INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CERTAIN VETERINARY DRUG RESIDUES IN FOOD WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 41 Prepared by: The 50th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) World Health Organization, Geneva 1998 EPRINOMECTIN First draft prepared by M.E.J. Pronk and G.J. Schefferlie Centre for Substances and Risk Assessment National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, The Netherlands 1. Explanation 2. Biological data 2.1 Biochemical aspects 2.1.1 Absorption, distribution, and excretion 2.1.2 Biotransformation 2.2 Toxicological studies 2.2.1 Acute toxicity 2.2.2 Short-term toxicity 2.2.3 Genotoxicity 2.2.4 Reproductive toxicity 2.2.5 Special studies on target animals 2.2.6 Toxicity of emamectin 3. Comments 4. Evaluation 5. References 1. EXPLANATION Eprinomectin has not been evaluated previously by the Committee. The chemical name of eprinomectin is 4"-deoxy-4"-epiacetylamino- avermectin B1. It is a semi-synthetic member of the avermectin family of macrocyclic lactones and consists of a mixture of two homologous components, B1a (not less than 90%) and B1b (not more than 10%), which differ by a single methylene group at C26. The structure is shown in Figure 1. The purity of the compound used in the studies of toxicity was determined to be 95.1-99.6% by high-performnace liquid chromatography (HPLC).Eprinomectin is active in animals against internal and external parasites. Its precise mode of action, in common with other avermectins, is unknown, despite many years of investigation of a variety of compounds in this class. The effect of avermectins, including eprinomectin, is mediated via a specific, high-affinity receptor present in the target organisms. The physiological response to avermectin binding is increased membrane permeability to chloride ions, which is independent of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride channels. Although avermectins interact with the GABA-gated channels, they do so only at very high concentrations, i.e. about three orders of magnitude greater than that necessary to activate the high-affinity receptor. Therefore, the action of the avermectins at the GABA-gated chloride ion channels is probably not involved in their nematocidal and insecticidal activity at therapeutic doses. Activation of the specific avermectin high-affinity receptor ultimately results in paralysis and death of the target organism (Turner & Schaeffer, 1989). The fact that much higher concentrations of these compounds are needed in mammals than in nematodes to affect neurological function may be due to lack of a specific, high-affinity site associated with neuronal function or to the relatively poor penetration of these high-compounds into the central nervous system (Lankas & Gordon, 1989). 2. BIOLOGICAL DATA 2.1 Biochemical aspects 2.1.1 Absorption, distribution, and excretion Rats [5-3H]Eprinomectin (specific activity, 7400 dpm/µg) was administered orally by gavage in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose to Crl:CD (SD) BR VAF rats at a dose of 6 mg/kg bw per day for one week. Three rats of each sex were sacrificed 7 h and one, two, and five days after the final dose. Urine and faeces were collected immediately before treatment and daily until sacrifice. After sacrifice, samples of blood, liver, kidneys, abdominal and/or back fat tissue (females) and/or testicular fat pad (males), hind leg muscles, and gastrointestinal tract (including contents) were collected. The radiolabel in each sample was determined by scintillation spectrometry. The study was certified for compliance with GLP and quality assurance. During treatment and the five days thereafter, 90% of the administered dose was excreted in the faeces and less than 1% in the urine. The route and rate of excretion were independent of sex. At 7 h after treatment, the highest total residue concentrations were found in the gastrointestinal tract (55.6 mg/kg eprinomectin equivalents), followed by liver (10.7 mg/kg), fat (8.6 mg/kg), kidney (7.6 mg/kg), and muscle (2.2 mg/kg). Significantly lower concentrations were found in plasma (0.89 mg/kg) and erythrocytes (0.31 mg/kg). Similar patterns of distribution were seen at later times. By five days after treatment, the total residue concentration had declined to < 0.1 mg/kg in all samples. The depletion pattern was comparable in male and female rats (Halley et al., 1995). Cattle Angus and Hereford beef cattle received single topical applications of [5-3H]-eprinomectin (as the commercial formulation Eprinex Pour-On; specific activity, 0.061 mCi/mg or 135 dpm/ng) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw. Three cattle of each sex were slaughtered 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment. Blood samples were collected from all animals before treatment and at several times after treatment. Urine and faeces were collected several times only from cattle slaughtered at 28 days. After sacrifice, samples of liver, kidney, hindquarter muscle, muscle beneath the application site, and perirenal fat were collected; samples of hide at the site of applications were collected only from those killed at 28 days. The radioactivity in each sample was determined by scintillation spectrometry; the tissue and plasma samples were also analysed for eprinomectin B1a by reverse-phase HPLC. The study was certified for compliance with GLP and quality assurance. Eprinomectin was slowly absorbed, as evidenced by a slow rise and a broad plateau in plasma concentrations over two weeks rather than a sharp peak. In plasma, the highest total residue concentrations were in the range 4.4-21.1 ng/ml eprinomectin equivalents and the highest concentrations of B1a in the range 7.3-20 ng/ml. Only a small portion of the applied dose was found in the urine (0.35%), and excretion was mostly in the faeces (14% of the dose after 28 days). Analysis of the hide samples revealed that 54% of the initially applied dose remained. By seven days after treatment, the highest concentrations of total residue were found in liver (980 µg/kg eprinomectin equivalents), followed by kidney (180 µg/kg), fat (34 µg/kg), and muscle beneath the application site (24 µg/kg); the lowest concentrations were found in hindquarter muscle (8 µg/kg). At later times, the total residue concentrations declined but the relative concentrations remained the same. By 28 days after treatment, the total residue concentrations had declined to 185 µg/kg in liver, 30 µg/kg in kidney, 5 µg/kg in fat, 22 µg/kg in muscle beneath the application site, and 2 µg/kg in hindquarter muscle. The depletion half-lives for total residues in the different tissues were 7.8œ8.6 days, but that in muscle beneath the application site was 36.1 days; however, the last value is probably unreliable owing to large interanimal variation and poor regression fit. In all tissues, the B1a concentrations accounted for more than 80% of the total radioactive residues. Depletion of B1a followed the same order as that of total residues at all times, the depletion half-lives varying from 7.5-9.6 days in liver, kidney, fat, and muscle to 29.4 days in muscle beneath the application site. These results indicate that B1a is depleted in parallel with the total residues in all tissues on days 7-28. The depletion pattern was comparable in male and female cattle (Green-Erwin et al., 1994). Holstein dairy cattle were given each of the following four treatments, with a period of 14 days between treatments: single intravenous doses of 25, 50, and 100 µg/kg bw eprinomectin in glycerol formal-propylene glycol and a single topical dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw eprinomectin in the commercial formulation along the back. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at several times after each treatment, and the plasma was assayed for eprinomectin by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The study was certified for compliance with quality assurance. After intravenous treatment, plasma clearance was independent of dose, indicating that the concentrations increased proportionally to dose. The volume of distribution decreased with increasing dose, corresponding to a decrease in mean residence time. After topical treatment, maximum plasma concentrations of 17-32 ng/ml (mean, 21 ng/ml) were reached after 2-5 days (mean, 3.5 days). The mean residence time was 165 h. The bioavailability was only 29%. Most of the absorption occurred within 7-10 days after treatment, following an initial lag of 24 h, but continued for 17-21 days after treatment (Faidley, 1995). 2.1.2 Biotransformation Rats In the study of Halley et al. (1995), described above, metabolites were identified in all tissue, plasma, and faecal samples by reverse-phase HPLC with mass spectroscopic analysis. The parent drug, comprised of B1a and B1b, was the major residue in all tissues and plasma at 7 h (89-94% in males, 75-93% in females), and in faeces after one day (87% in males, 82% in females). At these times, N-deacetylated B1awas the major metabolite in all samples (tissues and plasma: 0.6-5.2% in males, 2.3-20% in females; faeces: 1.2% in males, 5.8% in females) and was usually the main residue at later times (26 and 73% in liver and kidney at two days and 20 and 63% in faeces at five days in males and females, respectively). Other minor metabolites, each representing < 7% of the total radiolabel, were also present in the samples. Three were identified as the 24a- hydroxymethyl, 24a-hydroxy, and 26a-hydroxymethyl metabolites of B1a. These results indicate that the primary route of metabolism of eprinomectin in rats is via N-deacetylation and that eprinomectin is metabolized more extensively in female than in male rats. Cattle The nature of the residues in tissues, plasma, and faeces of cattle after pour-on administration of [5-3H]eprinomectin at 0.5 mg/kg bw was investigated by reverse-phase HPLC. The study was certified for compliance with GLP and quality assurance. Eprinomectin is not extensively metabolized in cattle, as the parent drug was the main residue at all slaughter times in all tissues (90-95%), plasma (95%), and faeces (86%). The parent drug contained 78-87% B1a and 7.2-9.3% B1b. N-Deacetylated B1a was a minor metabolite in these samples (< 1.3%, except for hindquarter muscle which contained 3.9%). Other minor metabolites present in the samples represented 0.1-2.4% of the total radiolabel in tissues and plasma and 0.5-7.4% of that in faeces. The metabolite profile was qualitatively and quantitatively independent of sex, slaughter time, and tissue type. Thus, shortly after drug administration, the metabolism of eprinomectin in cattle is very similar to that in rats, the parent compound representing most the residue. In rats, however, the amount of the N-deacetylated metabolite increases relative to total residue at later times, while in cattle the concentration of this metabolite to total residue remains relatively constant over time. The profile of other minor metabolites is qualitatively similar in the two species (Venkataraman & Narasimhan, 1995). 2.2 Toxicological studies 2.2.1 Acute toxicity The acute oral and intraperitoneal toxicity of eprinomectin was studied in groups of three female Crl:CD-1 (ICR) BR mice and female Crl:CD (SD) BR rats given 9.8, 20, 39, or 78 mg/kg bw. The oral doses were given by gastric intubation and the intraperitoneal doses by injection through the ventral abdominal wall. In both cases, the vehicle was 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose. The study was certified for compliance with GLP and quality assurance. The approximate value for the oral LD50 was 70 mg/kg bw for mice and 55 mg/kg bw for rats; in both species, the approximate intraperitoneal LD50 value was 35 mg/kg bw. The toxic symptoms observed were ataxia, tremors, loss of righting reflex, ptosis, and bradypnoea. The surviving animals recovered within four to five days (Bagdon & McAfee, 1990). 2.2.2 Short-term toxicity Rats In a 23-day exploratory toxicity study, groups of five male and five female Crl:CD (SD) BR albino rats received eprinomectin in the diet at doses of 0, 0.5, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg bw per day. The low dose was increased to 20 mg/kg bw per day from day 15 onwards. No treatment-related effects were seen on mortality or clinical signs. Decreases in weight gain and feed efficiency were observed in female rats at 20 mg/kg bw per day but not in females at lower doses. No adverse effects were observed in male rats (Kloss & Morrissey, 1990a). In a second exploratory study, groups of five male and five female Crl:CD (SD) BR albino rats received eprinomectin in the diet at doses of 0, 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg bw per day for 26 days. Owing to severe clinical signs (ataxia, tail and whole-body tremors, a hunched, unthrifty appearance, and piloerection), body-weight loss, and decreased food consumption, the groups at 40 and 60 mg/kg bw per day were terminated after one week of treatment, and a new group receiving 30 mg/kg bw per day was started. In this group, clinical signs similar to but milder than those in animals at the two higher doses were observed, in addition to decreases in body-weight gain and food consumption. At 20 mg/kg bw per day, male rats were unaffected, but female rats had moderate reductions in body-weight gain and food consumption (Kloss & Morrissey, 1990b). Groups of 20 male and 20 female Crl:CD (SD) BR albino rats received eprinomectin in the diet for 90 days at nominal doses of 0, 1, 5, or 30 mg/kg bw per day; however, owing to low food consumption by animals at the highest dose, the actual intake was 25 mg/kg bw per day. As this dose resulted in a high incidence of whole-body tremors and large decreases in body-weight gain, the dose was lowered to 20 mg/kg bw per day in week 4 for females and in week 5 for males. The actual mean intakes throughout study were 0, 1, 5 and 22 mg/kg bw per day. The study was of conventional design, with GLP and quality assurance certification. Two rats at the high dose died under anaesthesia, and one rat died of trauma due to a maxillofacial fracture. Aside from tremors, no treatment-related clinical or ophthalmoscopic signs were noted in rats at 30/20 mg/kg bw per day. Treatment-related effects in males and females at the high dose included decreased food consumption and body-weight gain and increased blood urea nitrogen without a corresponding increase in creatinine. Females also showed decreased mean lymphocyte values. Additionally, slight increases in urine specific gravity (males and females), haematocrit and erythrocyte count (males), serum protein and albumin (females), and slight decreases in urine volume (males and females) suggest haemoconcentration at the high dose, probably as a secondary effect of the decreased food and water intake. Females at the high dose showed increased absolute and relative (to body and brain weight) weights of the liver, uterus, pituitary, and adrenal and decreased ovarian, spleen, and thymic weights. Males at this dose had increased adrenal weights and reduced weights of thymus, spleen, and prostate. Histopathological examination showed arrest of normal ovarian follicular maturation in 15 of 20 females at the high dose, and the uteri of four animals showed endometrial squamous metaplasia. These effects are indicative of oestrogen-progesterone imbalance, which was also manifested in decreased remodelling of the femora (primary spongiosa) in 12 of 20 females at the high dose. No remarkable changes were seen in the brain or spinal cord, but slight degeneration of the sciatic nerves was noted in three males and three females at the high dose. There were no other morphological changes related to treatment. The NOEL was 5 mg/kg bw per day (Kloss et al., 1990a). Dogs In a six-week exploratory study, groups of two male and two female beagle dogs received eprinomectin at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg bw per day. For the first 13 days of the study, eprinomectin was given in the diet; however, because of its unpalatability in milled dog food, resulting in reduced food consumption and body-weight loss in the groups at the two highest doses, it was given by gavage in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose from day 14 onwards. Treatment with the highest dose was discontinued after the first gavage dose because of severe clinical effects, consisting of mydriasis, salivation, ataxia, decreased activity, and the death of one animal. Mydriasis was occasionally seen in dogs at 2 mg/kg bw per day, and these animals also had decreased food intake and body weight. No drug-related changes were seen in dogs at the lower doses (Kloss & Bagdon, 1990). Groups of four male and four female beagle dogs received eprinomectin by gavage for 90 days at nominal doses of 0, 0.5, 1, or 3 mg/kg bw per day in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose. The high dose was lowered to 2 mg/kg bw per day from week 2 onwards because of toxicity. The actual doses administered, on the basis of analytical results, were about 80% of the nominal, resulting in 0, 0.4, 0.8, or 2.4/1.6 mg/kg bw per day. The study had a conventional design, with GLP and quality assurance certification. During week 1 of treatment, the dose of 2.4 mg/kg bw per day induced the death of two males, mydriasis, emesis, ataxia, salivation, lateral recumbency, and body-weight loss. Once this dose was lowered to 1.6 mg/kg bw per day, no treatment-related clinical signs or mortality were observed, but decreased food consumption and body-weight gain were still seen. The body-weight gain and food consumption of animals at the intermediate and low doses were comparable to those of controls. No treatment-related effects were seen on ophthalmoscopic, electrocardio-graphic, haematological, blood biochemical, or urinary parameters or on organ weights or gross appearance. Apart from slight axonal degeneration in the sciatic nerves of two females at the high dose, no treatment-related microscopic changes were seen in any tissue, including brain and spinal cord. The NOEL was 0.8 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of axonal degeneration in the sciatic nerve and body-weight loss (Kloss et al., 1990b). In a one-year study, groups of four male and four female beagle dogs received eprinomectin by gavage at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg bw per day in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose. The study had a conventional design, with GLP and quality assurance certification. The only clinical sign attributable to treatment was mydriasis in dogs at the high dose. One animal at this dose became less active, with salivation and ataxia progressing to lateral recumbency, and was therefore necropsied in week 13. This animal also had decreased food intake and weight loss, while no changes in food consumption or body weight were seen in any other treated dog. Ophthalmoscopic and electrocardiographic examinations, haematology, blood biochemistry, urinalysis, and measurement of organ weights indicated no drug-related changes. Gross findings were limited to pin-point dark-brown or black foci in the mucosa of the neck of the gall-bladder, which was found microscopically to be related to inspissated bile, with no changes in the histology of the gall-bladder or liver. This finding was observed in 1/8, 1/8, 1/8, and 3/8 animals at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg bw per day, respectively, and was considered not to be related to treatment. Histopathological examination showed very slight focal degeneration of one to three neurons per dog in the pons area and/or the cerebellar nuclei in three of eight dogs at the high dose. This degenerative change was characterized by neuronal enlargement resulting from increased eosinophilic, vacuolated cytoplasm with nuclear displacement, and was not seen in other treated dogs or controls. No other remarkable histopathological findings were seen in other tissues, including spinal cord and sciatic nerves. The NOEL was 1 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of mydriasis and focal neuronal degeneration in the brain (Kloss et al., 1994). 2.2.3 Genotoxicity The results of studies of the genotoxicity of eprinomectin are summarized in Table 1. The studies were of conventional design, with GLP and quality assurance certification. 2.2.4 Reproductive toxicity (i) Multigeneration reproductive toxicity Rats In a range-finding study of reproductive toxicity, groups of 15 female Crl:CD (SD) BR rats received eprinomectin at dietary concentrations of 0, 7, 36, or 180 mg/kg feed per day for 16 days before cohabitation, during cohabitation, and from day 0 of gestation through day 21 of lactation. When cohabitation lasted more than one night, eprinomectin was administered once daily by oral gavage in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose; this occurred only in rats at the low and intermediate doses. On the basis of food intake, the overall mean intake of eprinomectin was 0, 0.7, 3.3, and 13 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Females were mated with untreated males and were allowed to deliver naturally. Dams and pups were killed within two days of day 21 of lactation. The study was certified for compliance with GLP and quality assurance. Dams showed no treatment-related deaths, abortions, or physical signs, and no effects were seen on length of gestation, the percent of females with live pups, or the percent of live pups at birth. Females at the intermediate dose had increased body-weight gain during days 0œ20 of lactation because of failure to lose weight on days 8œ12 of lactation, as is normal. In comparison with controls, dams at the high dose had decreased body-weight gain throughout treatment and slightly decreased food consumption on gestation days 0-8 and lactation days 0œ4. These animals were killed before lactation day 8 because of excessive pup mortality. They also showed significantly decreased fecundity indexes, number of implants per female, percent postimplantation survival, and number of live pups per litter. External examination of the pups revealed no treatment-related effects, but increased pup mortality was observed at the highest dose, particularly during lactation days 4-7. The remaining pups, which all had tremors, were therefore killed on lactation day 8. At the intermediate dose, toxicity in pups was evidenced by decreased body weight and fine tremors during the middle and end of lactation (Cukierski, 1990a). Table 1. Results of assays for genotoxity with eprinomectin End-point Test object Concentration Result Reference In vitro Reverse S. typhimurium TA97a, 100-10 000 Negativea Sina (1990, mutation TA98, TA100, TA 1535 µg/plate 1994) E. coli WP2, WP 2 uvrA, WP2 urA pKM101 Gene mutation V-79 Chinese hamster 1-40 µmol/ Negativeb DeLuca (1991) lung cells (hprt locus) plate (-S9) 10-40 µmol/ plate (+S9) Cytogenetic Chinese hamster ovary 8-12 µmol/ Negativeb Galloway alterations cells plate (-S() (1990) 5-7 µmol/ plate (+S9) DNA damage Primary rate hepatocytes 10-51 µmol/ Negative Storer (1990) plate In vivo Micronucleus Mouse bone marrow 10-40 mg/kg Negativec Galloway formation bw, once by (1994) oral gavage a With and without rate liver S9 fraction; precipitation on all plates at 10 000 µg/plate b Dose-related cytotoxicity with and without rate liver S9 fraction c At all doses and all times, the ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes did not deviate from that in controls; however, clinical signs of toxicity (including decreased activity, ataxia, and tremors) were observed at the highest dose. In a two-generation study of reproductive toxicity, groups of 32 male and 32 female Crl:CD (SD) BR VAF/Plus rats received diets containing eprinomectin at 0, 6, 18, or 54 mg/kg feed. Treatment started 10 (males) or two (females) weeks before mating and was continued until all litters had been weaned. An F1 generation of 28 animals of each sex per dose was selected and treated directly from four weeks of age. These animals were mated at 16 weeks of age to produce the F2a generation. After being allowed to rear their litters, the F1 animals were remated at 27 weeks of age to produce the F2b generation. In order to investigate body tremors in the offspring, the dietary concentrations of eprinomectin for the F1 animals were reduced to 50% of their initial values during lactation of the F2b offspring. A contingent of 24 F2b animals of each sex per dose (except for those at 54 mg/kg, owing to inadequate numbers) was treated directly during weeks 4-7 of age, after which they were killed. The brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerves of F0 and F1 adults killed at about 27 and 38 weeks of age, respectively, and of F2b pups killed on day 21 post partum were examined histologically. The study was of conventional design, with GLP and quality assurance certification. F0 animals at all doses had slightly increased food consumption only during the first two weeks of treatment, resulting in slightly increased body weights. As this effect was transient and small, it is not considered toxicologically significant. Treatment at 6 mg/kg feed had no adverse effects on parents or their offspring. Treatment at 18 mg/kg feed resulted only in body tremors in F2a pups in four of 26 litters after day 8 of lactation. Treatment at 54 mg/kg feed had adverse effects on the dams, their reproduction, and their litters. No treatment-related deaths or physical signs occurred among the parental animals. The F1 animals had lowered body weights at week 4, reflecting their impaired growth during the pre-weaning period. During the first weeks of treatment, the food consumption and body weights of F1 animals were decreased, but these differences tended to be abolished or even reversed in later phases of the study. Although within each treated group, food consumption during lactation was increased over that during gestation, the food consumption of F0 and F1 (first mate) females was reduced during the first two weeks of lactation in comparison with controls; a similar effect, although less marked, was observed after the second mate of the F1 animals at the reduced dose of 27 mg/kg feed. Sexual maturation was delayed in F1 animals, consistent with their delayed physical development. After the first mating of the F1 generation the pregnancy rate was slightly reduced, and at the second mating of these animals there was marked impairment of mating performance and a 50% reduction in pregnancy rate, resulting in a reduction in the number of females producing live litters. Litter sizes were not affected by treatment. Signs of toxicity in F1 and F2a pups were markedly increased mortality after day 8 post partum, decreased litter and mean pup weights from day 8 post partum through to weaning, and body tremors in all pups in all litters. In F2b pups, no body tremors were observed at any dose when the dietary concentrations were reduced to 0, 3, 9, or 27 mg/kg feed, and the pup losses were not different from those of controls; however, at 27 mg/kg feed, the litter and mean pup weights were decreased, but to a lesser degree than for F1 and F2a pups. The NOEL for maternal toxicity was 18 mg/kg feed, equal to 2.5 mg/kg bw per day, on the basis of decreased food intake during the first two weeks of lactation in F0 and F1 dams. The NOEL for reproductive toxicity was 18 mg/kg feed, equal to 1.6 mg/kg bw per day, on the basis of impaired reproductive performance in the F1 animals. On the basis of tremors in F2a pups and decreased body weights in F2b pups, the NOEL for pup toxicity was 9 mg/kg feed, equal to 1.3 mg/kg bw per day (Brooker et al., 1992). In a follow-up study to determine the concentrations of eprinomectin in maternal plasma and milk, groups of 12 mated female Crl:CD (SD) BR rats received eprinomectin at dietary concentrations of 0, 6, 54/27, or 54 mg/kg feed from day 15 of gestation through day 21 of lactation. The group at the intermediate dose received 54 mg/kg feed from day 15 of gestation through parturition but 27 mg/kg feed from day 0 of lactation through sacrifice to compensate for increased maternal food consumption during lactation. The actual mean intakes of eprinomectin during gestation were 0, 0.4, 4.0, and 4.1 mg/kg bw per day, and those during lactation were 0, 1.2, 4.5, and 6.6 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. All females were allowed to deliver naturally, and dams and pups were killed within four days of day 21 of lactation. The study was certified for compliance with GLP and quality assurance. No treatment-related deaths, abortions, or physical signs were seen among the dams, and there were no effects on the length of gestation or the number of live pups per pregnant female. In comparison with controls, the body-weight gain of dams at the high dose was increased during days 15-21 of gestation and days 0-21 of lactation, and the food consumption of dams at the intermediate and high doses was decreased during lactation days 8-21. Within the groups at the intermediate and high doses, however, food consumption was increased from gestation day 15 through lactation day 4. Eprinomectin was well absorbed by all rats, sustained concentrations being detected in milk and maternal plasma during lactation days 7-21 with a direct doseœconcentration relationship: the overall milk:plasma ratio was approximately 3:1. Treatment with eprinomectin resulted in dose-dependent toxicity in pups at the intermediate and high doses starting on or after day 5 of lactation. The signs of toxicity were decreased body-weight gain and intermittent body tremors in pups at the intermediate and high doses and increased mortality (mainly on lactation days 8-14) among pups at the high dose. As these effects were observed during a period when the only route of exposure was through milk, they are probably due to postnatal exposure, as evidenced by the sustained concentrations of eprinomectin in milk and as further supported by the results reported below (Mattson, 1992). In a multigeneration study of reproductive toxicity in rats with the related compound ivermectin at oral doses of 0.05-3.6 mg/kg bw per day, ivermectin had no effect on mating, fertility, or pregnancy up to the highest dose tested. Similar neonatal toxicity, characterized by decreased weight gain and pup mortality during lactation, was, however, observed in offspring at doses > 0.4 mg/kg bw per day, with a NOEL of 0.2 mg/kg bw per day. In a cross-fostering study, it was shown that the neonatal toxicity was not related to exposure in utero but to postnatal exposure through the milk. The concentrations of ivermectin (a highly lipophilic compound) in milk were three to four times those in plasma. These relatively high concentrations of ivermectin in milk resulted in significantly higher concentrations in the brain and plasma of nursing offspring, and the period of enhanced neonatal sensitivity correlated with the increased plasma:brain ratios of ivermectin, consistent with postnatal formation of the blood-brain barrier in this species. In other mammalian species, including humans, the blood-brain barrier is formed prenatally. Therefore, the toxicity of ivermectin in neonatal rats is probably the result of a combination of excessive exposure through maternal milk and the increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier during the early postnatal period in this species (Lankas & Gordon, 1989; Lankas et al., 1989). (ii) Developmental toxicity Rats In a range-finding study, eprinomectin was administered by gavage in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose at doses of 0, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg bw per day to groups of 10 mated female Crl:CD (SD) BR rats on days 6-17 of gestation. Serum biochemical and haematological examinations were performed on day 14 of gestation. On day 20 of gestation, the dams were killed and necropsied, and the fetuses were weighed and examined for external abnormalities. One dam at the high dose was killed on day 14 of gestation because of severe weight loss; this animal also had slight tremors, ptosis, decreased activity, and abnormal posture and had increased erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit. One rat at the low dose died on day 14 of gestation due to anaesthesia overdose. There were no abortions. Some of the animals at the high dose had fine tremors, abnormal posture, and reluctance to be handled. Maternal body weight gain was significantly increased at 5 and 10 mg/kg bw but significantly decreased at 15 mg/kg bw. The concentration of urea nitrogen and the activity of alanine aminotransferase were increased in rats at the two highest doses. No effects were observed on haematological parameters or on the number of implants, resorptions, or live or dead fetuses. Fetal body weights were significantly decreased at 1.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg bw, but there was no dependence on dose. This effect was not seen in the main study, with larger groups (see below). External examination of the fetuses showed no evidence of teratogenicity (Cukierski, 1990b). In the main study, groups of 25 mated female Crl:CD (SD) BR rats were treated orally by gavage with eprinomectin in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 3, or 12 mg/kg bw per day on days 6-17 of gestation. On day 20 of gestation, the dams were killed and necropsied, and the fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. The study was of conventional design, with GLP and quality assurance certification. There were no treatment-related physical signs, deaths, abortions, or gross lesions. Increased weight gain and food consumption were observed during treatment with the two highest doses, followed by decreases during days 18-20, resulting in slightly increased total weight gain on days 6-18 of gestation. There was no evidence of developmental toxicity or teratogenicity at doses up to 12 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of postimplantation survival, fetal weight, and external, visceral, and skeletal examination. The NOEL for maternal toxicity was 1 mg/kg bw per day, on the basis of changes in body weight and food consumption. The NOEL for developmental toxicity was 12 mg/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested (Cukierski, 1991). Rabbits In a range-finding study, groups of six female New Zealand white rabbits received eprinomectin in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose by gavage at doses of 0, 1.5, 4, 10, or 25 mg/kg bw per day for 14 days. Owing to excessive weight loss and poor condition, the animals at 10 and 25 mg/kg bw per day were killed on days 8 and 3 of treatment, respectively. There were no deaths and no effects on body weight at the lower doses. Dilated pupils and slowed pupillary reflexes were observed at doses > 4 mg/kg bw per day, and mild tremors and decreased food consumption were seen at doses > 10 mg/kg bw per day. At 25 mg/kg bw per day, some animals neither urinated nor defaecated (Clark, 1990). In a second range-finding study, eprinomectin was administered by gavage in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose at doses of 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg bw per day to groups of eight inseminated female New Zealand white rabbits on days 6-18 of gestation. Serum biochemical and haematological examinations were performed on day 19 of gestation. On day 28 of gestation, the dams were killed and necropsied, and the fetuses were weighed and examined for external abnormalities. Treatment with eprinomectin was associated with mydriasis and slowed pupillary reflex in all groups, and unresponsive mydriasis was found in the groups at the two highest doses. On day 12 of gestation, one rat at the high dose died from an intubation accident, and two others at this dose were killed on days 19 and 27 of gestation because of severe weight loss after not eating for one week. Slightly decreased food consumption and weight gain were also observed in the remaining rats at the high dose and in those at the intermediate dose. No effects were found on haematological or blood biochemical parameters or on the numbers of implants, resorptions, or live or dead fetuses, or on fetal body weights. External examination of the fetuses revealed no treatment-related findings (Minsker, 1990). In the main study, groups of 18 inseminated female New Zealand white rabbits were treated orally by gavage with eprinomectin in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose at doses of 0, 0.5, 2, or 8 mg/kg bw per day on days 6-18 of gestation. On day 28 of gestation, the dams were killed and necropsied, and the fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. The study was of conventional design, with GLP and quality assurance certification. There were no treatment-related deaths, abortions, or gross lesions. Maternal toxicity was evidenced by slowed pupillary reflex at the intermediate and high doses and mydriasis non-responsive to light and a slight decrease in body-weight gain in rabbits at the high dose. The numbers of implants and live fetuses per pregnant female were decreased at 2 and 8 mg/kg bw per day (significantly only at the highest dose), but these findings were considered not to be treatment-related, because the values were still within the range in historical controls and the lower values were a consequence of fewer corpora lutea per female at these doses. Likewise, the apparent increase in the percent preimplantation loss in animals at the intermediate and high doses was due to the smaller number of implants and was considered not to be treatment-related. There was no effect on live fetal weight, and there was no indication of teratogenicity at doses up to 8 mg/kg bw per day. The NOEL for maternal toxicity was 0.5 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of slowed pupillary reflex. The NOEL for developmental toxicity was 8 mg/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested (Wise, 1991). In order to re-examine the possible effects of eprinomectin on embryo and fetal viability, a second study was conducted with larger groups. Eprinomectin was administered by gavage in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose at doses of 0, 1.2, 2, or 8 mg/kg bw per day to groups of 24 mated female New Zealand white rabbits on days 6-18 of gestation. After sacrifice of the dams on day 28 of gestation, the numbers of corpora lutea, implants, resorptions, and live or dead fetuses were counted. The fetuses were not examined further. The study was certified for GLP and quality assurance. There were no treatment-related deaths or abortions. Maternal toxicity was seen only in rabbits at the high dose, which showed slowed pupillary reflex and/or mydriasis and decreased body-weight gain during treatment. No effects were found on embryonic or fetal survival. The NOEL for maternal toxicity was 2 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of physical signs and decreased body-weight gain. The NOEL for developmental toxicity was 8 mg/kg bw per day (Cukierski, 1994). 2.2.5 Special studies on target animals The safety of the commercial formulation Eprinex Pour-On (containing eprinomectin in Myglyol 840 and 0.01% butylated hydroxytoluene) was tested by topical application to calves and breeding animals. Eight-week-old calves were treated at once, three times, or five times the recommended dose three times at seven-day intervals, while 12-month-old calves were treated once at 10 times the recommended dose. Breeding bulls were treated once at three times the recommended dose, and breeding cows were treated with at least three times the recommended dose throughout the reproductive cycle. The studies were certified for compliance with GLP and quality assurance. In all studies, eprinomectin was well tolerated and was without adverse effects (Gogolewski, 1994; Bierschwal, 1995; Bridi, 1995; Pitt, 1995). 2.2.6 Toxicity of emamectin The toxicology of emamectin has also been reviewed (Department of Health and Family Services, 1997). Like eprinomectin, emamectin is an amino-substituted avermectin; the only difference between the two compounds is the presence of an epi-methylamino group at the C4 position on the emamectin molecule, rather than an epi-acetylamino group at that position in the case of eprinomectin. The following studies of the short-term and long-term toxicity of emamectin were extracted directly from the review. Mice Groups of mice were given emamectin at doses of 0.5, 2.5, or 12.5 mg/kg bw per day in the diet for 547-550 days. The dose of 12.5 mg/kg bw per day was reduced to 7.5 mg/kg bw per day in females during week 48, to 7.5 mg/kg bw per day in males during week 9, and further reduced to 5.0 mg/kg bw per day in males during week 31. The mortality rate was increased in males and females at 12.5/7.5/5.0 mg/kg bw per day. Tremors and vocalization was seen in three to four male mice treated with 12.5 mg/kg bw per day between weeks 5 and 8-9, but these adverse clinical signs abated after the dose was reduced to 7.5 mg/kg bw per day. Vocalization occurred in female mice treated with 12.5 mg/kg bw per day after week 16, but was not evident after week 34. Several animals treated with 12.5/7.5/5.0 mg/kg bw per day developed minor neurological abnormalities, e.g. fine forelimb fasciculations, after week 14, which persisted until the end of the study. Two males given 12.5 mg/kg bw per day had sciatic nerve degeneration, characterized by vacuolation and the presence of myelin balls in the nerve fibres. The body-weight gain of males and females was reduced after one to two weeks of treatment with 12.5/7.5/5.0 mg/kg bw per day. Emamectin showed no carcinogenic potential. The NOEL was 2.5 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of neurological abnormalities and decreased weight gain in mice receiving higher doses. Rats Groups of rats were given emamectin at 0, 0.5, 2.5, or 12.5/8/5 mg/kg bw per day in their diet for 14 weeks. The dose of 12.5 mg/kg bw per day was reduced to 8 mg/kg bw per day during week 3 and subsequently to 5 mg/kg bw per day during week 9. During weeks 3-11 of treatment, nine of 20 males receiving 12.5/8/5 mg/kg bw per day were killed because of ill health. Genera-lized body tremors were noted in most animals receiving 12.5/8/5 mg/kg bw per day, but the incidence decreased as the dose was lowered. During week 7, splaying of the hindlimbs was seen in a number of males and females receiving 8 mg/kg bw per day, which was associated with histological lesions in nervous tissue. Significant reductions in body weight and food consumption were seen in animals receiving 12.5/8/5 mg/kg bw per day. Decreased serum glucose concentration and a slight increase in blood urea nitrogen were seen at all sampling times in males and females receiving 12.5/8/5 mg/kg bw per day. Decreased urine output and an increase in urine specific gravity were seen in groups receiving 12.5/8/5 mg/kg bw per day; at the same dose, neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolation and degeneration were noted. The NOEL was 2.5 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of neurotoxicity, weight loss, and decreased food consumption in rats receiving higher doses. Groups of rats were given emamectin at doses of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5 (males), or 5/2.5 (females) mg/kg bw per day in the diet for 53 weeks. The dose of 5 mg/kg bw per day in female rats was reduced to 2.5 mg/kg bw per day in study week 18. No treatment-related deaths were seen. Generalized body tremors were seen in females treated with 5/2.5 mg/kg bw per day, starting during week 9 and increasing in frequency up to week 18; tremors were not seen after week 21 and were not reported in males at doses < 2.5 mg/kg bw per day. A reduction in body weight was seen in females given 5 mg/kg bw per day, but after the dose was reduced to 2.5 mg/kg bw per day the body-weight gain gradually returned to that of controls, to which it was comparable by week 25. From week 37, females given 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg bw per day had a slight increase in body weight. In general, the weight changes parallelled the minor decreases and increases in food consumption. The females given 5 mg/kg bw per day showed decreased forelimb grip strength by week 14, which decreased in frequency up to and including 24 weeks; no neurological abnormalities were seen beyond 24 weeks. Neuronal degeneration of the brain was seen in 19 of 20 females receiving 5/2.5 mg/kg bw per day and 9 of 20 males given 2.5 mg/kg bw per day, and degeneration of the spinal cord was seen in 2 of 20 females and 4 of 20 males given 5/2.5 and 2.5 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. The NOEL was 1 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of neurological toxicity in rats receiving higher doses. Groups of rats were given emamectin at doses of 0.25, 1, or 5/2.5 mg/kg bw per day in the diet for 105 weeks. The dose of 5 mg/kg bw per day was reduced to 2.5 mg/kg bw per day in week 6 for males and week 10 for females. Weight gain and food consumption were increased in females given doses > 1 mg/kg bw per day. Serum triglyceride concentrations were elevated in animals fed 1 and 5/2.5 mg/kg bw per day for most of the study, and elevated serum bilirubin concentrations were seen in the latter half of the study in females fed 1 or 5/2.5 mg/kg bw per day. Males at the highest dose showed reduced weight gain and food intake in the latter half of the study. Neuronal vacuolation was seen in the brain and spinal cord of male and female rats given 5/2.5 mg/kg bw per day, and an increased incidence of diffuse vacuolation of hepatocytes was seen in female rats fed 1 or 5/2.5 mg/kg bw per day. Emamectin had no carcinogenic potential. The NOEL was 0.25 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of increased weight gain, food consumption and serum triglyceride and bilirubin concentrations in rats receiving higher doses. Dogs Groups of beagle dogs were given emamectin at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5 mg/kg bw per day for 14 weeks, but the doses were reduced to 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg bw per day respectively, at the start of week 3. Three animals in the group receiving 1.5/1 mg/kg bw per day were killed during weeks 3-6 of treatment after showing tremors, mydriasis, anorexia, and lethargy. Six of eight animals receiving 1.5/1 mg/kg bw per day had tremors, mostly beginning during week 2 of treatment. Animals at 1.5 mg/kg bw per day had reduced weight gain and food consumption, but these parameters returned to normal when the dose was reduced to 1 mg/kg bw per day. Treatment-related histological changes were seen in the brain, spinal cord, sciatic and optic nerves, and skeletal muscle. Neuronal degeneration was seen in the brains of all animals receiving 1.5/1 mg/kg bw per day and in 50% of animals receiving 1/0.5 mg/kg bw per day. Scattered neuronal vacuolation was noted in the spinal cords of all animals treated with 1.5/1 mg/kg bw per day and of one of eight animals treated with 1/0.5 mg/kg bw per day. Sciatic and optic nerve lesions consisting of scattered vacuolation were seen in most animals receiving 1.5/1 mg/kg bw per day. Very slight to moderate skeletal muscle atrophy was seen in seven of eight animals receiving 1.5/1 mg/kg bw per day and two of eight animals receiving 1/0.5 mg/kg bw per day. The NOEL was 0.25 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of neuronal degeneration and skeletal muscle atrophy in dogs receiving higher doses. Groups of dogs were given emamectin at doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1 mg/kg bw per day by gavage for 53 weeks. Owing to evidence of overt toxicity, in the form of body tremors, mydriasis, decreased motor activity, and reduced food consumption and body weight, all animals receiving 1 mg/kg bw per day were killed on day 23 of treatment. Most of the males at 0.75 mg/kg bw per day developed tremors, stiffness of gait, mydriasis, and weight loss and were killed on day 50 of the study. Similar signs to those in males were seen in females treated with 0.75 mg/kg bw per day, but they were of decreased severity. One of eight dogs in the group treated with 0.5 mg/kg bw per day had fine tremors. Those given 1 mg/kg bw per day, particularly the female animals, showed weight loss associated with decreased food intake. Three of four males treated with 0.75 mg/kg bw per day had weight loss and decreased food consumption. Neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system was reported in males treated with 0.75 mg/kg bw per day and males and females treated with 1 mg/kg bw per day. Axonal degeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems was seen at doses > 0.5 mg/kg bw per day in animals of each sex. Degeneration of the retinal ganglionic cells and axonal degeneration of the optic nerve were reported at doses of 0.75 and 1 mg/kg bw per day. The NOEL was 0.25 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of neurotoxicity in dogs receiving higher doses. 3. COMMENTS The Committee considered the results of studies on the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, acute and short-term toxicity, genotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity of eprinomectin. All of the pivotal studies were carried out according to appropriate standards for study protocol and conduct. When radiolabelled eprinomectin was administered orally to rats, the radiolabel was found mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, followed by liver, fat, and kidney, while lower levels were found in muscle and blood. Elimination occurred almost exclusively in the faeces. For up to 24 h after drug administration, the major residue in tissues, plasma, and faeces was unchanged eprinomectin. After two to five days, the major residue was N-deacetylated B1a. The primary route of metabolism of eprinomectin in rats is thus N-deacetylation, and minor routes are hydroxylation and hydroxymethylation. Metabolism is more extensive in female than in male rats. In cattle, radiolabelled eprinomectin was absorbed slowly after topical administration. The absorbed radiolabel was taken up mainly by the liver and to a lesser extent by the kidney, fat, and muscle. The radiolabel disappeared from these tissues with half-lives of 7.8œ8.6 days, except for muscle beneath the application site in which the half-life was 36 days. Elimination occurred mostly in the faeces. At all times of slaughter, the main residue in tissues, plasma, and faeces was unchanged eprinomectin (85%), B1a representing more than 80%. B1a disappeared in parallel with the total residues in all tissues at all slaughter times, with half-lives of 7.5œ9.6 days in liver, kidney, fat, and muscle and 29 days in muscle beneath the application site. The profile of metabolites in cattle was qualitatively similar to that in rats. After oral administration of eprinomectin, the approximate LD50 values were 70 mg/kg bw for mice and 55 mg/kg bw for rats. Eprinomectin is moderately hazardous after acute oral exposure. In a 90-day study of toxicity, rats received eprinomectin in the diet at nominal doses of 0, 1, 5, or 30/20 mg/kg bw per day. Male and female rats at the high dose had tremors, slight degeneration of the sciatic nerves, decreased body-weight gain, and changes in organ weights. Females at this dose also had arrest of normal ovarian follicular maturation, endometrial squamous metaplasia, and decreased remodelling of the femora (primary spongiosa), indicative of oestrogenœprogesterone imbalance. The NOEL was 5 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of effects on the central nervous system and other effects. In a 90-day study of toxicity, dogs received eprinomectin by gavage at doses of 0, 0.4, 0.8, or 2.4/1.6 mg/kg bw per day. The highest dose induced mydriasis, emesis, ataxia, salivation, lateral recumbency, body-weight loss, or death. After reduction of this dose to 1.6 mg/kg bw per day, decreased food consumption and decreased body-weight gain were observed in males and females. Females at this dose had slight axonal degeneration of the sciatic nerves. The NOEL was 0.8 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of sciatic nerve axonal degeneration and body-weight loss. In a one-year study of toxicity, dogs received eprinomectin by gavage at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg bw per day. Treatment-related effects were observed only at the highest dose; these included mydriasis and slight focal neuronal degeneration in the pons and the cerebellar nuclei of the brain. On the basis of these effects, the NOEL was 1 mg/kg bw per day. Eprinomectin has been tested in vitro for its ability to induce reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, gene mutations in Chinese hamster lung cells, chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and DNA single-strand breaks in primary rat hepatocytes. It has been tested in vivo for its ability to induce micronuclei in mouse bone marrow. The results of all tests were negative. On the basis of these data, the Committee concluded that eprinomectin is unlikely to be genotoxic. Rats were exposed to eprinomectin at dietary concentrations of 0, 6, 18, or 54 mg/kg feed in a two-generation study of reproductive toxicity. On the basis of decreased food intake by the dams during the first two weeks of lactation, the NOEL for maternal toxicity was 18 mg/kg feed, equal to 2.5 mg/kg bw per day. The NOEL for reproductive toxicity was 18 mg/kg feed, equal to 1.6 mg/kg bw per day, on the basis of delayed sexual maturation and a reduced pregnancy rate in first-generation animals. Toxicity to pups was the most sensitive indicator of the effects of eprinomectin, which consisted of decreased weights, body tremors, and increased mortality at 54 mg/kg feed in the first-generation pups and in the second-generation pups of the first mating. The second-generation pups also had body tremors when treated at 18 mg/kg feed. No body tremors or deaths occurred in the second- generation pups of the second mating at any dose when the dietary levels were reduced to 0, 3, 9, or 27 mg/kg feed, but decreased pup weights were still seen at 27 mg/kg feed. The NOEL for pup toxicity was 9 mg/kg feed, equal to 1.3 mg/kg bw per day. Furthermore, no histopathological changes were observed in the brain, spinal cord, or sciatic nerves of animals treated up to 38 weeks of age. A follow-up study suggested that the toxicity to pups is probably due to postnatal exposure through maternal milk, as there were high, sustained concentrations of eprinomectin in milk. This conclusion was further supported by the results of a cross-fostering study with ivermectin, a closely-related compound, which was reviewed by the Committee at its thirty-sixth meeting (Annex 1, reference 91). In studies of developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits, eprinomectin caused maternal toxicity, evident in rat dams as changes in body-weight gain and food consumption at oral doses of 3 and 12 mg/kg bw per day, with a NOEL of 1 mg/kg bw per day. Rabbit dams had slowed pupillary reflexes, mydriasis, and decreased body-weight gain at oral doses of 2 and 8 mg/kg bw per day, giving a NOEL of 1.2 mg/kg bw per day. Eprinomectin did not cause embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or teratogenicity in either species at oral doses up to 12 mg/kg bw per day in rats and 8 mg/kg bw per day in rabbits. No long-term studies were available on eprinomectin; however, the long-term toxicity of emamectin, another amino-substituted avermectin structurally very similar to eprinomectin, has been reported. The Committee noted that dogs are the most sensitive species to both emamectin and eprinomectin and that the toxicological end-point for both compounds is neurodegeneration. It further noted that the neurotoxic effects of both compounds did not progress with prolonged treatment, resulting in the same NOELs in 90-day and one-year studies in dogs. On the basis of this information, the Committee concluded that it was unnecessary to request long-term studies of the toxicity of eprinomectin. Because the chemical structure of eprinomectin contains no structural alerts, and the structurally closely related avermectins, emamectin and abamectin, are not carcinogenic in mice or rats, the Committee concluded that eprinomectin is unlikely to be carcinogenic. This conclusion was supported by the negative findings in studies of genotoxicity with eprinomectin in vitro and in vivo. 4. EVALUATION The Committee considered that the most relevant effect for evaluating the safety of residues of eprinomectin is the effect on the mammalian nervous system. An ADI of 0-10 µg/kg bw was established on the basis of the NOEL of 1 mg/kg bw per day for mydriasis and focal neuronal degeneration in the brain in the one-year study in dogs and a safety factor of 100.5. 5. REFERENCES Bagdon, W.J. & McAfee, J.L. (1990) L-653,648: Acute toxicity studies in mice and rats. Unpublished report (studies no. TT #90-2512, TT #90-2513, TT #90-2526, and TT #90-2527) from Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA. Submitted to WHO by MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar, Germany. Bierschwal, C.J. (1995) MK-397, cattle, safety, toxicity, reproduction, breeding bulls. Unpublished report (trial no. ASR 14148) from Merck & Co., Inc., Fulton, Missouri, USA. Submitted to WHO by MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar, Germany. Bridi, A.A. (1995) MK-397, cattle, safety, toxicity, reproduction, breeding cows. Unpublished report (trial no. 13639) from MSDRL Uruguaiana Veterinary Research Center, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil. 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Lankas, G.R., Minsker, D.H. & Robertson, R.T. (1989) Effects of ivermectin on reproduction and neonatal toxicity in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 27, 523-529. Mattson, B.A. (1992) L-653,648: Secretion in rat milk study. Unpublished report (study no. TT #91-26-0) from Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA. Submitted to WHO by MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar, Germany. Minsker, D.H. (1990) L-653,648: Oral range-finding study in pregnant rabbits. Unpublished report (study no. TT #90-719-1) from Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA. Submitted to WHO by MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar, Germany. Pitt, S.R. (1995) MK 397, cattle, safety, toxicity, reactions. Unpublished report (trial no. ASR 14578) from MSDRL Veterinary Laboratory, Hertford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Submitted to WHO by MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar, Germany. Sina, J.F. (1990) L-653,648: Microbial mutagenesis assay. Unpublished report (study no. 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Unpublished report (study no. 93993) from Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA. Submitted to WHO by MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar, Germany. Wise, L.D. (1991) L-653,648: Oral developmental toxicity study in rabbits. Unpublished report (study no. TT #90-719-0) from Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA. Submitted to WHO by MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar, Germany.
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations EPRINOMECTIN (JECFA Evaluation)