spillage with lime, Store in locked, well-ventilated DO NOT USE WATER: some liquid formulations
damp sawdust, sand, or earth; storeroom, away from children, may be highly flammable; use
sweep up, place in closed unauthorized personnel, animals, dry powder, carbon dioxide, or alcohol-
container, and dispose of and food and animal feed resistant foam; cool nearby drums with
safely; do not contaminate water spray
personnel, ponds, or waterways
WASTE DISPOSAL NATIONAL INFORMATION
Burn in high-temperature National Occupational Exposure Limit:
incinerator with effluent
scrubbing; or, treat with National Poison Control Centre:
5% caustic soda as a
hydrolysing agent for 7 days; Local trade names:
comply with local regulations
7. CURRENT REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND STANDARDS
The information given in this section has been extracted from the
International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) legal
file and other UN sources. It is a representative but non-exhaustive
overview of current regulations, guidelines, and standards.
Regulations and guidelines about chemicals can be fully understood
only within the framework of country's legislation, and are always
subject to change. Therefore, they should always be verified with the
appropriate authorities.
7.1 Previous Evaluations by International Bodies
The Division of Vector Biology and Control, World Health Organization,
has classified tetramethrin as a technical product that is not likely
to present an acute hazard (WHO, 1988).
7.2 Exposure Limit Values
Some exposure limit values are given in the table on the following
page.
7.3 Specific Restrictions
No information is available.
7.4 Labelling, Packaging, and Transport
The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transportation of
Dangerous Goods classifies pyrethroids in:
- Hazard Class 6.1: poisonous substances;
- Packing Group III: substance presenting a relatively low risk of
poisoning in transport.
The label should be as follows:
EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES
Medium Specification Country/ Exposure limit description Value Effective
organization date
AIR Workzone USSR Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) 5 mg/m3 1985
FOOD Germany, Federal Maximum residue limit (MRL)
Republic of - Specified plant products 0.1 mg/kg 1984
- Other plant products 0.01 mg/kg 1984
Netherlands Maximum residue limit (MRL)
- milk 0.05* mg/kg 1987
- other food 0*(0.05) mg/kg 1987
- (sum of cis & trans)
* Indicates limit of detection.
The European Community legislation requires labelling as a dangerous
substance using the symbol:
The label must read:
Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin, and if swallowed;
keep out of reach of children; keep away from food, drink, and
animal feed.
7.5 Waste Disposal
In some countries, permits are required to empty pyrethroids into
waters.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO (1985a) Guidelines for the packaging and storage of pesticides.
Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO (1985b) Guidelines for the disposal of waste pesticides and
pesticide containers on the farm. Rome, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.
FAO (1985c) Guidelines on good labelling practice for pesticides.
Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
GIFAP (1982) Guidelines for the safe handling of pesticides during
their formulation, packing, storage and transport. Brussels,
Groupement International des Associations Nationales des Fabricants de
Produits Agrochimiques.
GIFAP (1983) Guidelines for the safe and effective use of
pesticides. Brussels, Groupement International des Associations
Nationales des Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques.
GIFAP (1984) Guidelines for emergency measures in cases of pesticide
poisoning. Brussels, Groupement International des Associations
Nationales des Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques.
IARC (1972-present) IARC monographs on the evaluation of
carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Lyons, International Agency
for Research on Cancer.
IRPTC (1983) IRPTC legal file 1983. Geneva, International Register
of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, United Nations Environment Programme.
IRPTC (1985) IRPTC file on treatment and disposal methods for waste
chemicals. Geneva, International Register for Potentially Toxic
Chemicals, United Nations Environment Programme.
PLESTINA, R. (1984) Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
insecticide poisoning. Geneva, World Health Organization
(unpublished document WHO/VBC/84.889).
SAX, N.I. (1984) Dangerous properties of industrial materials. New
York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc.
UNITED NATIONS (1986) Recommendations on the transport of dangerous
goods. 4th ed., New York, United Nations.
US NIOSH/OSHA (1981) Occupational health guidelines for chemical
hazards. 3 Vol., Washington DC, US Department of Health and Human
Services, US Department of Labor (Publication No. DHSS(NIOSH) 01-123).
WHO (1988) The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by
hazard and guidelines to classification 1988/89. Geneva, World
Health Organization (unpublished document WHO/VBC/88.953).
WHO (In press) EHC No. 98: Tetramethrin. Geneva, World Health
Organization.
WORTHING, C.R. & WALKER, S.B. (1983) The pesticide manual.
7th ed., Lavenham, Lavenham Press Limited, British Crop Protection
Council.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Tetramethrin (EHC 98, 1990)
Tetramethrin (ICSC)
Tetramethrin (UKPID)