|
Substance |
Specificationsa |
ADI and other toxicological recommendations |
|
Flavouring agents |
|
|
|
Furfural |
R |
0–0.5 mg/kg bw (group ADI)b |
|
Paprika oleoresin |
S |
Use as a spice is acceptablec |
|
Food colours |
|
|
|
Caramel colour II |
Rd |
0–160 mg/kg bw |
|
Cochineal extract and carmines |
R |
May be allergenice |
|
Sweetening agents |
|
|
|
Aspartame–acesulfame salt |
N |
Aspartame and acesulfame moieties are covered by the ADIs established previously for aspartame (0–40 mg/kg bw) and acesulfame potassium (0–15 mg/kg bw) |
|
D-Tagatose |
N |
No ADI allocatedf |
|
Miscellaneous substances |
|
|
|
Benzoyl peroxide |
R |
Additional uses could not be evaluatedg |
|
Calcium intake from calcium |
– |
Could not be assessedh salts of food additives |
|
Nitrous oxide |
R |
Use as a packaging gas could not be assessedi |
|
Stearyl tartrate |
R |
Additional uses could not be evaluatedg |
|
Trehalose |
N |
ADI ‘not specified’j |
a
N, new specifications prepared; R, existing specifications revised; S,specifications exist, revision not considered or requiredb
Group ADI for furfural, furfuryl alcohol, furfuryl acetate, furfuryl propionate, furfuryl pentanoate, furfuryl octanoate, furfuryl 3-methylbutanoate, methyl 2-furoate, propyl 2-furoate, amyl 2-furoate, hexyl 2-furoate, and octyl 2-furoatec
Paprika oleoresin was not evaluated at the present meeting. The opinion shown in the table was based on the report of the Committee at its fourteenth meeting (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 462, 1971).d
Included in the specifications for caramel colourse
The Committee concluded that cochineal extract, carmines, and possibly carminic acid in foods and beverages may provoke allergic reactions in some individuals.f
An ADI could not be allocated because of concern about the potential of D-tagatose to induce glycogen deposition and hypertrophy in the liver and to increase the concentrations of uric acid in serum.g
No conclusions could be drawn about the acceptability of the uses proposed in the draft General Standard for Food Additives of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants because information on toxicity and intake was not available.h
Data on levels of use and the food groups in which calcium salts of food additives are permitted would be required in order to assess calcium intake from calcium salts of food additives.i
No information on intake was available.j
ADI ‘not specified’ is applied to a food substance of very low toxicity which, on the basis of the available data (chemical, biochemical, toxicological, and other) and the total dietary intake of the substance arising from its use at the levels necessary to achieve the desired effect and from its acceptable background in food, does not, in the opinion of the Committee, represent a hazard to health. For this reason, and for the reasons stated in the individual evaluation, the establishment of an ADI expressed in numerical form is deemed unnecessary.Flavouring agents
Substances evaluated by the Procedure for the Safety Evaluation of Flavouring Agents
|
Flavouring agent |
No. |
Specificationsa |
Conclusions based on current intake |
|
Cinnamyl alcohol and related flavouring agents |
|||
|
Structural class I |
|||
|
3-Phenyl-1-propanol |
636 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropyl formate |
637 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropyl acetate |
638 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropyl propionate |
639 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropyl isobutyrate |
640 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropyl isovalerate |
641 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropyl hexanoate |
642 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Methyl 3-phenylpropionate |
643 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Ethyl 3-phenylpropionate |
644 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropionaldehyde |
645 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropionic acid |
646 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl alcohol |
647 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl formate |
649 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl acetate |
650 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl propionate |
651 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl butyrate |
652 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl isobutyrate |
653 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl isovalerate |
654 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl benzoate |
760 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl phenylacetate |
655 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamaldehyde |
656 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamic acid |
657 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Methyl cinnamate |
658 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Ethyl cinnamate |
659 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Propyl cinnamate |
660 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Isopropyl cinnamate |
661 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Allyl cinnamate |
019 |
S |
No safety concern |
|
Butyl cinnamate |
663 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Isobutyl cinnamate |
664 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Isoamyl cinnamate |
665 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Heptyl cinnamate |
666 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Cyclohexyl cinnamate |
667 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Linalyl cinnamate |
668 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Terpinyl cinnamate |
669 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Benzyl cinnamate |
670 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Phenethyl cinnamate |
671 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenylpropyl cinnamate |
672 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Cinnamyl cinnamate |
673 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Amylcinnamyl formate |
676 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Amylcinnamyl acetate |
677 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Amylcinnamyl isovalerate |
678 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
3-Phenyl-4-pentenal |
679 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) propionaldehyde |
680 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal |
681 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
para-Methylcinnamaldehyde |
682 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde |
683 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Methoxycinnamaldehyde |
687 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
ortho-Methoxycinnamaldehyde |
688 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Methoxy-alpha-methylcinnamaldehyde |
689 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Structural class II |
|||
|
Cinnamaldehyde ethylene glycol acetal |
648 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Amylcinnamyl alcohol |
674 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
5-Phenylpentanol |
675 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Butylcinnamaldehyde |
684 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde |
685 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde |
686 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Furfuryl alcohol and related flavouring agentsb |
|||
|
Structural class II |
|||
|
Furfuryl alcoholc |
451 |
R |
No safety concern |
|
Furfuryl acetatec |
739 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Furfuryl propionatec |
740 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Furfuryl pentanoatec |
741 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Furfuryl 3-methylbutanoatec |
743 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Furfuralc |
450 |
R |
No safety concern |
|
5-Methylfurfural |
745 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Methyl 2-furoatec |
746 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Propyl 2-furoatec |
747 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Structural class III |
|||
|
Furfuryl octanoatec |
742 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Amyl 2-furoatec |
748 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Hexyl 2-furoatec |
749 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Octyl 2-furoatec |
750 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
2-Benzofurancarboxaldehyde |
751 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
2-Phenyl-3-carbethoxyfuran |
752 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Phenol and phenol derivatives |
|||
|
Structural class I |
|||
|
Phenol |
690 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
ortho-Cresol |
691 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
meta-Cresol |
692 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Cresol |
693 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Ethylphenol |
694 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
ortho-Propylphenol |
695 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Propylphenol |
696 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
2-Isopropylphenol |
697 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
4-(1,1-Dimethyl)ethylphenol |
733 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Phenyl acetate |
734 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
ortho-Tolyl acetate |
698 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
para-Tolyl acetate |
699 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
ortho-Tolyl isobutyrate |
700 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Tolyl isobutyrate |
701 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Tolyl 3-methylbutyrate |
702 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Tolyl octanoate |
703 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Tolyl laurate |
704 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
para-Tolyl phenylacetate |
705 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
2,5-Xylenol |
706 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
2,6-Xylenol |
707 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
3,4-Xylenol |
708 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
2,3,6-Trimethylphenol |
737 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Thymol |
709 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Carvacrol |
710 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Vinylphenol |
711 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Resorcinol |
712 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Guaiacol |
713 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
ortho-(Ethoxymethyl)phenol |
714 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol |
715 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
4-Ethylguaiacol |
716 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol |
717 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Guaiacyl acetate |
718 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Guaiacyl phenylacetate |
719 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Hydroquinone monoethyl ether |
720 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol |
721 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
4-Methyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol |
722 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
4-Ethyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol |
723 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
4-Propyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol |
724 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol |
725 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
4-Allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol |
726 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
2-Hydroxyacetophenone |
727 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Phenyl salicylate |
736 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone |
728 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Dihydroxyacetophenone |
729 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Zingerone |
730 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
4-(para-Acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone |
731 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Vanillylidene acetone |
732 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Structural class III |
|||
|
2-Phenylphenold |
735 |
N,T |
No safety concern |
|
Pulegone and related flavouring agents |
|||
|
Structural class I |
|
|
|
|
Isopulegol |
755 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
opulegyl acetate |
756 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Structural class II |
|||
|
Pulegone |
753 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Isopulegone |
754 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
para-Menth-1,4(8)-dien-3-one |
757 |
N |
No safety concern |
|
Menthofuran |
758 |
N |
No safety concern |
a
N, new specifications prepared; R, existing specifications revised; S, specifications exists, revision not considered or required; T, the existing new or revised specifications are tentative and information is neededb
Specifications were prepared for furfuryl butyrate, but its safety was not assessed because the Committee had no information on its intake.c
A group ADI of 0–0.5 mg/kg of body weight was established by the Committee at its present meeting for furfural, furfuryl alcohol, furfuryl acetate, furfuryl propionate, furfuryl pentanoate, furfuryl octanoate, furfuryl 3-methylbutanoate, methyl 2-furoate, propyl 2-furoate, amyl 2-furoate, hexyl 2-furoate, and octyl 2-furoate.d
An ADI of 0–0.4 mg/kg of body weight was established for 2-phenylphenol by the 1999 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 153, 1999)Contaminants
Cadmium
The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 7 µg/kg bw was maintained. Ranges of predicted dietary intakes that may be associated with an excess prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction were estimated, as summarized in the following table. These values provide an indication of the risk of potentially sensitive groups within the population at various levels of exposure.
Urinary cadmium excretion and excess prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction in a population predicted according to three different sets of assumptions
|
Assumptions |
Urinary excretion of cadmium (µg/g of creatinine)a |
Predicted intake of cadmium |
Predicted excess prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction (%)a |
|
|
µg/dayb |
µg/kg bw per day)b,c |
|||
|
Ratio of dietary intake to urinary excretion = 12 |
2.5 |
30 |
0.5 |
0 |
|
Bioavailability of cadmium in diet = 10% |
4.2 |
50 |
0.8 |
4 |
|
Excretion of absorbed cadmium in urine = 100% |
8.2 |
100 |
1.7 |
20 |
|
Ratio of dietary intake to urinary excretion = 24 |
2.5 |
60 |
1.0 |
0 |
|
Bioavailability of cadmium in diet = 10% |
4.2 |
100 |
1.7 |
4 |
|
Excretion of absorbed cadmium in urine = 50% |
8.2 |
200 |
3.3 |
20 |
|
Ratio of dietary intake to urinary excretion = 48 |
2.5 |
120 |
2.0 |
0 |
|
Bioavailability of cadmium in diet = 5% |
4.2 |
200 |
3.3 |
4 |
|
Excretion of absorbed cadmium in urine = 50% |
8.2 |
400 |
6.7 |
20 |
It is assumed that there is no significant change in the dietary intake of cadmium over time and 1.2 g of creatinine are excreted per day.
a
Values derived primarily from studies of occupational exposure to cadmiumb
Cadmium intake corresponding to the excretion in urine in each scenarioc
Body weight assumed to be 60 kg. PTWI corresponds to a daily intake of 1 µg/kg bw.Tin
The PTWI of 14 mg/kg bw was not reconsidered and was maintained. The Committee assessed the acute toxicity of tin, but the data were insufficient for establishing an acute reference dose. It reiterated the conclusion reached at its thirty-third meeting (WHO Technical Report Series No. 776, 1989) that concentrations of tin as low as 150 mg/kg in canned beverages and 250 mg/kg in other canned foods may produce acute manifestations of gastric irritation in certain individuals.
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations