CELLULASE FROM TRICHODERMA LONGIBRACHIATUM First draft prepared by Dr D.L. Grant and Dr E. Vasavour Health and Welfare Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1. EXPLANATION This substance was evaluated previously under the name Trichoderma reesei at the thirty-first meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (Annex 1, reference 77). Since that time, the International Commission of the Taxonomy of Fungi has recommended that the source organism for this cellulase enzyme preparation be referred to as Trichoderma longibrachiatum instead of T. reesei. It should also be pointed out that the total organic solids (TOS) content of the commercial (31%), rather than that of the tested product (87.8%) was used to calculate the ADI in the previous review. Some additional studies on cellulase from T. longibrachiatum (reesei) have been submitted and are presented in this monograph together with the previously-reviewed studies. A long-term study, which had been requested, has not been conducted. 2. BIOLOGICAL DATA 2.1 Biochemical aspects No information available. 2.2 Toxicological studies 2.2.1 Acute toxicity studies Table 1. Results of acute toxicity studies on cellulase from T. longibrachiatum Species Sex Route LD50 Reference (g/kg bw) Mouse (NMRI) M&F oral >16 Modeweg-Hansen, 1978a Rat (Wistar) M&F oral >8 Modeweg-Hansen, 1978b Rat (Wistar) M&F oral >10 Komulainen, 1988 Dog M&F oral >5 Osborne & Chambers, 1977 2.2 Short-term studies 2.2.2.1 Rats Four groups, each containing 15 male and 15 female CD rats 4 weeks of age, were maintained for 13 weeks on diets containing 0, 1, 2, or 5% of the enzyme preparation. Abnormal grooming in the high-dose groups was observed during the first 8 weeks of the study. Decreased weight gain from weeks 4 to 10 was observed in the high-dose group. Blood urea values were elevated in treated animals at weeks 4 and 13, but a consistent dose-response effect was not observed. There were no other compound-related effects on clinical chemistry or haematological measurements. No compound-related deaths were reported. At autopsy, male rats in the high-dose group had a significant increase in organ-to-body-weight ratios for the liver, prostrate, and kidney when compared to control values, and females in the high-dose group had significantly higher spleen-to-body-weight ratios than controls. No compound-related gross or microscopic changes were observed, except in the case of the kidney of some rats in the high-dose group, where there was a small increase in the size of proteinaceous globules in the epithelial cells lining the renal convulated tubules (Ben-Dyke et al., 1977). Groups of 20 male and 20 female CD rats, 6 weeks old, were fed carbohydrase from T. longibrachiatum in the diet at concentrations of 0, 1, 2 or 5% for 13 weeks equal to a mean intake of 0, 670, 1330, or 3350 mg/kg bw/day in the males and 0, 820, 1640, or 4050 mg/kg bw/day in the females. Intakes were corrected for TOS. No treatment-related effect on mortality was reported. Dietary administration of the test material had no effect on body weight or food consumption in the female rats, but was associated with a 4.5% decrease in the body weight gain of the high-dose males which was not statistically significant. Measurement of haematology, clinical chemistry and urine pH at termination of the study indicated no effect of treatment except for a decrease in the neutrophil leucocyte count in the high-dose males which the authors stated was within the range commonly seen for this parameter (data were not provided to support this claim). Ophthalmological examinations at week 13 did not reveal any effect of treatment. At termination, increases in liver and kidney weights of mid- and high-dose males and high-dose females were noted. However, no histopathological changes were detected in the liver or kidneys, and thus the organ weight changes were considered to have been toxicologically insignificant (Weisenburger, 1990). Four groups of 10 male and 10 female CD rats, 3-4 weeks old, were fed 0, 1, 2 or 5% of cellulase preparation as TOS in the diet for 13 weeks corresponding to doses of 0, 815, 1620 or 4181 mg/kg bw/day in the males and 0, 933, 1775 or 4514 mg/kg bw/day in the females. No treatment-related effects were detected for body weight or food consumption during the course of the study. Measurement of haematological, clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters at 13 weeks did not indicate an effect of treatment. No compound-related gross or microscopic changes or organ weight differences were noted at the end of the study (Stewart, 1991). 2.2.2.2 Dogs Four groups, each containing 3 male and 3 female dogs, were dosed by gavage once a day, seven days a week, for 13 weeks with the enzyme preparation (30% dispersion in water) at doses equivalent to 0, 750, 1500 or 3000 mg/kg bw/day. Vomiting was reported after dosing in the high-dose groups during the first 3 to 4 weeks of the study, and diarrhoea was observed in these groups during the first two weeks of the study. There were no significant differences in body weight and food consumption between dosed and control animals during the course of the study. Haematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis at weeks 6 and 12 of the study showed no treatment-related effects. Ophthalmoscopic examinations at weeks 6 and 12 showed no treatment-related effects. At termination of the study, gross necropsies, organ weight analyses, and micro-scopic examinations of the principal organs and tissues showed no treatment-related effects (Osborne et al., 1977). 2.2.3 Long-term/carcinogenicity studies No information available. 2.2.4 Reproduction studies 2.2.4.1 Rats Four groups, each containing 20 male and 20 female 6-week old CD rats, were maintained on diets containing 0, 1, 2, or 5% of the enzyme preparation. The test diet was fed for 10 weeks prior to breeding and throughout mating, gestation, and lactation. Weanlings were maintained on the same diet as parents, until autopsied at 28 days of age. Parameters evaluated included body weights, feed consumption of F0 and F1 animals, and reproduction parameters (fertility index, gestation index, live birth index, litter size, viability index, and lactation index). Gross necropsies were conducted on all F0 and F1 animals, except pups dying before day 12 of lactation. Organ weights from 10 male and 10 female F1 animals from each treatment group were measured, and the principal tissues and organs from a similar number of F1 animals from the high-dose and control groups were microscopically examined. Clinical chemistry, haematology, and urinalysis were not performed. Compound-related mortality was not reported in the F0 generation. There were no treatment-related clinical signs. Body weights of males in the high-dose group were lower than those of controls, which was associated with decreased food intake. There were no treatment-related effects on reproductive parameters. In the F1 generation, there was a trend to increased mean body weights during the early period of lactation, but this effect was not significant toward the end of the treatment period. No significant treatment-related effects on absolute or relative organ weights in F1 males and females were observed, and no treatment-related gross or microscopic adverse effects were reported (Hazelden et al., 1982). 2.2.5 Special study on teratogenicity Three groups of 6 pregnant CD rats each were dosed by gavage with 700, 2400, or 7000 mg/kg bw/day of the same preparation from days 6 to 16 to gestation. The rats were killed on day 20 of gestation. Reduced body weight gain was observed in the high-dose group, which was associated with decreased food consumption during the dosing period. No compound-related differences were observed in placental weights, number of corpora lutea, implantations, resorptions, or live fetuses. The small number of visceral and skeletal abnormalities showed no treatment associations or trends (Hazelden & Everett, 1980). 2.2.6 Special studies on genotoxicity Table 2. Results of genotoxicity assays on cellulase from T. longibrachiatum Test system Test object Concentration of Results Reference cellulose enzyme preparation Ames test1 S. typhimurium 30-10 000 µg/plate negative Crichton & TA98, TA100, McGregor, 1977 TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 Ames test1 S. typhimurium 100-10 000 µg/plate negative Kiesvara & TA98, TA100, Tikkanen, 1987 TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 Ames test1 S. typhimurium 1.56-200 µl/plate positive Nylund & TA98, TA100, (weak) Linnainmaa, TA1535 1987 Ames test1 S. typhimurium 8-5000 µg/plate negative Asquith, 1989a TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 Chromosomal1 Chinese hamster 25-200 µl/ml negative Norppa & aberration ovary cells Jarventaus, 1988 Chromosomal1 human 50-10 000 µg/ml negative Asquith, 1989b aberration lymphocytes Chromosomal bone 0,1.0, 5.0 negative McGregor, 1979 aberration marrow-Chinese g/kg bw/day hamsters Table 2. Results of genotoxicity assays on cellulase from T. longibrachiatum Test system Test object Concentration of Results Reference cellulose enzyme preparation Dominant lethal mouse 0, 0.5, 1.6, negative Cuthbert 5.0 g/kg bw/day et al., 1980 Mouse mouse 0, 0.5, 1, negative Asquith, micro-nucleus 1.5, 2.0 g/kg 1989c bw/day 1 Both with and without rat liver S-9 fraction 2.3 Observations in humans No information available 3. COMMENTS Cellulase derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum earlier referred to as T. reesei was previously reviewed at the thirty-first meeting of the Committee (Annex 1, reference 77). The enzyme preparation is characterized by four primary enzyme activities: 1,4-ß-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.4), 1,4-ß-d-glucan glucohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.74), 1,4-ß-d-glucan cellubiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), and 1,3-ß-d-glucan 3-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.6). At the thirty-first meeting, the Committee reviewed 13-week studies in rats and dogs, reproduction and teratogenicity studies in rats, and studies on the mutagenicity of the enzyme preparation. A temporary ADI of 0-0.3 mg TOS per kg of body weight was established by the application of a 2000-fold safety factor to the 2% NOEL (after conversion to TOS) in the 13-week study in rats. In accordance with Annex III of "Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in food" (Annex 1, reference 76), the Committee requested a long-term study in a rodent species. Inadvertently, a TOS of 31% instead of 87.8% was used when converting the 2% NOEL for the enzyme test preparation to TOS; thus the temporary ADI was determined to be 0-0.3 mg TOS per kg of body weight, whereas the true figure should have been 0-0.85 TOS per kg of body weight. 4. EVALUATION At its present meeting, the Committee reviewed two additional 13-week studies in rats in which no adverse effects were observed up to the highest dietary level (5%) tested. Since the potential intake was minimal and following a reconsideration of its guidelines for evaluating enzymes derived from miroorganisms, the Committee concluded that it had been provided with sufficient information to establish an ADI "not specified" when the preparation is used in accordance with good manufacturing practice. 5. REFERENCES ASQUITH, J.C. (1989a). Bacterial reverse mutation assay. Cellulase enzyme preparation derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Unpublished report from Toxicol Laboratories Ltd., Ledbury, England. Submitted to WHO by Genencor International, Helsinki, Finland. ASQUITH, J.C. (1989b). Metaphase analysis of human lymphocytes treated with cellulase enzyme preparation derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Unpublished report from Toxicol Laboratories Ltd., Ledbury, England. Submitted to WHO by Genencor International, Helsinki, Finland. ASQUITH, J.C. (1989c). Mouse micronucleus test. Cellulase enzyme preparation derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Unpublished report from Toxicol Laboratories Ltd., Ledbury, England. Submitted to WHO by Genencor International, Helsinki, Finland. BEN-DYKE, R., STRACHEN, E., KISS, I. & FINN, J.P. (1977) Cellulase: toxicity in dietary administration to rats for thirteen weeks. Unpublished report No. 77/NTL-33/382 from Life Science Research, Stock, England. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. CRICHTON, C., & MCGREGOR, D.B. (1977). Testing for mutagenic activity in cellulase (SP-122). Unpublished IRI Project 40849 from Inveresk Research International, Edinburgh, Scotland. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. CUTHBERT, J.A., McGREGOR, D.B. & WILLINS, M.J. (1980). Dominant lethal study in mice of acid cellulase. Unpublished IRI Project 702021, report 1699, from Inveresk Research International, Edinburgh, Scotland. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. HAZELDEN K.P. & EVERETT, A. (1980) Teratogenicity testing in rats of acid cellulase. Unpublished IRI Project No. 702016 from Inveresk Research International, Edinburgh, Scotland. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. HAZELDEN, K.P., MADDOCK, S.M. & RUSHTON, A.K.A. (1982). Acid cellulose dietary toxicity study in rats with in utero exposure. Unpublished IRI Project No. 704851, Report No. 2350, from Inveresk Research International, Musselburgh, Scotland. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. KIESVAARA, M. & TIKKANEN, L. (1987). Ames mutagenicity test. Unpublished report from the Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland. Submitted to WHO by ALKO Ab, Helsinki, Finland. KOMULAINEN, H. (1988). Acute oral toxicity of the enzyme preparation Econase CEP in rats. Unpublished report from the National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland. Submitted to WHO by ALKO Ab, Helsinki, Finland. McGREGOR, D.B. (1979). Cytogenetic study in Chinese hamsters of acid cellulase. Unpublished IRI Project 702042, report 1585, from Inveresk Research International, Edinburgh, Scotland. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. MODEWEG-HANSEN, L. (1978a). Acute oral toxicity of cellulase SP-122 to rats. Unpublished report from Novo Industri A/S. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. MODEWEG-HANSEN, L. (1978b). Acute oral toxicity of cellulase SP-122 to mice. Unpublished report from Novo Industri A/S. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. NORPPA, H. & JARVENTAUS, H. (1990) Econase CE15: In vitro test for the induction of chromosomal aberrations. Unpublished report from the Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. Submitted to WHO by ALKO Ab, Helsinki, Finland. NYLUND, L. & LINNAINMAA, K. (1987). Testing of two enzyme preparations labelled Econase CF15 and Econase EP431 using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. Unpublished report from the Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. Submitted to WHO by ALKO Ab, Helsinki, Finland. OSBORNE, B.E. & CHAMBERS, P.R. (1977). Cellulase SP-122, acute oral toxicity study in dogs. Unpublished IRI Project 408473 from Inveresk Research International, Edinburgh, Scotland. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. OSBORNE, B.E., RUSHTON, A.K.A. & DENT, N.J. (19777) Cellulase SP-122, toxicity study in beagle dogs (oral administration for 13 weeks). Unpublished IRI project No. 408489, report No. 919, from Inveresk Research International, Edinburgh, Scotland. Submitted to WHO by Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. STEWART, J.S. (1991). Cellulase: toxicity study by dietary administration to CD rats for 13 weeks. Unpublished report by Life Science Research Ltd., Suffolk, England. Submitted to WHO by Genencor International, Helsinki, Finland. WEISENBURGER, W.P. (1990). 13-week dietary toxicity study in rats. Unpublished report from International Research and Development Corporation, Mattawa, Michigan. Submitted to WHO by Genencor International, Helsinki, Finland.
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations