Toxicological evaluation of some food
additives including anticaking agents,
antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers
and thickening agents
WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES NO. 5
The evaluations contained in this publication
were prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives which met in Geneva,
25 June - 4 July 19731
World Health Organization
Geneva
1974
1 Seventeenth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., 1974, No. 539;
FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, 1974, No. 53.
SORBITAN MONOESTERS OF PALMITIC AND STEARIC ACIDS
AND TRIESTERS OF STEARIC ACID
Explanation
These compounds have been evaluated for acceptable daily intake
by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (see Annex 1,
Ref. No. 7) in 1963.
Since the previous evaluation, additional data have become
available and are summarized and discussed in the following monograph.
The previously published monograph has been expanded and is reproduced
in its entirety below.
BIOLOGICAL DATA
BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS
The fatty acid moiety of sorbitan monostearate has a coefficient
of digestibility of 53.3% (Oser & Oser, 1957b).
Experiments with 14C-labelled sorbitan monostearate showed that
at least 90% of the emulsifier, when fed to rats in oily solution, was
hydrolyzed to stearic acid and anhydrides of sorbitol. A significant
fraction of the administered 14C was expired as CO2. When the
labelled material was administered in water, 16-25% was recovered in
the urine; when it was given in oil, 44 to 66% was so recovered. Of
the ingested radioactivity, 3 to 7% was recovered in the tissues 48
hours after feeding. Fractionation of the carcass fats showed that
14C was incorporated into fatty acids, glycerol and a residue that
did not sublime (Wick & Joseph, 1953).
Sorbitan trioleate prepared with a 14C-label in the sorbitol
or the oleicate moieties was administered orally to rats. After
administration of sorbitan 14C-trioleate, the appearance of
14C-CO2 in the expired air reached a peak at about 6 hours and
amounted to 30 to 35% of administered label. The faeces and
gastrointestinal tract contained about 42% of the 14C-label,
indicating that it was incompletely absorbed, and 3% appeared in the
urine; the liver contained about 3% and the carcass about 22%. After
administration of the 14C-sorbitan labelled ester, less than 2% of
the label was recovered as 14C-CO2; the proportions not absorbed
were 24% from a water emulsion and 37% from a solution in oil; the
proportions recovered of that absorbed were as follows: urine, 88%;
expired air, 5%; liver, 1%; carcass, 6% (Treon et al., 1967).
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
Acute toxicity
The physical properties and low toxicity of the partial esters of
sorbitan are such that formal acute toxicity tests are impracticable.
Acute feeding tests on sorbitan monopalmitate have been conducted
in the rat. No toxic symptoms were observed in 10 male rats, weighing
100-175 g, using the ester as their sole ad libitum diet (except for
water) for 24 hours, during which they consumed an average of 1.5 g
per animal or approximately 10 g/kg bw (Krantz, 1947c).
For 10 rats, sorbitan monostearate was mixed with a diet at a
concentration of 50%. These animals weighed 175 to 250 g and, within
10 hours, had ingested about 3 g of the ester. They all appeared
unharmed after three days.
No toxic symptoms were observed in any of 10 female rats,
weighing 125 to 175 g, fed 10 ml/kg bw of sorbitan tristearate by
stomach tube, in the form of 50% aqueous emulsion, and observed over a
six-day period. Four of the 10 animals, all of which appeared normal,
were sacrificed and gave normal histological findings in the livers
and kidneys. In 10 female rats, weighing 125 to 175 g, intraperitoneal
injection of sorbitan tristearate in doses of 10 ml/kg (50% aqueous
emulsion form) produced two fatalities in 48 hours of observation; the
other animals appeared normal (Krantz, 1947d).
Sorbitan monopalmitate ("Spon 40"), sorbitan monostearate ("Spon
60") and sorbitan tristearate ("Spon 65"), in the maximal orally
administerable doses (15.9 g/kg) produced no mortality in rats
(Brandner, 1973).
Short-term studies
Rat
When groups of 10 young rats were fed for six weeks on diets
containing 1% and 4% of sorbitan monostearate there was no effect on
weight gain, nor were there any significant changes
histopathologically in the liver, kidneys, intestine and bladder
(Krantz, 1946).
When sodium monostearate was added to diets designed to induce
hepatic necrosis in rats, levels up to 10% tended to prolong the
survival time and had no significant effect upon the hepatic changes
over periods up to 120 days (György et al., 1958).
Rats in groups of five receiving sorbitan monostearate in their
diet for six weeks at levels of 5 and 15% showed no change in bile-
duct size (Krantz, 1951).
Dog
Dogs were fed sorbitan monostearate in a semi-synthetic diet at a
level of 5% for 19 to 20 months. There was no appreciable difference
in food intake, weight, maintenance and longevity between control dogs
and those fed sorbitan monostearate. The microscopic examination of
the tissues showed ne changes attributable to the feeding of sorbitan
monostearate, with the exception of some haemosiderosis of the liver
(Fitzhugh et al., 1959).
Monkey
Two rhesus monkeys, fed daily with 0.7 to 0.8 g/kg bw of sorbitan
monostearate for five weeks, appeared unharmed throughout. No damage
to the liver and kidneys was seen post mortem (Krantz, 1946).
Long-term studies
Rat
A life-span (two-year) study in 30 male rats given 5% sorbitan
monopalmitate in their daily diet showed no alteration in the growth
pattern or survival of the test rats, as compared with controls, and
no abnormalities that could be attributed to the experimental diet.
Blood studies and histopathological studies of the principal viscera
were made during and at the end of the experiment. Examination of the
brain, spleen, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, prostate, pituitary
gland, salivary gland, adrenal gland, bladder, bone marrow, heart,
lymph nodes, lung, testicle and muscle, revealed nothing of a
pathological nature attributable to the experimental diet (Krantz.
1947a)
Thirty rats were fed on a diet containing 5% sorbitan
monostearate for up to two years. Growth rate and survival were
similar to those of the controls, nor were there any histological
abnormalities post mortem that could be attributed to the diet
(Krantz, 1947b).
Studies made during and at the end of the experiment were similar
to those reported for sorbitan monopalmitate (see above).
Experiments were conducted over a period of two years on four
generations of rats (30 rats in each group). At levels of 5 and 10% in
the diet no effects were observed on growth, food efficiency,
reproduction, lactation, metabolism, behaviour, mortality, or the
gross and histopathological appearance of the tissues. At a level of
20%, retardation of growth and impairment in lactation were noted, but
mortality was not increased. The weight of the liver and kidneys was
increased, but both appeared to be histologically normal (Oser & Oser,
1956a, b; 1957a, b).
Sorbitan monostearate was fed to groups of 24 rats at levels of
2, 5, 10 and 25% in the diet for two years. Levels of 2 and 5% did not
produce evidence of toxicity. The substance caused a significant
increase in mortality at the 10 and 25% levels, with growth depression
and enlargement of the liver and kidneys (Fitzhugh et al., 1959).
A life-span (two-year) chronic feeding study was conducted on
30 male rats, using 5% sorbitan tristearate in their diet. From this
experiment it was concluded that there was no alteration in the growth
pattern or survival of the test rats as compared to the controls, nor
were there any abnormalities that could be attributed to the
experimental diet (Krantz, 1947e).
The investigations made were similar to those reported for
sorbitan monopalmitate (see above).
OBSERVATIONS IN MAN
Sorbitan monostearate given to nine human subjects in doses of
6 g/day for 28 days had no significant effect on the gastric activity,
or on the activity of the gastrointestinal tract (Steigmann et al.,
1953).
Other experiments on 16 human subjects with the same doses and
for the same period showed no deleterious effect. Blood chemistry
(including cholesterol), other haematological findings, urine analyses
and liver function tests were normal (Waldstein et al., 1954).
In another study 4 g of sorbitan monostearate were fed daily to
two children for 32 to 37 days without harmful effect (Preston et al.,
1953).
Comments:
The partial esters of sorbitan have been thoroughly investigated
in both short-term and long-term experiments. They have also been
studied in man. From a toxicological point of view, the evidence can
be taken to cover sorbitan mono- and tristearates and sorbitan
monopalmitate.
EVALUATION
Level causing no toxicological effect
Rat: 50 000 ppm (5%) in the diet equivalent to 2500 mg/kg bw.
Estimate of acceptable daily intake for man
0-25 mg/kg bw*
* As total sorbitan esters.
REFERENCES
Brandner, J. D. (1973) Unpublished report submitted by ICI America
Inc.
Fitzhugh, O. G. et al. (1959) Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 1, 315
György, P., Forbes, M. & Goldblatt, H. (1958) J. agric. food Chem., 6,
139
Krantz, J. C. jr (1946) Unpublished report No. WER-149-102 to the
Atlas Chemical Co.
Krantz, J., C. jr (1947a) Unpublished reports Nos WER-149-171/201/232/
232A/232B to the Atlas Chemical Co.
Krantz, J. C. jr (1947b) Unpublished reports Nos WER-149-187/245/245A
to the Atlas Chemical Co.
Krantz, J. C. jr (1947c) Unpublished report No. WER-149-126 to the
Atlas Chemical Co.
Krantz, J. C. jr (1947d) Unpublished report No. WER-149-145 to the
Atlas Chemical Co.
Krantz, J. C. jr (1947e) Unpublished reports Nos. WER-149-172/202/
230/230A/230B to the Atlas Chemical Co.
Krantz, J. C. jr (1951) Unpublished report No. WER-149-315 to the
Atlas Chemical Co.
Oser, B. L. & Oser, M. (1956a) J. Nutr., 60, 367
Oser, B. L. & Oser, M. (1956b) J. Nutr., 60, 489
Oser, B. L. & Oser, M. (1957a) J. Nutr., 61, 235
Oser, B. L. & Oser, M. (1957b) J. Nutr., 61, 149
Preston, E. et al. (1953) J. clin. Nutr., 1, 539
Steigmann, F., Goldberg, E. N. & Schoolman, H. M. (1953) Amer. J. dig.
Dis., 20, 380
Treon, J. F. et al. (1967) Chemistry, Physics and Application of
Surface Active Substances, Vol. III, pp. 381-395, Gordon &
Breach, New York
Waldstein, S. S., Schoolman, H. M. & Popper, H. (1954) Amer. J. dig.
Dis., 21, 181
Wick, A. W. & Joseph L. (1953) Food Res., 18, 79
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations