International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Summaries & Evaluations
DIRECT BLACK 38
VOL.: 29 (1982) (p. 295)
CAS No.: 1937-37-7
Chem. Abstr. Name: 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 4-amino-3-
{[4'-((2,4-
diaminophenyl)azo)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]azo}-5-hydroxy-6-(phenylazo)-, disodium salt
5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
5.1 Experimental data
Direct Black 38 was tested by oral administration in mice and rats
and by bladder implantation in mice. In one study in mice, the
compound produced hepatocellular carcinomas and mammary carcinomas
following its administration in drinking-water. The other study in
mice was inadequate for evaluation. Oral administration to rats of
one commercial sample of Direct Black 38 resulted in hepatocellular
carcinomas in males and neoplastic nodules in males and females
sacrificed 13 weeks after start of exposure to the highest dose at
which animals survived. Lower doses produced only liver-cell changes
such as foci of cellular alteration. In another study in rats,
sacrificed after 60 weeks' exposure to the dye in drinking-water,
mucosal hyperplasia and carcinoma of the bladder and carcinomas of
the liver and colon were seen.
One study has shown that Direct Black 38 and the urine of hamsters
given this compound are mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium with metabolic activation.
One limited study in rats has shown it to be embryolethal but not
teratogenic.
5.2 Human data
Occupational exposure to Direct Black 38 has and probably still does
occur during its production and its use for the dyeing of textiles,
leather and paper. Benzidine and its metabolic derivatives have been
detected in the urine of workers exposed to direct azo dyes.
No data were available to assess the mutagenicity or chromosomal
effects of this compound to man.
No study of exposure to Direct Black 38 alone was available to the
Working Group. An epidemiological study of silk dyers and painters
who had multiple exposure to benzidine-based and other dyes indicated
that those exposures were strongly associated with the occurrence of
bladder cancer. Case reports and other epidemiological studies
support the existence of such a relationship.
5.3 Evaluation
There is sufficient evidence that commercial Direct Black 38 is
carcinogenic to rats.
Although the epidemiological data were inadequate to evaluate the
carcinogenicity in man of Direct Black 38 alone, they, together with
the presence of benzidine in the urine of exposed workers, provide
sufficient evidence that occupational exposure to benzidine-based dyes
represents a carcinogenic risk to man.
For definition of the italicized terms, see Preamble Evaluation.
Subsequent evaluation: Suppl. 7 (1987)
Synonyms
- Ahco Direct Black GX
- Airedale Black ED
- Aizen Direct Deep Black EH
- Aizen Direct Deep Black GH
- Aizen Direct Deep Black RH
- Amanil Black GL
- Amanil Black WD
- Apomine Black GX
- Atlantic Black BD
- Atlantic Black C
- Atlantic Black E
- Atlantic Black EA
- Atlantic Black GAC
- Atlantic Black GG
- Atlantic Black GXCW
- Atlantic Black GXOO
- Atlantic Black SD
- Atul Direct Black E
- Azine Deep Black EW
- Azocard Black EW
- Azomine Black EWO
- Belamine Black GX
- Bencidal Black E
- Benzanil Black E
- Benzo Deep Black E
- Benzoform Black BCN-CF
- Benzo Leather Black E
- Black 2EMBL
- Black 4EMBL
- Brasilamina Black GN
- Brilliant Chrome Leather Black H
- C.I. 30235
- C.I. Direct Black 38
- C.I. Direct Black 38, disodium salt
- Calcomine Black
- Calcomine Black EXL
- Carbide Black E
- Chloramine Black C
- Chloramine Black EC
- Chloramine Black ERT
- Chloramine Black EX
- Chloramine Black EXR
- Chloramine Black XO
- Chloramine Carbon Black S
- Chloramine Carbon Black SJ
- Chloramine Carbon Black SN
- Chlorazol Black E
- Chlorazol Black EA
- Chlorazol Black E (Biological Stain)
- Chlorazol Black EN
- Chlorazol Burl Black E
- Chlorazol Leather Black ENP
- Chlorazol Silk Black G
- Chrome Leather Black E
- Chrome Leather Black EC
- Chrome Leather Black EM
- Chrome Leather Black G
- Chrome Leather Brilliant Black ER
- Coir Deep Black C
- Columbia Black EP
- Diacotton Deep Black
- Diacotton Deep Black RX
- Diamine Deep Black EC
- Diamine Direct Black E
- Diaphtamine Black V
- Diazine Black E
- Diazine Direct Black E
- Diazine Direct Black G
- Diazol Black 2V
Diphenyl Deep Black G
- Direct Black 3
- Direct Black A
- Direct Black BRN
- Direct Black CX
- Direct Black CXR
- Direct Black E
- Direct Black EW
- Direct Black EX
- Direct Black FR
- Direct Black GAC
- Direct Black GW
- Direct Black GX
- Direct Black GXR
- Direct Black JET
- Direct Black Meta
- Direct Black Methyl
- Direct Black N
- Direct Black RX
- Direct Black SD
- Direct Black WS
- Direct Black Z
- Direct Deep Black E
- Direct Deep Black EAC
- Direct Deep Black EA-CF
- Direct Deep Black E Extra
- Direct Deep Black EW
- Direct Deep Black EX
- Enianil Black CN
- Erie Black B
- Erie Black BF
- Erie Black GAC
- Erie Black GXOO
- Erie Black JET
- Erie Black NUG
- Erie Black RXOO
- Erie Brilliant Black S
- Erie Direct Black G Extra
- Erie Fibre Black VP
- Fenamin Black E
- Fibre Black VF
- Fixanol Black E
- Formaline Black C
- Formic Black C
- Formic Black CW
- Formic Black EA
- Formic Black MTG
- Formic Black TG
- Hispamin Black EF
- Interchem Direct Black Z
- Kayaku Direct Deep Black EX
- Kayaku Direct Deep Black GX
- Kayaku Direct Deep Black S
- Kayaku Direct Leather Black EX
- Kayaku Direct Special Black AAX
- Lurazol Black BA
- Meta Black
- Mitsui Direct Black EX
- Mitsui Direct Black GX
- Nippon Deep Black
- Nippon Deep Black GX
- Paper Black BA
- Paper Black T
- Paper Deep Black C
- Paramine Black B
- Paramine Black E
- Peeramine Black E
- Peeramine Black GXOO
- Phenamine Black BCN-CF
- Phenamine Black CL
- Phenamine Black E
- Phenamine Black E 200
- Pheno Black EP
- Pheno Black SGN
- Pontamine Black E
- Pontamine Black EBN
- Sandopel Black EX
- Seristan Black B
- Telon Fast Black E
- Tertrodirect Black E
- Tertrodirect Black EFG
- Tetrazo Deep Black G
- Union Black EM
- Vondacel Black N
Last updated: 9 April 1998