AGP:1970/M/12/1 WHO/FOOD ADD/71.42 1970 EVALUATIONS OF SOME PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD THE MONOGRAPHS Issued jointly by FAO and WHO The content of this document is the result of the deliberations of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues, which met in Rome, 9-16 November, 1970. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Rome, 1971 FENTIN COMPOUNDS Explanation At the 1965 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, the toxicology of two fentin compounds, namely fentin hydroxide (triphenyltin hydroxide) and fentin acetate. (triphenyltin acetate), was considered. The deliberations are summarized in a monograph entitled "Triphenyltin Compounds" (FAO/WHO, 1965). Since that meeting, additional information has become available on these two fentin compounds, as well as on fentin chloride (triphenyltin chloride). Because all these fentin compounds appear to react similarly in plants and in animals, they have been grouped together in this completely revised monograph IDENTITY Chemical names 1) triphenyltin hydroxide 2) triphenyltin acetate 3) triphenyltin chloride Synonyms 1) fentin hydroxide, Du-ter(R), (Trinicide W20) 2) fentin acetate, Brestan(R), Hoe 2824(R) 3) fentin chloride, Brestanol(R), Hoe 2872(R) Structural formulasOther relevant chemical properties The pure fentin hydroxide is a white odourless crystalline solid, with a melting point of 118-120°C. Solubility in water at 20°C is 8 ppm, and it is moderately soluble in most organic solvents. It is stable at room temperature, but decomposition occurs on heating above 60°C. The pure fentin acetate is a white, odourless, crystalline solid, with a melting point of 124-125°C. Its solubility in water at 20°C is 28 ppm, and it is of low solubility in most organic solvents. Fentin acetate is stable when stored under normal conditions in dry air. At 90°C, no decomposition can be detected; at 150°C, 15 percent decomposes within three hours. In the presence of water, the acetate is almost completely hydrolysed within eight hours at 20°C. The pure fentin chloride is a white crystalline solid, with melting point at 106°C. Its solubility in water is 40 ppm. It is stable when stored in the dark in dry air. In the presence of water it hydrolyses into the hydroxide. Purity The technical products are usually of the following purities: fentin hydroxide : 95 percent fentin acetate : 94 percent fentin chloride : 94 percent The impurities consist mainly of diphenyltin compounds and tetraphenyltin. This report is based on the data obtained with the fentin compounds manufactured in Germany (Hoechst) and in Holland (Philips-Duphar). It is known that fentin compounds are also produced in the United States and Japan, but no data were available from these sources. Formulations The usual formulations are: fentin hydroxide : 20 percent and 50 percent wp fentin acetate : 20 percent and 60 percent wp fentin chloride : 40 percent and 45 percent wp EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS Absorption, distribution and excretion Experiments on rats given 113Sn-labelled fentin chloride showed that the absorbed fentin radical was rapidly distributed through the tissues of the body, including the brain. The fentin radical was eliminated relatively slowly and could be detected in the brain 38 days after a single dose (Heath, 1963). Experimental investigations have been made on guinea pigs fed on a diet containing 12 ppm fentin acetate. From the survival times and the total amount consumed, it is evident that, at this dosage level, fentin compounds are not completely cumulative. The results obtained and those previously published (Stoner, 1966) are consistent with a halflife of the fentin radical at the site of action of about 50 days (Stoner and Heath, 1967). Information on the distribution of tin after feeding fentin compounds to farm animals is included in the section entitled "FATE OF RESIDUES. In animals". Effect on enzymes and other biochemical parameters In vitro studies have shown that fentin compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by isolated liver mitochondria and the adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) activity of brain microcomes (50 percent inhibition by concentration of, 1 × 10-6M and 1 × 10-5M, respectively) (W. N. Aldridge, quoted by Stoner, 1966). The oxygen consumption of cerebral slices from rats in a moribund condition due to fentin compounds was within normal limits (J.E. Cremer, quoted by Stoner, 1966). The effects of fentin hydroxide on the oxidative phosphorylation and on permeability of rat liver mitochondria membranes for malate, citrate and fumarate ions were investigated. In the conditions of the investigations (concentration of 5 µ M), a strong inhibitory action on the oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria and deep changes in the selectively permeable mitochondrial membrane were observed. Malate and citrate were able to penetrate mitochondria without participation of any carrier. The altered membrane formed no barrier for fumarate. No similar effects were observed in the case of n-octyltin derivatives (Syrowatka, 1969). In a further investigation, it was shown that the mitochondrial membrane which, when intact, has a strictly limited permeability for K+, Na+, Cl-, malate, citrate and fumarate, became permeable in a high degree to these ions under the influence of fentin hydroxide. Electron microscopic pictures confirmed these results (Syrowatka, 1970). TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Special studies on influence on lymphatic tissue and immune responses Guinea pig (fentin acetate) These investigations were aimed at studying the influence of fentin acetate on lymphatic tissue and immune responses in guinea pigs which were previously (see below) shown to be much more sensitive than rats to the decreasing effect of the compound on the lymphopoiesis. Female guinea pigs were selected because they are more affected than males. In a first experiment, two groups of ten female guinea pigs received 15 ppm of fentin acetate in their diet, for 49 or 77 days. Each group was accompanied by a control group with the same number of animals. After 77 days, a decrease in plasma cells was observed in the spleen and the cervical, mesenteric, axillary and popliteal lymph nodes. In a second experiment, the same dose of the compound was given in the diet for 104 days. Two groups of ten female guinea pigs received fentin acetate and two groups control diet only. At 21 and 7 days before the end of the fentin acetate feeding period, half of the animals received an injection of tetanus toxoid. Some animals were allowed to recover for 14 days after the 104-day experimental period. Immunochemically and serologically, a decreased immunologic response was observed in the group fed fentin acetate after tetanus toxoid stimulation and no signs of recovery were seen after 14 days. With the aid of the fluorescent antibody technique, a decrease in immunologically active cells in the popliteal lymph nodes of the animals fed fentin acetate could be detected in the second experiment. In the other lymphatic tissues, no differences were observed (Verschuuren at al., 1970). Special studies on reproduction Rat (fentin acetate) An interim report comprising two generations of a three-generation reproduction study in rats fed 0, 25, 80 and 250 ppm of fentin acetate in the diet is available. No histological examination was performed, but no abnormalities were found by macroscopic examination at the 25 ppm level (Scholz and Baeder, 1970). Rat (fentin acetate and chloride) Groups each of 20 sexually mature male rats (aged 35 to 40 days) were given orally in their food, over a period of 19 days, 20 mg/kg body-weight per day of either fentin acetate or fentin chloride. The animals were killed on the twentieth day, and histological preparations of the testes were made. Both compounds produced several degenerative changes of the testicular tissue, including a decrease in the number of cell layers per seminiferous tubule, a decrease in tubule diameter and overall testicular size, a depletion of the more advanced cell forms from the tubules and a closing of tubule lumina. Effects were more pronounced in animals treated with fentin acetate (Pate and Hays, 1968). Groups of 15 sexually mature female rats (aged 42 to 46 days) were given orally 20 mg/kg body-weight per day of either fentin acetate or fentin chloride. Three animals from each group were killed after 4, 9, 14, 19 and 24 days of treatment, and histological preparations of the ovaries were made and thoroughly examined. Both fentin compounds produced significant changes in the ovarian tissue. Among these changes were a decreased number of mature follicles, an increased incidence of atresia in early follicle growth and a pronounced decrease in the number of corpora lutea present. This last effect was regarded as a decrease in ovulation and, thus, a decreased fertility. This effect, as well as the others listed above, was present on or by the first five-day sample period (Newton and Hays, 1968). Rat (fentin hydroxide) This experiment was started with 50 male and 100 female newly weaned rats. The animals were divided at random over five groups and were fed diets containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 5 ppm of fentin hydroxide. Fertility of males and females, number of young born per litter, vitality, body-weight and mortality of the young at birth and during the lactation period were not affected by feeding fentin hydroxide at levels up to 5 ppm in any of the three successive generations. Ninety-day feeding studies with F1b and F2b generation rats did not reveal adverse effects with respect to growth, food consumption, food efficiency and haematology. Increased relative weights of liver, kidney and spleen were occasionally noted, but were not associated with histological abnormalities. Testicle weight was slightly decreased at the 5 ppm level in F1b generation rats and at the 2 and 5 ppm levels in F2b generation rats at week 13 after weaning. Macroscopically, no changes attributable to the ingestion of fentin hydroxide were observed in any of the successive generations, except for small-sized testicles at feeding levels of 1 ppm and above in generation F3b at week 2 after weaning. Microscopic examination revealed a significant difference between treated and control rats only in the maturing testicle. This difference found expression in the stage of maturation of the germinal epithelium, which was less advanced in the small-sized testicles of the rats fed fentin hydroxide (Til et al., 1967). Four groups of ten weanling male rats were each fed 0, 50, 100 or 200 ppm of fentin hydroxide in the diet over a period of 276 days and were mated at intervals to nontreated females. Observations indicate that, in comparison to the controls, there was a drop of about 27 and 18 percent, respectively, in the total number of offspring in the groups fed 200 and 100 ppm after 64 days of exposure. However, when the males were subsequently mated, their fertility improved and, by day 113, was comparable to that of the controls. Leucocyte and differential counts and haemoglobin determinations performed one week prior to the time of sacrifice did not differ from the controls. Gross abnormalities related to fentin hydroxide were not observed in the offspring. In the group fed 200 ppm, one rat died and two were sacrificed when moribund. The cause of death in this group was generalized internal haemorrhage. In the animals that were sacrificed, no gross or microscopic abnormalities attributable to fentin hydroxide were observed. At the 100 and 200 ppm levels, the food consumption of the diet containing fentin hydroxide was significantly lower during the first week of the experiment and then improved for all dosage levels. By week 7, the animals had adapted to these concentrations of the chemical, and the food consumption was the same as in the controls. The food intake and weight gain were not affected in rats fed 50 ppm. Gross and microscopic examination of rats fed fentin hydroxide at all levels did not reveal changes in any organ that could be related to the compound (Gaines and Kimbrough, 1968). Three experiments on weanling male rats (10 or 20 per group), fed from 0 to 25 ppm of fentin hydroxide in two or four weeks, were conducted to determine testicular development. Microscopic examination after two and four weeks failed to reveal any differences between the various test groups and the control groups (Til et al., 1968). Acute toxicity Symptoms of poisoning were sluggishness, unsteadiness, moderate diarrhoea, anorexia, bloody stain around the nose and eyes and wheezing (Gaines and Kimbrough, 1968). In all species, the main action of these organo-tin compounds is thought to be on the central nervous system, but in contrast to triethyltin compounds, cerebral oedema did not occur (Cahen et al., 1970). Intravenous administration of fentin acetate to cats at a dose of 1 mg/kg body-weight produced an increase in blood pressure and a short interruption of respiration followed by stimulation of respiration and clonic contractions of the limb muscles. Repeated administration of 1 to 2 mg/kg at 20 to 60 minute intervals led to arterial hypotension. A decrease in the effect of noradrenaline on blood pressure was also found. Death took place after 6 to 14 mg/kg of fentin acetate from paralysis of the respiratory centres (Tauberger, 1963). Short-term studies Dog (fentin acetate) Groups of dogs (four of each sex) were fed 0, 1, 5 and 20 ppm of fentin acetate in the diet for 120 days. A level of 20 ppm resulted in decreased food consumption, and in half of the animals, also in decreased body-weight. No macroscopic or microscopic abnormalities were found (Scholz and Brunk, 1968a). Groups of six dogs, three from each sex, were fed over a period of two years, 0, 0.5, 1 or 5 ppm of fentin acetate. Attention was paid to behaviour, food intake, weight gain, blood picture, urine composition, gross examination and histological characteristics of the main organs and tissues. Except for the higher level, where a decrease in weight gain, which might be related to a reduction of food intake, was noted in comparison to the controls, no significant abnormalities, even in blood picture, were observed (Scholz and Brunk, 1968b). Dog (fentin hydroxide) Groups of dogs consisting of three males and three females were fed 0, 10, 25 and 37 ppm of fentin hydroxide in the diet for 90 days. TABLE I Acute toxicities to various species: summary Animal Fentin LD50 (mg/kg Compound Route body-weight) Reference Mouse (M) acetate oral 81 Ueda et al., 1961 Mouse (M) chloride oral 80 Ueda et al., 1961 Mouse (M) hydroxide oral 245 Philips-Duphar, 1964a Mouse (F) hydroxide oral 209 Philips-Duphar, 1964a Mouse (M) acetate ip 7.9 Stoner, 1966 Rat (M) acetate oral 136 Klimmer, 1964 Rat (F) acetate oral 491 Stoner, 1966 Rat (F) chloride oral 135 Scholz, 1963 Rat (M) hydroxide oral 240 Gaines & Kimbrough, 1968 Rat (F) hydroxide oral 360 Gaines & Kimbrough, 1968 Rat (M) acetate ip 8.5 Stoner, 1966 Rat (F) acetate ip 11.9 Stoner, 1966 Guinea pig (M) acetate oral 21 Klimmer, 1964 Guinea pig (M) hydroxide oral 27.1 Philips-Duphar, 1964a Guinea pig (F) hydroxide oral 31.1 Philips-Duphar, 1964a Guinea pig (M) acetate ip 3.7 Stoner, 1966 Rabbit (M) acetate oral 40 Klimmer, 1964 Rabbit (M) acetate ip 10 Klimmer, 1964 Lethargy and a darkening of the hair occurred in all groups, depending in degree on the dosage, and an increased mortality rate occurred in the two higher groups (Baran et al., 1966a). Groups of dogs (three of each sex) were fed 0, 10, 25 and 37 ppm of fentin hydroxide in the diet for 100 days. Apart from darkening of the hair which occurred in all test groups, the only differences from the controls were lethargy in the 37 ppm dogs and an increased quantity of tin in the livers of five of six dogs at 37 ppm and two of six dogs at 25 ppm (Baran et al., 1966b). Six dogs were fed, over a period of 16 weeks, a diet containing, during the first eight weeks, 25 ppm and, afterwards, 50 ppm of fentin hydroxide. Symptoms of toxicity, consisting principally in inhibition of growth, alterations in the blood picture (decrease of the number of leucocytes and erythrocytes) and in the histology of the liver, were observed (Til and Feron, 1965). Following this preliminary investigation, 34 dogs were fed over a period of two years a diet containing respectively 0, 0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 ppm. Growth, food consumption, symptomatology, blood picture, urine analysis, liver and kidney functional exploration, serum protein electrophoresis, water content of brain, organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology were used as criteria to disclose signs of injury. General appearance, behaviour, growth, food consumption, haematological and biochemical values, urine analyses and liver and kidney functional tests were not affected at any dietary level of the compound. At the two highest feeding levels of 5 and 10 ppm, the relative weights of liver and kidney and the water content of the brain were increased in comparison to the controls, without being associated with histological changes. Gross and microscopic examination of organs and tissues did not reveal any abnormality which could be attributed to the ingestion of fentin hydroxide (Til and Feron, 1968). Guinea pig (fentin acetate) In one experiment, 50 ppm of fentin acetate in the diet of guinea pigs led to the death of all of nine animals in 17 to 31 days. In other experiments, only a group of five guinea pigs given 1 ppm for 392 days did not show an increased mortality rate. Even at 1 ppm, food intake was reduced. When death occurred, it was preceded by loss of weight and generalized weakness (Stoner, 1966). Neither in these experiments, nor in others (acute and short-term), in which guinea pigs and rats have been treated with fentin compounds, has a significant increase in the water content of the central nervous system been found nor the characteristic histological lesion in the white matter produced by triethylin compounds (Magee et al., 1957) been seen (Stoner, 1966). In other experiments, groups of guinea pigs, 10 of each sex, were given respectively 0, 5, 10, 20 or 50 ppm of fentin acetate for 12 weeks. In all groups, except for the males given 5 ppm, growth inhibition was obvious. At the end of the treatment, no animal at 50 ppm was alive; in the other groups, the survival rates were: 20 ppm, 8 out of 10 males and 8 out of 10 females; 10 ppm, 9 out of 10 males and 10 out of 10 females; 5 ppm, 9 out of 10 males and 10 out of 10 females. In the females on 5, 10 and 20 ppm and males on 10 and 20 ppm, the number of lymphocytes and leucocytes was significantly decreased. The leuco- and lymphopenia was accompanied in a number of animals by histological changes in the lymphopoietic system, e.g., atrophy of the white pulp of the spleen was found. This change possibly induced a decrease of general resistance, so that a mycotic infection developed in the animals. At 20 and 50 ppm, a significant increase of brain water was noticed. Histological findings were not significantly different from those observed in the controls (Verschuuren et al., 1966). Groups of guinea pigs, ten of each sex, were fed 0, 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 ppm of fentin acetate for four months. All animals on 100 ppm and 30 percent of those on 50 ppm died, and in the same groups were found signs of disturbance of the iron metabolism. A level of 10 ppm gave a slight reduction in weight gain, as well as some cases of decreased haemoglobin percentage and total number of erythrocyte. The groups fed 5 ppm and 1 ppm were similar to the controls (Scholz and Weigand, 1968). Guinea pig (fentin hydroxide) Groups of three males and three females were given 0, 1, 2.5, 5 or 20 ppm of fentin hydroxide for three weeks. No changes in the growth rate, the water content, or the histology of the nervous system were observed (Verschuuren at al., 1965). Groups of ten males and ten females were fed 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 or 50 ppm of fentin hydroxide in their diet for 12 weeks. Growth depression was observed at the two highest dose levels. All animals in the 50 ppm group died during the first half, and one each in the ten and 20 ppm groups died later in the experiment. A decrease in the haemoglobin content was found in all groups, except for the males in the 2.5 and 5 ppm groups there was no change in the number of erythocytes. A decrease in the number of leucocytes (except in the males on 10 ppm) and lymphocytes (except the males on 2.5 and 5 ppm) was found in all the groups examined. The same changes as with fentin acetate were found in the lymphopoietic system (see above). A decrease in relative organ weight was found in the spleen of the females on 10 and 20 ppm and in the thymus of both sexes and uterus and testes at 20 ppm. No increase in the water content of the central nervous system was observed, except in the females at 50 ppm. Apart from the changes in the lymphopoietic system, the histological findings were not significantly different from those observed in the controls (Verschuuren et al., 1966). See also Special studies on influence on lymphatic tissue and immune responses. Rat (fentin acetate) Groups of 20 to 25 rats were given fentin acetate by stomach tube at doses equivalent to 5, 10, 25 or 50 ppm for 105 to 170 days. At 50 ppm, 70 percent of the rats died within 49 days. Nervous symptoms, as well as blood, urinary or histopathological changes, were not observed at the lower dose levels (Klimmer, 1964). In other experiments on rats, no deaths occurred during a ten-week period on 200 ppm of fentin acetate. These rats were then put on a diet containing 300 ppm, and five out of six rats died after a further 117 to 168 days (Stoner, 1966). Groups of young rats, ten of each sex, were given respectively 0, 5, 10, 25 or 50 ppm of fentin acetate for 12 weeks. Decrease of food intake and growth inhibition were recorded at 50 ppm, as well as growth inhibition in males at 25 ppm. At 10 ppm and above, the number of leucocytes in the blood was decreased in the male (leucopenia) and, at 50 ppm, the haemoglobin was reduced. At the highest level there was a decrease of the organ to heart weight ratio for the pituitary and pancreas in all animals and uterus and ovary in the females. The same ratio for the thyroid was decreased in all the females, as well as in the males at 25 and 50 ppm. Paralysis and pronation of the hind legs, associated with interstitial oedema of the central nervous system, which developed in rats treated with triethyltin hydroxide at all levels, were not observed. The water content of the spinal cord was slightly increased at 50 ppm. Histological findings were not significantly different from those observed in controls (Verschuuren at al., 1966). Groups of 20 young rats, ten of both sexes, were fed respectively, 0, 15, 40, 100, 250 or 600 ppm of fentin acetate over a period of four months. Attention was given to behaviour, growth, blood picture, urine composition, gross examination and histology of the main organs and tissues. Up to 100 ppm, no abnormalities were observed in comparison to the controls. Above 100 ppm, a dose-related inhibition of growth was seen and 600 ppm resulted in the death of 30 percent of the treated animals. (Scholz and Baeder, 1968). Rat (fentin chloride) Groups of ten rats of both sexes were given orally, over a period of 41 days, 28 doses of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg body-weight. Apart from a slight decrease in weight gain of the females at 12.5 mg/kg, no abnormalities (growth, behaviour, blood picture and urine composition, gross and histological characteristics of stomach, small intestine, spleen, liver, kidney and lung) were observed at 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg. At higher doses, a dose-related increase in mortality compared to the controls was observed (Scholz, 1963). Rat (fentin hydroxide) Groups of 10 or 20 rats of both sexes were given 0, 5, 20, 50 or 100 ppm of fentin hydroxide for 20 days. Food intake and body growth were depressed at 20 ppm and above. Death rates were 9 out of 10 at 100 ppm; 9 out of 20 at 50 ppm, and 1 out of 20 at both 20 and 5 ppm (Van Esch and Arnoldussen, 1962). Groups of rats, ten of each sex, were fed 0, 1, 3.1, 5, 10 and 31 ppm of fentin hydroxide in the diet for 90 days. Disregarding effects on erythrocyte and leucocyte counts as neither dose related nor chronologic, a no-effect level of 31 ppm was claimed (Wolf et al., 1966). Groups of ten rats of each sex were given respectively 0, 5, 10 or 25 ppm of fentin hydroxide in the diet for 12 weeks. The food intake was comparable to the controls. The females showed growth inhibition after six weeks, but they recovered in spite of continuing treatment. Growth in the males was comparable to the controls. In the females, blood leucocytes were decreased. No significant changes in water content were found in the nervous tissues. At 25 ppm, decrease of the thyroid weight was noticed (Verschuuren at al., 1962). In a similar experiment, in which ten rats of each sex were given 50 ppm of the same compound, the following features were noticed: decreased food intake, growth inhibition in both sexes, decrease in weight of the thyroid, pituitary, uterus, ovary, prostate and pancreas, as well as decrease of haemoglobin and leucocytes. Paralysis and pronation of the hindlegs, associated with interstitial oedema of the central nervous system, which developed in rats treated with triethyltin hydroxide at all levels, were not observed. The water content increased in the spinal cord, but not in the brain. (In comparison, the water content of the spinal cord and brain was increased in animals treated with levels of 5 and 10 ppm of triethyltinhydroxide). Histological findings in the animals treated with fentin hydroxide were not significantly different from those observed in the controls (Verschuuren et al., 1966). Groups of four to five week old male rats were fed fentin hydroxide in the diet at levels of 0, 100, 200 or 400 ppm over a period of 99 days. The rats fed 400 ppm were apparently repelled, since they ate only about one third as much food as the controls during the first week. All the animals in this group died within 7 to 34 days from starvation and extensive intra-alveolar haemorrhage in the lung. There was partial or complete testicular atrophy and general size and weight reduction of the organs. The rats fed 200 ppm gained less weight (231 g) than the controls (302 g). At the end of the study, the total leucocyte number and the weights of spleen and kidneys were significantly below those of the controls. The rats fed 100 ppm appeared normal throughout the study except for a significant decrease of food intake during the first week of treatment (Gaines and Kimbrough, 1968). Additional information on the findings following short-term administration of fentin compounds to rats is given under Special studies on reproduction. Long-term studies Guinea pig (fentin acetate) Groups of 20 young guinea pigs, ten from each sex, were fed respectively 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 200 ppm of fentin acetate over a period of two years. Attention was given to behaviour, food intake, weight gain, blood picture, urine composition, gross examination and histological characteristics of the main organs and tissues. At 50 ppm and above, a dose-related increase in mortality in comparison to the controls and an inhibition of growth were observed. At 10 ppm and above, fatty degenerative changes were seen in liver and heart muscle. At 1 and 5 ppm, no abnormalities, even in the blood picture, were noted in comparison to the controls (Weigand and Kief, 1965). Rat (fentin hydroxide) Groups of 50 newly weaned rats, 25 from each sex, were fed over a period of two years respectively 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 or 10 ppm of fentin hydroxide. General appearance and behaviour, growth, food intake, blood sugar and blood urea nigrogen, urine composition and SG-PT, SG-OT and SAP activity were not adversely affected at any dietary level of the test substance. Mortality of the females at 10 ppm was higher than in the controls, although at the termination of the experiment the difference was not significant. Haematological data often showed a slight decrease in white blood cells at the highest feeding level in the first year of the experiment only. This effect was less often soon at 5 ppm and only once at 2 ppm in the males. The relative thyroid weight was slightly decreased at 10 ppm in the females only. Average relative weights of the other organs were very uniform in all groups. Gross autopsy findings did not show evidence of significant pathological changes. Microscopic examinations of numerous organs and tissues, including testes, ovaries and bone marrow, did not reveal histological alterations significantly different from those observed in controls (Til et al., 1970). COMMENTS The basis for grouping the three fentin compounds for consideration together is that fentin acetate and fentin chloride are converted in plants and animals to the same compound, namely fentin hydroxide. Since the previous toxicological evaluation of the fentin compounds in 1965, a considerable number of short-term and long-term feeding studies in several species have been reported. The production of cerebral oedema in rats and guinea pigs did not appear to be pronounced except at a 50 ppm dose level. However, the reduction of lymphopoiesis in both species appeared to be of some concern. With respect to this parameter, the guinea pig appeared to be the most sensitive species studied. A reduction in lymphocyte count was evident in females at a dietary level of 2.5 ppm of fentin hydroxide. It was reported that this effect was not entirely reversible after 14 days' withdrawal from a test diet of 15 ppm of fentin acetate. In a two-year feeding study in rats a no-effect level of 2 ppm relative to decrease in white blood cells was evident. In a multigeneration rat reproduction study, reduction in testicular size was evident at 5 ppm in the F1b generation, at 2 ppm and above in the F2b generation and at 1 ppm in the F3b generation. In a second species, the dog, histological examination revealed no effect on any organ at feeding levels of up to 10 ppm for two years. There are no reports of observations of men exposed to this compound. Bearing the abovementioned observations in mind, the Committee considered the data adequate to establish an acceptable daily intake for the fentin compounds. TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION Level causing no toxicological effect Rat: 2 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 0.1 mg/kg body-weight ESTIMATE OF ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE FOR MAN 0 to 0.0005 mg/kg body-weight, applicable to fentin hydroxide, fentin acetate and fentin chloride and to the sum of each if more than one is involved RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION USE PATTERN All the three fentin compounds are nonsystemic fungicides used in many European countries, the United States, and several South American, African and Asiatic countries. On rice they are used against algae. Pre-harvest treatments Fentin compounds are recommended to control the following pests: Potatoes: Phytophthora infestans de Bary of the foliage and especially the tubers, and Alternaria solani J. u.Gr. Sugar beet: Cercospora beticola Sacc. Celery and celeriac: Septoria apii Chester Carrots: Alternaria porri f. dauci Neerg. Pecans: Fusicladium effusum, Gnomonia spp., Mycosphaerella caryigena Demaree & Cole Rice: various algae Groundnuts: Cercospora spp. Coffee: Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack Cocoa: Phytophthora palmivora Butl. The usual rates of application are between 0.15 and 0.40 kg a.i/ha in 600 to 1 000 litres of water. On coffee, the rate is 0.2 to 0.6 kg a.i/ha in more than 1 000 litres of water. For algae control on rice, the dosage is up to 1 kg a.i/ha in about 1 000 litres of water. Recommended rates of application and intervals applied between last treatment and harvest are as follows: Potatoes: 0.18 to 0.4 kg a.i./ha. 1-10 times (generally between 2 and 5 times). Safety period (in Germany) 7 days. Sugar beets: 0.18 to 0.4 kg a.i./ha. 1-3 treatments. Celery celeriac, 0.2 to 0.32 kg a.i./ha in 600-1 000 1 carrot: water, 1-7 treatments. (In Germany safety period for celery of 3 weeks) Pecans: 0.22 to 0.54 kg a.i./ha, 2 to 8 treatments. Rice: 0.75 to 1 kg a.i./ha for algae control. Peanuts, coffee, 0.2 to 0.6 kg a.i./ha. cocoa: Post-harvest treatments No post-harvest treatments are recommended. Other uses Fentin compounds are used on ornamentals, willow and poplar. Trials on hops are in process. RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS Residue data from supervised trials are given in Table II. TABLE II Summary of fentin compound residues in supervised trials Crop Country Rate of Number Preharvest Plant Detection Number Number of Highest application of interval part limit of residues residues (kg a.i/ha) treatments (days) analyzed (ppm) analyses under found detection (ppm) limit Residues of fentin hydroxide Potatoes Holland 0.20-0.46 4-7 2-98 tubers 0.01 23 17 0.04 " " 0.08-0.38 6-7 98-110 " 0.06 14 12 0.11 " England 0.22-0.56 5 21-43 " 0.01 5 5 " " 0.28 1 30-35 " 0.03 6 6 " Canada 0.15-0.25 ?-12 ?-169 " 0.03 7 7 " U.S.A. 0.17-0.34 5-11 13-15 " 0.03 17 17 " Belgium 0.30-0.36 5 22 " 0.01 1 1 Sugar beets Holland 0.30 5 43-57 beets 0.03 4 0.18 " " 0.30 5 43-57 leaves 0.06 4 1.36 " Germany 0.30 1-4 46-64 beets 0.03 5 2 0.18 " " 0.30 1-4 46-64 leaves 0.06 5 2 0.81 " Italy 0.30-0.40 ? 31 beets 0.03 10 1 0.20 " Switzerl. 0.30-0.40 2 44 leaves 0.02 4 2.45 " U.S.A. 0.22-0.34 3-6 14-45 beets 0.03 17 8 0.09 Carrots Israel 0.25-0.30 5-7 12-28 carrot 0.05 4 3 0.07 Pecans U.S.A. 0.22-0.54 2-8 46-256 nuts 0.03 17 17 Rice Italy 04-1.2 ppm 1 90 hulled rice 0.08 5 5 in irrigation water TABLE II (cont'd) Summary of fentin compound residues in supervised trials Crop Country Rate of Number Preharvest Plant Detection Number Number of Highest application of interval part limit of residues residues (kg a.i/ha) treatments (days) analyzed (ppm) analyses under found detection (ppm) limit Residues of fentin hydroxide Ground nuts U.S.A. 0.22-0.34 3-7 9-72 nuts 0.01 14 10 0.03 " U.S.A. 0.22-0.34 3-7 9-72 hulls 0.01 12 1 0.38 " U.S.A. 0.34 3-7 9 vines 0.01 3 2.5 " Israel 0.30 4 5-23 nuts 0.01 4 4 " " 0.30 4 5-23 vines 0.16 4 2.6 Coffee Kenya 0.22-0.60 ? 35 roasted 0.03 3 3 beans Residues of fentin acetate Potatoes Germany 0.216-0.324 1-5 7-21 tubers 0.03-0.04 12 8 0.07 " Ireland 0.3 3 not stated " 0.03 2 2 Sugar beets Germany 0.216-0.324 6 38 beets 0.1 6 6 Celeriac " 0.3 1-2 21-45 tubers not stated 3 3 " " 0.324 1 21-35 " 0.1 3 3 " Belgium not stated 3 21-28 stems not stated 6 6 " Germany 0.3 1-2 21-45 leaves not stated 13 2 0.19 " " 0.324 1 21-35 " 0.1 3 3 " Holland 0.24-0.30 1-6 21-28 " 0.1 2 1.0 Celeriac Holland 0.27 6 21-28 leaves 0.01 2 0.30 " Belgium not stated 3 21-28 " not stated 6 5 0.05 Carrots Germany 0.216-0.324 1-3 7-28 1/ 0.03 20 17 0.15 " " 0.216-0.324 1-3 7-28 2/ 0.02 6 5 0.06 " " 0.216-0.324 1-3 7-28 3/ 0.02 6 5 0.02 " " 0.216-0.324 1-3 7-28 4/ 0.02 6 5 0.02 TABLE II (cont'd) Summary of fentin compound residues in supervised trials Crop Country Rate of Number Preharvest Plant Detection Number Number of Highest application of interval part limit of residues residues (kg a.i/ha) treatments (days) analyzed (ppm) analyses under found detection (ppm) limit Residues of fentin acetate Rice Italy 04-1.2ppm 1 appr.go hulled 0.08 3 3 in irrigation rice water Cocoa Nigeria not stated not stated not stated not stated 0.1 8 7 0.1 Residues of fentin chloride Potatoes Germany 0.22-0.27 1-3 7-14 tubers 0.04 8 6 0.05 Sugar beets " 0.18-0.27 6 38 beets 0.10 4 4 Celeriac " 0.27 1 21-35 tubers 0.1 3 2 0.1 Carrots " 0.20 3 10-31 washed 0.02 4 2 0.08 carrots 1/ washed unpeeled carrots 2/ peeled/scraped carrots 3/ peels, calculated on total weight carrot 4/ scrapings, calculated on total weight carrot The residue date of fentin hydroxide are from treatments made in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Canada, England, Italy, Israel, Switzerland, U.S.A. and Kenya (Philips Duphar, 1963a, 1964b, 1965, 1966a-d, 1968a,b; Thompson-Hayward, 1965a,b, 1967, 1969). The residue data of fentin acetate are from experiments made in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Kenya and Nigeria (Hoechst, 1963, 1964, 1965a, 1966a-d, 1967, 1968a-f,m,o,q, 1969c,d; Hardon et al., 1962; Gembloux, 1968; Food Inspection, 1965a-b; Kröller, 1960; Nat. Inst. Publ. Health, 1960; Philips Duphar, 1967). The residue date of fentin chloride are from experiments made in Germany (Hoechst, 1966e-h, 1968g-l,n,p, 1969a,b). FATE OF RESIDUES General comments When triphenyltin acetate was decomposed in solution, the following products were detected: phenol, acetone, hydrogen peroxide, degraded organotin and benzene. There is probably also some organic or organotin peroxide present (Hedges, 1961). In the presence of light and humidity, fentin acetate and fentin chloride are transformed easily into fentin hydroxide, which metabolizes into dephenyltin and monophenyltin. Monophenyltin breaks down very quickly into Sn salts (Kröller, 1960; Hoechst, 1961; Hedges, 1961). At heating, triphenyltin hydroxide readily decomposes (see other relevant chemical properties). In animals After ingestion of fentin compounds by cows or sheep, the compound is largely excreted with the faeces (Herok and Götte, 1961; Brügemann et al., 1964). Three sheep given 10 mg daily of 113Sn-labelled fentin acetate for 25 days were killed respectively 28, 52 and 218 days after the beginning of the treatment. 113Sn was found in the milk (average concentration: 0.0017 ppm) during the treatment, but 17 days after withdrawal of the compound, its concentration in the milk was near detectable limits. Tin was present in the milk in at least two forms other than fentin acetate. During the treatment, the concentration of 113Sn in the blood and in the urine were 2.9µg/1 and 7.5µg/1, respectively. In the sheep killed at 28 days, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas, gall bladder and brain contained a greater amount of 113Sn than other organs. After 218 days, the amount of 113Sn found in the liver was still greater than in other organs (Herok and Götte, 1961). Organs of one sheep, sacrificed at the end of the feeding period with the 113Sn triphenyltin acetate, showed the following residues (comprising triphenyltin and all degradation products including inorganic tin): Organ ppm 113Sn liver 0.9 intestinal fat 0.01 depot fat 0.01 muscles 0.02 In plants Studies on the effect of tin compounds on plants have been made or are in progress in several laboratories. It has been shown that in the presence of light and air, several byproducts of fentin acetate can be formed, such as diphenyltin and finally insoluble tin (Kröller, 1960). The tin content from the leaves can be transferred to the ground. However, when 113Sn-labelled fentin acetate or hydroxide was applied to potato foliage, no translocation of 113Sn from leaves to tubers could be demonstrated above the limit of determination of 0.0001 ppm. Tin could be detected in the haulm, where the percentage of the original compound decreased for 20 days (Philips Duphar, 1964b). It has also been shown that fentin compounds have no systemic action when applied to celeriac and sugar beet (Herok and Götte, 1963). Furthermore, there is no uptake of phenyltin from the soil (Philips-Duphar, 1970; Hoechst, 1965b). This means that residues on food or feed can only result from direct contact with the pesticide or from contamination during harvest, transport or processing: potatoes, carrots, sugar beets, groundnuts, coffee, cocoa, pecans and rice are examples. With a few crops, the plant parts carrying the residues may be used as food or feed. Those feedstuffs are sugar beet tops and leaves, groundnut vines and rice hulls. As reported in "Fate of residues in animals" fentin itself and its degradation products in feed are transferred only in very small amounts into milk and meat (Brüggemann et al; 1964; Herok and Götte, 1963, 1964). The only crop from which the leaves are used for human consumption is celery. This crop forms generally only a small portion of the human diet. In soil Fentin compounds are degraded in soil almost completely within one year (Hoechst, 1967). Evidence of residues in food in commerce or at consumption No experimental data are available on the fentin residues in food moving in commerce or in the diets. Theoretically, it can be postulated, however, that the chance fentin compounds would reach the consumer is very limited. This is mainly due to the fact that the residues of fentin compounds or their metabolites occur only on the surfaces of those plant parts which have been subjects of direct treatments, or of other types of contamination, and are therefore easily removed by peeling, washing, shelling, etc., and are readily broken down in thermal processes. Peeling of potatoes, as well as cooking or other types of processing, are apt to remove the residues. After sugar beets are processed into sugar, no organic tin is found in sugar (Thompson and Hayward, 1969). Carrots generally are washed, scraped, peeled or cooked before consumption, which processes reduce the residues. The removal of shells of pecans, groundnuts and cocoa removes also the residues. The coffee beans are protected from contamination by the fruit peel and flesh, by fermentation and by roasting. Rice is protected by husk, which is removed by milling before the rice is cooked or baked for consumption. Celery and celeriac if used uncooked for human consumption may contain fentin residues at the time of consumption. The portion of these crops is, however, generally very small in human diets. The foliage of treated crops may contain fentin residues which have to be regarded as contaminants of animal feed. During silage the residues are, however, found to be degraded and the risk of contamination of animal products is avoided. METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS Fentin residues can be determined with two completely equivalent methods which give the same results in identical samples. In the method of Philips-Duphar, the triphenyltin compounds are determined absorptiometrically in the extract with pyrocatechol-violet at 630 mm. The detection limit of the method is between 0.01 and 0.12 ppm (Ross and White, 1961; Malát, 1962). In the method of Hoechst, the triphenyltin compound is converted into the tetrabromo compound, separated from traces of lead and then determined polarographically. The detection limit of the method is between 0.012 and 0.26 ppm (Bock and Gorbach, 1958; Bock et al., 1958; Bürger, 1961a,b; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 1969). Because blank values are varying according to crop variety and origin, the detection limit is not a constant figure. None of the methods can distinguish between the three fentin compounds; they give the sum of these compounds. Di- and monophenyltin are not detected by these methods. Although methods to distinguish between tri-, di- and monophenyltin are available, some difficulties are encountered in the presence of organic matter. Work on that subject is going on. For the evaluation of residues in the abovementioned crops - with exception of celery - the determination of degradation products of the three fentin compounds does not seem relevant (see 113Sn-trials). There are a number of industrial reports on the analytical methods (see References). APPRAISAL Fentin compounds evaluated by the Working Party were fentin acetate (triphenyltin acetate), fentin chloride (triphenyltin chloride) and fentin hydroxide (triphenyltin hydroxide). They are used on potato, sugar beet, celery, celeriac, leek, carrot, hops, groundnuts, pecans, coffee and cocoa in various parts of the world to control fungus diseases and on rice to control algae. They are usually applied to the crops as a suspension of wettable powder. Residue data are available from many countries: on fentin acetate from different European and American countries, on fentin hydroxide from U.S.A. and a number of European countries and on fentin chloride from Germany. The fentin compounds are subject to a gradual degradation. Fentin acetate and fentin chloride produce at first triphenyltin hydroxide which degrades to di- and monophenyltin hydroxide, and finally results in the release of tin as inorganic tin salts. Among the other degradation products, phenol, benzene and hydrogen peroxide are found. The inorganic tin released from the organic molecule is not considered as a residue of fentin compounds, but as a mineral element of foodstuffs, and should be treated as such for regulatory purposes. The degradation of fentin compounds is accelerated by sunlight, humidity, thermal processes, etc. Due to the location of the residues on the surface of the plants, washing has been found to cause a considerable reduction of the residue levels. In soil, phenyltin residues degrade almost completely within one year. As was demonstrated with a radiolabelled (113Sn) compound in various crops, neither phenyltin compounds nor their degradation products are translocated within the plant after application to the leaves; neither is there any uptake of phenyltin from soil. This means that residues on food and feed can only result from direct contact with the pesticide. None or negligible residues of the fentin compounds and their metabolites can be expected at the time of consumption in the edible parts of such crops as potatoes, carrots, groundnuts, coffee, maize, pecans and rice. In the roots of sugar beets the residues are normally very small and, in addition, any residues are eliminated during processing. The foliage of treated sugar beets has been found to contain residues. During the silage process fentin compounds are broken down into inorganic tin in about a month. The fate of fentin compounds in cows has been evaluated by feeding animals with sugar beet leaves containing about 1 ppm fentin acetate. Only about 10 percent of the amount fed was absorbed from the NATIONAL TOLERANCES Compound Country Crop Tolerance Fentin hydroxide U.S.A. potatoes 0.05 ppm sugar beets under consideration pecans extended groundnuts under consideration Fentin The Netherlands potatoes zero celery and celeriac 1.0 ppm Fentin hydroxide Federal Republic celery leaves 1.0 ppm calculated as tin and fentin acetate of Germany Fentin Yugoslavia generally 1.0 ppm calculated as tin Belgium fruit and vegetables zero celery and celeriac 1.0 ppm intestinal tract. Milk contained ca. 0.004 ppm of fentin in unchanged and changed form. Similar results have been obtained in a study on sheep, administered 113Sn labelled fentin acetate, when it was shown that the tin was finally excreted in inorganic form. In view of these results, the risks that fentin would contaminate milk are negligible. Two equivalent methods are available for the analysis of triphenyltin residues. The sensitivity of a colorimetric method is, depending on the type of crop, about 0.01 to 0.1 ppm and that of a polarographic method about 0.01 to 0.3 ppm. The various triphenyltin compounds are not distinguished by these methods: the analytical results therefore reflect the total amount of these compounds in a particular sample analysed. Although methods to distinguish between tri-, di- and monophenyltin are available (e.g. by TLC), difficulties are encountered in the presence of organic material. Work on that subject is going on. For the evaluation of residues in the above mentioned crops, with the exception of celery leaves, the determination of degradation products of fentin compounds does not seem relevant. RECOMMENDATIONS General provisions Foliage of the treated crops, as well as other parts of plants which may contain fentin residues, are not recommended to be fed fresh to domestic animals, but they should be used only as silage. Due to the degradation of the fentin compounds during silo storage, there is no need, at this stage of knowledge, to establish practical residue limits of meat and milk. Recommendations for tolerances Since the residues of fentins in the following crops were found to be less than the detection limits of the analytical methods, no tolerances are recommended: rice (detection limit: 0.08 ppm), cocoa (0.1 ppm), pecans (0.03 ppm) and coffee (0.03 ppm). Tolerances recommended refer to the total amount of fentin compounds expressed in terms of triphenyltin hydroxide. (Di- and monophenyltin and inorganic tin are not included in the figures.) The recommendations are also made on the assumption that the crops are treated according to good agricultural practice with one compound or, if two or three are integrated, at a maximum total rate recommended for any one of the three fentin compounds. TOLERANCES RECOMMENDED Parts Based on period per million from treatment to harvest PotatoesX 0.1 7 days Sugar beetsX 0.2 14 days CeleryX 1 21 days CeleriacX 0.1 21 days CarrotsX 0.2 7 days Groundnuts (shell-free) 0.05 7 days XEssentially soil-free FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION REQUIRED (by 30 June 1972) 1. Reliable analytical methods capable of distinguishing qualitatively between fentin compounds and tricyclohexyltin hydroxide or other organotin compounds and, where possible, of quantitative measurement of the separate compounds. 2. Data on the occurrence of monophenyltin and diphenyltin compounds in the residues in celery. DESIRABLE 1. More information on the effect of fentin compounds on the reticuloendothelial system, especially with respect to the reversibility of this effect. 2. Reports of toxicological observations in plant workers involved in the manufacture of these compounds. 3. Further studies on the effect on spermatogenesis. REFERENCES Baran, J., Fancher, O.E. and Calandra, J.C. (1966a) 90 day subacute oral toxicity of technical triphenyltin hydroxide - beagle dogs. Unpublished report from Industrial Bio-test Laboratories Inc., no IBT C3964 submitted to Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co. Baran, J., Fancher, O.E. and Calandra, J.C. (1966b) 100 days subacute oral toxicity of technical triphenyltin hydroxide - beagle dogs. Unpublished report from Industrial Bio-test Laboratories Inc., no IBT C4343 submitted to Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co. Bock, R. and Gorbach, S. (1958) Die Bestimmung kleiner Mengen von Triphenylzinnacetat in Pflanzenmaterial. Z. analyt. Chem., 163: 429-432 Bock, R., Gorbach, S. and Oeser, H. (1958) Analyse von Triphenylzinnverbindungen. Angew. Chem., 70: 272 Brügemann, J., Barth, K. and Nieser, K.H. (1964) Experimentelle Studien über das Auftreten von Triphenylzinnacetat Rückständen in Rübenblättern, Rübenblattsilage, damit gefütterten Tieren und deren Ausscheidungs-produkten. Zbl. Yet. Med., 11: 4-19 Bürger, K. (1961a) Zur Analytik von Organozinnverbindungen. Z. Lebensmittel-Unters. u. -Forschung, 114: 1-10 Bürger, K. (1961a) Bestimmung von Mikrogramm-Mengen Zinn in tierischem und Pflanzlichem Material nach der Dithiolmethode. Z. Lebensmittel-Unters. u.-Forschung, 114; 10-13 Cahen, R., Boucard, M., Lalaurie, M. and Lacour, C. (1970) Production expérimentale d'oedème cérébrale. C.R. Acad. Sci., (Paris) (in press) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. (1969) Rückstandsanalytik von Pflanzenschutzmitteln. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstrasse. Methode 55-B-1 FAO/WHO (1965) Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in food. 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(1961) The radiometrical estimation of the distribution and excretion of (113Sn) triphenyltin acetate in ruminants. Symp. radioisotopes in animal biology, Mexico City, p.177-188 Herok, J. and Götte, H. (1963) Radiometrische Untersuchungen über das Verhalten von Triphenylzinnacetat in Pflanze und Tier. Internat.J. Appl. Radiation and Isotopes, 14: 461-479 Herok, J. and Götte, H. (1964) Radiometrische Stoffwechselbilanz von Triphenylzinnazetat beim Milchschaf. Zbl. Vet. Med. A 11, 20-28 Hoechst Unpublished report (1961) Ing. 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Stoner, H.B. (1966) Toxicity of triphenyltin. Brit. J. industr. Med., 23: 222-229 Stoner, H.B. and Heath, D.F. (1967) The cummulative action of triphenyltin. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 5: 285-286 Syrowatka, T. (1969) Investigation of the action of organotin compounds on the oxidative phosphorylation and permeability of membrane of rat liver mitochondria Roczn. Zak. Hig. (Warsz.), 20: 717-725 Syrowatka, T. (1970) Influence of fungicides on cellular energetic processes. Roczn. Zak. Hig. (Warsz.), 21: 105-115 Tauberger, G. (1963) Tierexperimentelle Analyse der Triphenylzinnwirkung nach intravenöser Injektion. Med. exp. (Basel), 9: 393-399 Thompson-Hayward Unpublished report (1965a) R-542 Thompson-Hayward Unpublished report (1965b) R-568 Thompson-Hayward Unpublished report (1967) R-650 Thompson-Hayward Unpublished report (1969) R-755 Til, H.P. and Feron, V.J. (1965) Triphenyltinhydroxide range-finding test with dogs. Unpublished TNO report submitted by Philips-Suphar, No. R-1994 Til, H.P., Feron, V.J. and de Groot, A.P. (1967) Reproduction study with triphenyltinhydroxide in three generations of rats. Unpublished TNO report submitted by Philips-Duphar, No. 2476 Til, H.P. and Feron, V.J. (1968) Chronic (two-year) toxicity study with triphenyltinhydroxide (TPTH) in beagle dogs. Unpublished TNO report submitted by Philips-Duphar, No. 2717 Til, H.P., Feron, V.J. and der Groot, A.P. (1968) Observations on a possible effect of TPTH on testicular development in rats. Unpublished TNO report No. R 2620 submitted by Philips-Duphar. Til, H.P., Feron, V.J. and de Groot, A.P. (1970) Chronic toxicity study with triphenyltinhydroxide in rats for two years. Unpublished TNO report submitted by Philips-Duphar, No. R-3138 Ueda, K., Iijima, K. and Yoshida, S. (1961) Acute oral toxicity of organotin compounds for mice. Unpublished report from Tokyo Dental College submitted to Sankyo Chemical Co. Van Esch, G.J. and Arnoldussen, A.M. (1962) Range-finding test as to the toxicity of triphenyltinhydroxide during 18 days. Unpublished report of the National Institute of Public Health, Utrecht, No. Tox 39/62 Verschuuren, H.G., Kroes, R. and van Esch, G.J. (1965) Semi-chronic investigation as to the toxicity of triphenyltinhydroxide in guinea pigs. Unpublished report of the National Institute of Public Health, Utrecht, No. Tox. 33/65 Verschuuren, H.G., Kroes, R. Vink, H.H. and van Esch, G.J. (1966) Short-term toxicity studies with triphenyltin compounds in rats and guinea-pigs. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 4: 35-45 Verschuuren, H.G., Ruitenberg, E.J., Peetoom, F., Helleman, P.W. and van Esch, G.J. (1970) Influence of triphenyltin acetate on lymphatic tissue and immune responses in guinea pigs. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 16: 400-410 Weigand and Kief, Brestan-Wirkstoff (1965) 96 percent ig = Triphenylzinnacetate 96 percent ig Chronischer Futterungsversuch. Meerschweinchen. Unpublished report from Hoechst A.G., 25 May 1965 Wolf, C., Fancher, O.E. and Calandra, J.C. (1966) 90 day sub-acute oral toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide - albino rats. Unpublished report from Industrial Bio-test Laboratories Inc., submitted to Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co. PART II LIST OF INDUSTRIAL REPORTS ON ANALYTICAL METHODS Philips Duphar L3-52-16. Clean-up for the residue determination of triphenyltin compounds in vegetable matter. Philips Duphar L3-52-18. Clean-up for the residue determination of triphenyltin compounds in potatoes. Philips Duphar L3-52-19. Absorptiometric determination of tin in cleaned-up residues. Philips Duphar L3-52-21. Clean-up for the residue determination of fentin hydroxide in rice. Philips Duphar L3-52-23. Clean-up for the residue determination of triphenyltin compounds in tomatoes, carrots, onions and butter-beans. Philips Duphar L3-52-25. Clean-up for the residue determination of triphenyltin compounds in sugar-beets. Philips Duphar L3-52-26. Clean-up for the residue determination of triphenyltin compounds in celery and sugar-beets. Philips Duphar L3-52-29. Clean-up for the residue determination of triphenyltin compounds in roasted coffee-beans. Farbwerke Hoechst. Die Bestimmung kleiner Mengen von 1966 Triphenylzinn in Pflanzenmaterial (Dr. Gorbach 111/66 dated 1-12-1966). Thompson-Hayward. Clean-up for the polarographic residue 1965a determination of triphenyltin compounds in potatoes + polarographic tin determination in pre-cleaned residues (from report 2-542). Thompson-Hayward. Clean-up for the polarographic residue 1965b determination of triphenyltin compounds in pecans + polarographic determination of inorganic tin (from report R-568). Thompson-Hayward. Clean-up procedure for the colorimetric 1967 residue determination of triphenyltin compounds in peanuts (from report R-650).
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations Fentin Compounds (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 2)