ADI

acceptable daily intake

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

ALT

alanine transferase

AST

aspartate transferase

AUC

area under the curve of concentration–time

AUEC

area under the effect–time curve

bw

body weight

C_max

maximum concentration

CI

confidence interval

CoA

coenzyme A

CYP

cytochrome P450

DATEM

diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

E_max

maximum observed effect

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GLP

good laboratory practice

GRAS

"generally recognized as safe"

GSFA

General Standard for Food Additives

GSH

glutathione

HPLC

high-performance liquid chromatography

IARC

International Agency for Research on Cancer

IPCS

International Programme on Chemical Safety

JECFA

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives

LD₅₀

median lethal dose

LOD

limit of detection

LOEL

lowest-observed-effect level

LOQ

limit of quantification

MAFF

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form

NOEL

no-observed-effect level

PCB

polychlorinated biphenyl

ppb

parts per billion

ppm

parts per million

PTDI

provisional tolerable daily intake

PTMI

provisional tolerable monthly intake

PTWI

provisional tolerable weekly intake

S9

9000× g supernatant of rat liver

SD

standard deviation

v/v

volume per volume

v/w

volume per weight

w/w

weight per weight

WHO

World Health Organization