222. Annexes (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 1)

WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 1

1971 EVALUATIONS OF SOME PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD

THE MONOGRAPHS

The evaluations contained in these monographs were prepared by the
Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues that met
in Geneva from 22 to 29 November 1971.¹

World Health Organization

Geneva

1972

¹ Pesticide Residues in Food: Report of the 1971 Joint Meeting of
the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues and the WHO
Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep.
Ser., No. 502; FAO Agricultural Studies, 1972, No. 88.

These monographs are also issued by the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, as document AGP-1971/M/9/1.

FAO and WHO 1972

ANNEX I

INDEX TO DOCUMENTATION AND SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKES, TOLERANCES, AND PRACTICAL RESIDUE LIMITS, AS OF
NOVEMBER 1971*

Pesticide FAO/WHO Maximum Tolerances² Practical limits² Remarks
publication acceptable and (ppm)
dates daily guideline levels³
(see list of intake (ppm)
references (mg/kg
in body
Annex II)¹ weight)

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

acrylonitrile 1965c

aldrin 1967b, 0.0001 See also dieldrin.
1968b

allethrin 1965b

arsenic (as calcium 1969b
or lead arsenate)

azinphos-methyl 1969b 0.0025 Apricots, grapes......... 4^a Residues for "vegetables"
Other fruit.............. 1^a for review in 1972, not 1973
# Vegetables............. 0.5^a as in Annex 1 of Ref. 1971a.

BHC (mixture of 1969b
isomers)

binapacryl 1970b 0.0025 Peaches, cherries........ 1
Apples, pears, grapes.... 0.5
Plums.................... 0.3
Nectarines............... 0.2

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

bromide (inorganic 1969b, 1 Raw cereals, wholemeal Recommendations relate
form, derived from 1970b, flour.................... 50 exclusively to inorganic
bromine-containing bromide, not to bromine
fumigants and other 1972a,b present as unchanged fumigant.
sources) # Other recommendations
from previous meetings held
in abeyance pending further
data on normal background
bromide levels and on
residues from supervised trials
(see report and
monographs).

calcium arsenate 1969b

captafol 1970b 0.05^b Peaches.................. 15^b Recommendations relate
Cherries (sour).......... 10^b only to parent substance.
Cherries (sweet)......... 2^b Referred to as "difolatan"
Tomatoes................. 5^b on p. 18 of Ref. 1969a.
Melons (whole)........... 2^b
Cucumbers (whole)........ 1^b
Apricots................. 0.5^b
Plums.................... 0.2^b

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

captan 1970b 0.125^b Apples, cherries......... 40^b
Pears.................... 30^b
Apricots................. 20^b
Citrus fruit, peaches, plums,
rhubarb, tomatoes........ 15^b
Strawberries, raspberries,
cranberries, cucumbers,
lettuce, green beans,
peppers.................. 10^b
Raisins.................. 5^b

Carbaryl 1967b 0.01^b Raspberries, blackberries, Earlier tolerances reviewed
1968b, boysenberries, peaches, at 1969 Meeting in light of
1969b, nectarines, asparagus, Codex comments. Tolerance
1970b, okra, leafy vegetables on whole milk temporarily
1971b (except brassica nuts withdrawn (see monograph).
(whole), olives
(fresh).................. 10^b
Citrus fruit, strawberries,
blueberries.............. 7^b
Apples, bananas (pulp)
grapes, beans, peas
(including pod), brassica,
tomatoes, peppers, eggplant,
poultry skin)............ 5^b
Poultry (total) (edible
portions)................ 0.5^b
Cucurbits (including
melons................... 3^b

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

Rice..................... 2.5^b
Cottonseed (whole), sweet
corn (kernels), nuts
(shelled), olives
(processed), meat of cattle,
goats, and sheep......... 1^b
Potatoes................. 0.2^b

carbon 1965c, # Raw cereals............ 50^e Guideline levels (see
disulfide 1968b, # Milled cereal products. 10^f footnote 3 and report
1970a, # Bread and other cooked on 1971 meeting).
1972a,b cereal products........ 0.05^g

carbon 1965c, # Raw cereals............ 50^e Guideline levels (see
tetrachloride 1968b, # Milled cereal products. 10^f footnote 3 and report
1970a, # Bread and other cooked cereal on 1971 meeting).
1972b products................. 0.05^g

chlorbenside 1965b 0.01

chlordane 1968b, 0.001 Potatoes, sweet potatoes, Milk and Expressed as the sum of the
1970b, rutabagas, turnips milk cis- and trans-isomers in
1971b parsnips sugar beet, products plant products and as the
radishes................. 0.3 (fat basis)...... 0.05 sum of cis- and trans-isomers
Asparagus broccoli, Fat of meat and oxychlordane in
Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and poultry...... 0.05 animal products.

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

celery, cauliflower, mustard Eggs (shell Tolerances apply to residues
greens, spinach, Swiss free)............ 0.02 resulting from soil or seed
chard, lettuce........... 0.2 treatments apart from that
Beans, peas, egg plant, for cottonseed oil.
tomatoes, collards
(= coleworts)............ 0.02
Wheat, rye, oats, rice
(polished), maize, popcorn,
sorghum.................. 0.05
Cantaloupes, cucumbers,
pumpkins, squash,
watermelons.............. 0.1
Almonds, bananas, figs,
filberts, guavas, mangoes,
olives, passion fruit,
papayas, pecans,
pomegranates,
pineapples, strawberries
walnuts.................. 0.1
Citrus, pome, and stone
fruits................... 0.02
Crude soya bean and
linseed oils............. 0.5
Crude cottonseed oil..... 0.1
Edible cottonseed oil.... 0.02
Edible soya bean oil..... 0.02

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

chlordimeform 1972b, 0.01^d Pears, peaches, prunes... 5^d Tolerances expressed as the
Apples, grapes, plums, sum of chlordimeform and
strawberries............. 3^d its metabolites determined
Cherries, citrus, brassica as 4-chloro-o-toluidine and
cottonseed oil (crude and expressed as chlordimeform
refined), cottonseed..... 2^d
Beans.................... 0.5^d
Fat, meat and meat products
of cattle................ 0.5^d
Milk (whole)............. 0.05^d
Milk products............ 0.5^d

chlorfenson 1965b 0.01

chlorfenvinphos 1972b 0.002 Carrots, celery.......... 0.4 Expressed as the sum of the
Meat (fat basis)......... 0.2 alpha and beta isomers of
Milk and milk products (fat chlorfenvinphos.
basis)................... 0.2
Cauliflower, radish,
horseradish, tomatoes.... 0.1
Brussels sprouts, cabbage,
broccoli, swedes, turnips,
potatoes, sweet potatoes,
onions, leeks, aubergines,
mushrooms, peanuts
(shelled), maize, wheat
(grain), cottonseed, rice
(raw and polished)....... 0.05

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

chlormequat 1971b Maximum residues (ppm)
following approved use
indicated as:
Raw grains (rye and
oats)............... 5
Raw grains (wheat).. 2
Grapes and dried vine
fruits.............. 1
In absence of ADI, no
tolerances established.

chlorobenzilate 19691, 0.02 Apples, pears (whole
fruit)................... 5^a
Citrus fruit (whole)..... 1^a
Almonds, walnuts
(without shells)......... 0.2^a
Melons, cantaloupes...... 1^a
chloropicrin 1965c

chloropropylate 1969b 0.01^a Apples, pears, citrus fruit ADI is temporary; this fact
see (whole).................. 3^a was erroneously omitted
remarks) Tomatoes, cantaloupes.... 1^a from Annex 2 of Ref. 1969a
and from Appendix 1 of Ref.
1970a. See monograph, Ref.
1959b, p. 62.

chlorpropham 1956b

chlorthion 1965b

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

coumaphos 1969b 0.0005^a Eggs (shell-free)........ 0.05^a to be determined as
Meat (including poultry (on coumaphos and oxygen
fat basis)............... 0.5^a analogue and expressed as
coumaphos.
crufomate 1969b 0.1 Whole milk............... 0.05^a
Meat (fat basis)......... 1^a

2, 4-D 1971b, 0.3 # Barley, oats, rye,
1972b, wheat.................... 0.2

DDT 1967b, 0.005 Apples, pears, peaches Whole milk....... 0.05 ADI is "conditional".
1968b, (see apricots, small fruit (except Milk Tolerance on fish withdrawn
1969b, remarks) strawberries), vegetables products at 1969 Meeting.
1970b (except root vegetables), fat basis........ 1.25 Limits apply to DDT, DDD
meat and poultry (on fat and DDE singly or in
basis)................... 7 Eggs (shell-free). 0.5 combination.
Nuts (shelled), strawberries, Tolerances subject to
root vegetables.......... 1 regular review.
Cherries, plums, citrus and
tropical fruit........... 3.5

demeton 1965b, 0.0025
1968b

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

diazinon 1965b, 0.002 Peaches, citrus fruit, Residues to be determined
1967b, cherries................. 0.7 and expressed as the parent
1968b, Other fruits............. 0.5 compound. Residues decline
1969b, Leafy vegetables......... 0.7 rapidly during storage and
1971b Other vegetables......... 0.5 shipment; the tolerances are
Wheat, barley, rice based on residues likely to
(polished)............... 0.1 be found at harvest or
Almonds, walnuts, filberts, slaughter (see monograph).
pecans, peanuts
(shelled)................ 0.5
Cottonseed, safflower
seed sunflower seed...... 0.5
Sweet corn (kernels and
cob with husks removed).. 0.7
Olives and olive oil..... 2
Fat of meat of cattle,
sheep and hogs........... 0.7
1,2-dibromoethane 1967b, # Raw cereals............ 20^e Analytical method must
1968b, # Milled cereal products. 5^f identify residue, because
1970a, # Bread and other cooked guideline level refers to
1972 cereal products.......... 0.1^g original fumigant. Previously
listed as ethylene dibromide.
dichlofluanid 1970b

1,2-dichloroethane 1965c # Raw cereals............ 50^e Previously listed as ethylene
1968b, # Milled cereal products. 10^f dichloride.
1970a, # Bread and other cooked
1972 products................. 0.1^g

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

dichlorvos 1967b, 0.004 Cocoa beans.............. 5 The tolerances are based on
1968b Raw grain (wheat, rice, rye, residues likely to be found
1970b, oats, barley, maize, at harvest or slaughter.
1971b sorghum, etc.)........... 2 Residues decline rapidly during
Milled products from raw storage or shipment (see
grain.................... 0.5 monograph).
Coffee beans, soya beans, The tolerance for
lentils, peanuts......... 2 "miscellaneous food items not
Mushrooms................ 0.5 otherwise specified", for
Fresh vegetables (except example bread, cakes, cheese,
lettuce)................. 0.5 cooked meats, etc. is intended
Tomatoes................. 0.5 to cover residues resulting
Fresh fruit (apples, pears, from usage of dichlorvos for
peaches, strawberries, pest control purposes in
etc.).................... 0.1 storage in warehouses, shops,
Meat of cattle, sheep, etc.
goats, pigs, and poultry. 0.05

dicofol 1969b. 0.025 Fruit, hops, vegetables, # "Tea" refers to dry
1971b tea...................... 5 manufactured tea

dieldrin 1967b, 0.0001 Asparagus, broccoli, Carrots, Practical residue limit for
1968b, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, lettuce, shell-free eggs is equivalent
1969b, cauliflower, cucumber, fat of meat...... 0.2 to 0.25 ppm in egg yolk.
1970b, eggplant, horseradish, Milk and Limits apply to aldrin and
1971b onions, parsnips, peppers, milk dieldrin singly or together
pimentoes, radishes, products and expressed as dieldrin.
radish tops.............. 0.1 (fat basis)...... 0.15

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

dieldrin Fruit (other than citrus) 0.1 Raw cereals
(cont'd) Citrus fruit............. 0.05 (other than
Rice (rough)............. 0.02 rice)............ 0.02
Potatoes................. 0.02 Eggs (shell-free. 0.1
difolatan
(see captafol)

dimethoate 1968b, 0.02 Tree fruit (including Residues to be determined
1971b citrus).................. 2 as dimethoate and its oxygen
Tomatoes and peppers..... 1 analogue and expressed as
Other vegetables......... 2 dimethoate.

dimethrin 1965b

dinocap 1970b

dioxithion 1969b 0.0015 Pome fruit............... 5^a Residues of cis- and
Grapes................... 2^a trans-isomers of principal
Citrus fruit............. 3^a active ingredient to be
Meat, excluding poultry determined and expressed
(fat basis).............. 1^a as sum of both.

diphenyl 1967b, 0.125 Citrus fruit............. 110
1968b

diphenylamine 1970b, 0.025 Apples................... 10

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

diquat (cation) 1971b, 0.002a Rice (in husk)........... 5^a # To be reviewed in 1972, not
Rape seed, sorghum....... 2^a 1973 as listed on p. 40 of
Peas, beans, sunflower Ref. 1971a.
seed..................... 0.1^c
Onions, potatoes, maize,
rice (polished).......... 0.1^c
Edible oils (sesame seed,
sunflower seed, rape seed,
cottonseed).............. 0.1^c

dithiocarbamates, 1965b, 0.025^b ADI applies to parent
dimethyl 1968b, compound or to sum of
(ferbam, 1971b residues of all compounds
thiram, and ziram) present.
# To be reviewed in 1973, not
1972 as recorded in Annex I
of Ref. 1971a.

dithiocarbamates, 1965b, 0.025^b ADI applies to parent
ethylene bis 1968b, compound or to sum of residues
(mancozeb, maneb, 1971b of all compounds present (see
and zineb, including mancozeb).
zineb derived from # To be reviewed in 1973, not
nabam plus zinc 1972 as recorded in Annex I
sulfate) of Ref. 1971a.

DNOC 1965b

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

endosulfan 1968b, 0.0075 # Tea (dry, manufactured) 30 To be measured and reported
1969b, Fruit, vegetables........ 2 as total endosulfan A and
1972b # Cottonseed............. 0.5 B and endosulfan sulfate.
# Cottonseed oil (crude). 0.2
# Rice (unpolished)...... 0.1

endrin 1965b, 0.0002 Cottonseed, cottonseed oil Milk and All recommendations are
1971b (crude).................. 0.1 milk total figures for endrin plus
Edible cottonseed and products delta-keto-endrin.
maize oil................ 0.02 (fat basis)...... 0.02
Apples beat, barley, Fat of
sorghum, rice (husked Poultry.......... 1
and/or polished)......... 0.02 Eggs (shell-free) 0.02

ethion 1969b, 0.00125 Grapes................... 2^a The proviso "at slaughter"
1970b, Other fruit.............. 1^a made for meat at 1968 Meeting
Vegetables............... 0.5^a withdrawn. Distinction
Tea...................... 7^a between blended and straight
Meat (fat basis)......... 2.5^a tea withdrawn.

ethoxyquin 1970b, 0.06 Apples, pears............ 3 ADI and tolerances erroneously
designated as temporary in
Appendix I of Ref. 1970a.

ethylene dibromide See 1,2-dibromoethane.

ethylene dichloride See 1,2-dichloroethane.

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

ethylene oxide 1965c,
1969b,
1970a,
1972

fenchlorfos 1969b 0.01 Whole milk............... 0.04^a Residues of fenchlorfos and
Egg yolk................. 0.05^a oxygen analogues to be
Meat (fat basis)......... 7.5^a determined and expressed
as fenchlorfos.

fenthion 1972b, 0.0005d Apples, peaches, cherries, Tolerances for fenthion and
lettuce, fat of meat..... 2^d its major metabolites,
Cabbage, cauliflower, determined separately or
olives, olive oil........ 1^d together and expressed as
Grapes, oranges, peas, fenthion.
meat..................... 0.5^d
Squash................... 0.2^d
Wheat, rice, milk products
(fat basis).............. 0.1^d
Milk (whole)............. 0.05^d

fentin 1971b 0.0005 Celery....... 1 Triphenyl tin considered in
Sugarbeet, see FAO/WHO 1965b. Tolerances on
carrots...... remarks 0.2 root crops expressed on
Potatoes, "soil-free basis". Tolerances
celeriac..... 0.1 to refer to the total amount
Peanuts (shelled)........ 0.05 of fentin compounds present,
expressed as fentin hydroxide.

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

(Inorganic tin is not included
in these tolerances.)
"Requirements" from 1970
Meeting Ref. 1971a) to be
reviewed in 1972.

fenitrothion 1970b, 0.001^c Apples, cherries, grapes, Milk Figures for milk products
lettuce.................. 0.5^c products erroneous in Ref. 1970a.
Red cabbage, tea (green at (fat basis)...... 0.05^c # Date for review postponed
harvest)................. 0.3^c Meat or fat to 1974 to provide longer
Tomatoes................. 0.2^c of meat.......... 0.03^c period for experiments.
Cocoa.................... 0.1^c Milk (whole)..... 0.002c

ferbam 1965b, 0.025^b See dithiocarbamates.
1968b

folpet 1970b, 0.16^b Currants (fresh)......... 30^b Recommendations apply
Grapes blueberries....... 25^b only to parent compound.
Cherries, raspberries.... 15^b
Apples, citrus fruit..... 10^b
Tomatoes,................ 5^b
Cucumber, cantaloupe
(whole), water melon
(whole), onions.......... 2^b

formothion 1970b, Strawberries............. 0.3 Residues present as dimethoate
Black currants........... 2 to be covered by
recommendations for dimethoate.

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

heptachlor 1967b, 0.0005 Pineapple (edible Milk and Residues of heptachlor and
1968b, portions)................ 0.01 milk its epoxide to be determined
1969b, products separately and the sum to be
1970b, (fat basis)...... 0.15 expressed as heptachlor.
1971b Fat of meat Certain of these practical
and poultry...... 0.2 residue limits may include
Raw cereals residues resulting from
tomatoes, applications to soil or seed.
cottonseed,
soya beans,
edible soya
bean oil......... 0.02
Vegetables
(except where
otherwise
specified),
sugar beet, # Sugar beet erroneously
eggs (shell-free) 0.05 omitted from Ref. 1971a.
Carrots.......... 0.2
Crude soya
bean oil......... 0.5
Citrus fruit..... 0.01

hexachlorobenzene 1970b see Fat of cattle, Tentative negligible daily
remarks) sheep, intake of 0.0006 mg/kg
goats, and established (To be reviewed
poultry.......... 1^b in 1973. See monograph.)
Eggs (shell-free) 1^b

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

Milk products.... 0.3^b
Raw wheat........ 0.05^b
Cereal products
(from wheat),
milk (whole)..... 0.01^b

hydrogen cyanide 1965c, 0.05 Raw cereals.............. 75
1969b Flour.................... 6

hydrogen 1967b, Not Flour and other milled Hydrogen phosphide present
phosphide 1968b, necessary cereal products, breakfast as such or derived from any
1970b, (see cereals, dried vegetables, phosphide present. Good
1972 remarks) spices, usage practices should
# nuts, peanuts, dried ensure that residues are not
fruit, cocoa beans, other detectable at time of
dried foods.............. 0.01 consumption.
Raw cereals.............. 0.1

lead 1969b
(as lead arsenate)

Lindane 1967b, 0.0125 Vegetables............... 3 Eggs (yolk)...... 0.2 Referred to as "gamma"
1968b, Cranberries, cherries, Milk and BHC prior to 1967.
1969b, grapes, plums, and milk
1971b strawberries............. 3 products
Fat of meat (cattle, (fat basis)...... 0.1
pigs, sheep)............. 2 Poultry (fat
Beans (dried)............ 1 basis)........... 0.7
Raw cereals.............. 0.5

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

malathion 1967b, 0.02 Raw cereals nuts, dried The tolerances are based on
1968b, fruits................... 8 residues likely to be found
1969b, Whole meal and flour from at harvest. Residues decline
1971b rye and wheat............ 2 rapidly during storage or
Citrus fruit............. 4 monograph).
Blackberries, raspberries
lettuce, endive, cabbage,
spinach.................. 8
Cherries, peaches, plums. 6
Broccoli................. 5
Tomatoes, kale, turnips.. 3
Beans (green), apples.... 2
Strawberries, celery..... 1
Pears, blueberries, peas
(in pod), cauliflower,
peppers, eggplant,
kohlrabi, roots (except
turnips), Swiss
chard, collards.......... 0.5

mancozeb 1968b 0.025^b Potatoes................. 1^b Temporary tolerance applies
1971b to parent compound or to
sum of all dithiocarbamates
present.

maneb 1965b, 0.025^b See dithiocarbamates.

methoxychlor 1965b 0.1

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

methyl bromide 1967b, # Nuts, peanuts.......... 100^e Guideline figures relate only
1968b, # Raw cereals, cocoa to unchanged fumigant.
1972 beans.................... 50^e (see also "bromide".)
# Dried fruits........... 20^e
# Milled cereal products. 10^f
# Bread, other cooked
cereal products, cocoa
products, dried fruits,
nuts, peanuts............ 0.5^g
mevinphos 1965b

MGK 264 1968b

nabam 1965b, 0.025^b See entries for
1968b "dithiocarbamates and "zineb"

omethoate 1972b 0.0005^d Apples, apricots, cherries, See also dimethoate and
grapes, peaches, pears, formothion.
plums.................... 2^d

organomercurial 1967b Possible figures are Monograph in Ref. 1967b is
compounds 1968b suggested in Ref. entitled "phenylmercury
1968b, p. 208. acetate".

orthophenylphenol See 2-phenylphenol.

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

oxydemeton-methyl 1968b, Withdrawn Referred to as
1969b at Joint demeton-S-methylsulfoxide
Meeting in publications prior to
in 1968 Ref. 1968b.
(Ref. 1969a)

oxythioquinox 1969b, Renamed
quinomethionate.

paraquat (cation) 1971b 0.0007^a Cottonseed............... 0.2^a To be reviewed in 1972, not
Potatoes................. 0.1^a 1973 as listed on p. 42 of
Cottonseed meal, Ref. 1971a.
cottonseed oil (edible),
sugar cane juice......... 0.05^a

parathion 1965b, 0.005 Vegetables (except Reexamination of data at
1968b carrots)................. 0.7 1969 Meeting showed that
1970b, Peaches, apricots, citrus tolerance recommendations
1971b fruit.................... 1 for two groups of fruit had
Other fresh fruit........ 0.5 been recorded wrongly in
previous reports.

parathion-methyl 1969b 0.001^a Fruit, cole crops, Cucurbits, include
cucurbits................ 0.2^a cantaloupes, melons and
Other vegetables......... 1^a cucumbers.
Cottonseed oil........... 0.05^a

phenyl mercury See organomercurial
acetate compound

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

2-phenylphenol 1 Cantaloupes (whole)...... 120 Residues expressed as
(and sodium salt) Pears.................... 25 2-phenylphenol.
Carrots, peaches......... 20 Referred to as
Sweet potatoes, apples, orthophenyl-phenol on p. 18
plums (including fresh of Ref. 1969a.
prunes).................. 15
Citrus fruit, cucumbers,
peppers, cantaloupes
(edible portions),
pineapple, tomatoes...... 10
Cherries, nectarines..... 3

phosphamidon 1965b, 0.001 Raw cereals.............. 0.1^a Expressed as the sum of
1967b, Apples, pears............ 0.5^a phosphamidon and its
1969b, Citrus fruit............. 0.4^a desethyl derivative.
1972b Other fruit, cole crops.. 0.2^a
Tomatoes, lettuce,
cucumbers, water-melons.. 0.1^a
Other vegetables (except
root vegetables for which
a tolerance is not
required)................ 0.2^a

phosphine See hydrogen phosphide.

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

piperonyl 1967b, 0.03^a Raw cereals.............. 20^a Only data for codfish
butoxide 1968b, Fresh fruit and vegetables, examined at 1969 Meeting.
1970b dried fruit and vegetables,
oil-seeds, tree nuts..... 8^a
Dried codfish............ 1^a

propham 1965b

pyrethrins 1967b, 0.04^a Raw cereals.............. 3^a Only data for codfish
1968b, Fresh fruit and vegetables, examined at 1969 Meeting.
1970b dried fruit and vegetables,
oil-seeds, tree nuts..... 1^a
Dried codfish............ 0.1^a

quinomethionate 1969b, Listed in Ref. 1969b as
oxythioquinox, subsequently
renamed.

quintozene 1970b 0.001^b Mushrooms................ 10^b
Peanuts (whole).......... 5^b
Bananas (whole).......... 1^b
Lettuce, peanuts
(kernels)................ 0.3^b
Beans (navy), potatoes... 0.2^b
Tomatoes................. 0.1^b
Cottonseed............... 0.03^b
Broccoli, cabbage........ 0.02^b
Bananas (pulp), beans
(other than navy),
peppers (bell)........... 0.01^b

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

2,4,5-T 1971b

thiabendazole 1971b, 0.05 # Apples, pears.......... 10
1972b Citrus fruit............. 6
Bananas.................. 3
Bananas (pulp)........... 0.4

thiometon 1970b

thiram 1965b, 0.025^b See dithiocarbamates.
1968b

toxaphene 1969b

trichlorfon 1972b 0.01^d Peppers.................. 1^d
Bananas (pulp), peaches,
Brussels sprouts,
cauliflower, kale, sweet
corn (kernels and cobs),
celery, beet, wheat...... 0.2^d
Barley, maize, apples,
cherries, oranges,
strawberries, artichokes,
cabbage, cowpeas, beans
(blackeyed, green and lima),
mustard greens, pumpkins,
tomatoes, turnips,
cottonseed, linseed, rape
seed, safflower

Blank spaces indicate no recommendations made

trichlorfon seed, soya beans,
(cont'd) peanuts (shelled)........ 0.1^d
Meat, fat byproducts and
offal of cattle and pigs. 0.1^d
Milk (whole)............. 0.05^d
Sugar beet............... 0.05^d

trichloroethylene 1969b 1969 Meeting decided not
necessary to continue to
study this compound.

trichloronat 1972b

tricyclohexyltin 1971b 0.0075^c Apples, pears............ 2^c Expressed as the parent
hydroxide compound.

triphenyltin 1965b Also see fentin compounds.

zineb 1965b, (Including zineb derived
1968b from nabam plus zinc
sulfate.
See dithiocarbamates.

ziram 1965b, 0.025^b See dithiocarbamates.
1968b

* Further details concerning the recommendations will be found in the original documents referred to in the second column. Explanatory notes
are given at the end of this table

# Indicates additions or modifications made by the 1971 Joint Meeting concerning compounds considered at previous meetings.

¹ The dates of publication refer to the first complete or completely revised monograph. Where more than one date is given, later dates refer
to addenda to the monograph in the first reference. Where a monograph has been completely revised no mention is made of any earlier obsolete
ones. Where the only date given is 1972, the compound was considered at the 1971 Joint Meeting for the first time.

² Unless otherwise indicated, the tolerance and practical residue limits should apply as soon as practicable after harvest to the raw
agricultural products moving in commerce and prior to processing. For commodities entering international trade, tolerances are applicable, unless
otherwise indicated, at the point of entry into a country or as soon as practicable thereafter. All levels refer to contents or samples
representative of individual consignments or lots.

^a Temporary: results of work to be made available not later than 30 June 1972.

^b Temporary: results of work to be made available not later than 30 June 1973.

^c Temporary: results of work to be made available not later than 30 June 1974.

^d Temporary: results of work to be made available not later than 30 June 1975.

³ Guideline levels are printed in italics. They are included to assist administering authorities, even though ADIs have not been established
for the individual fumigants. The levels recorded are those that need not be exceeded if good practices are followed. They are intended to be
applied at one of the stages indicated below and in the knowledge that when so applied residues of unchanged fumigants in food as offered for
consumption would not exceed an amount close to the limit of determination by present analytical methods:

^e To apply at point of entry into a country and, in the case of cereal for milling, if product has been freely exposed to air for a period of
at least 24 hours after fumigation and before sampling.

^f To apply to milled cereal products to be subjected to baking or cooking.

^g To apply to commodity at point of retail sale or when offered for consumption.

ANNEX II

REFERENCES

FAO (1966) Report of the Second Session of the FAO Working Party on
Pesticide Residues (Extract). FAO Meeting Report, No. PL/1965/12

FAO/WHO (1958) Procedures for the testing of intentional food
additives to establish their safety for use; second report of the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. FAO Nutrition
Meetings Report Series, No. 17; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep.
Ser., No. 144

FAO/WHO (1961) Evaluation of the carcinogenic hazards of food
additives; fifth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
Food Additives. FAO Nutrition Studies, No. 29; Wld Hlth Org.
techn. Rep. Ser., No. 220

FAO/WHO (1962) Principles governing consumer safety in relation to
pesticide residues; report of a meeting of a WHO Expert Committee
on Pesticide Residues held jointly with the FAO Panel of Experts
on the Use of Pesticides in Agriculture. FAO Plant Production and
Protection Division Report, No. PL/1961/11; Wld Hlth Org. techn.
Rep. Ser., 1962, No. 240

FAO/WHO (1964) Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in
food; report of a Joint Meeting of the FAO Committee on Pesticides
in Agriculture and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues.
FAO Meeting Report, No. PL/1963/13; WHO/Food Add./23 (1964)

FAO/WHO (1965a) Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in
food; report of the Second Joint Meeting of the FAO Committee on
Pesticides in Agriculture and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Meeting Report, No. PL/1965/10; WHO/Food Add./26.65

FAO/WHO (1965b) Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues,
in food. FAO Meeting Report, No. PL:1965/10/1; WHO/Food Add./27.65

FAO/WHO (1965c) Evaluation of the hazards to consumers resulting
from the use of fumigants in the protection of food. FAO Meeting
Report, No. PL:1965/10/2; WHO/Food Add./28.65

FAO/WHO (1967a) Pesticide residues in food; joint report of the FAO
Working Party on Pesticide Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 73; Wld Hlth
Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 370

FAO/WHO (1967b) Evaluation of some pesticide residues in food. FAO,
PL: CP/15; WHO/Food Add./67.32

FAO/WHO (1968a) Pesticide residues; report of the 1967 Joint
Meeting of the FAO Working Party and the WHO Expert Committee. FAO
Meeting Report, No. PL:1967/M/11; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser.,
No. 391

FAO/WHO (1968b) 1967 evaluations of some pesticide residues in food.
FAO/PL:1967/M/11/1; WHO/Food Add./68.30

FAO/WHO (1968c) Specifications for the identity and purity of food
additives and their toxicological evaluation: some flavouring
substances and non-nutritive sweetening agents; eleventh report of
the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee an Food Additives. FAO Nutrition
Meetings Report Series, No. 44; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser.,
No. 383

FAO/WHO (1969a) Pesticide residues in food; report of the 1968
Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. FAO
Agricultural Studies, No. 78; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser.,
No. 417

FAO/WHO (1969b) 1968 evaluations of some pesticide residues in
food. FAO/PL:1968/M/9/1; WHO/Food Add./69.35

FAO/WHO (1969c) Specifications for the identity oral purity of food
additives and their toxicological evaluation: some antibiotics;
twelfth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 45; Wld Hlth
Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 430

FAO/WHO (1969d) Report of the Fourth Session of the Codex Committee
on Pesticide Residues. Alinorm 70/24

FAO/WHO (1970a) Pesticide residues in food; report of the 1969
Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues. FAO
Agricultural Studies, No. 84; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser.,
No. 458

FAO/WHO (1970b) 1969 evaluations of some pesticide residues in
food. FAO/PL:1969/M/17/1; WHO/Food Add./70.38

FAO/WHO (1970c) Report of the Fifth Session of the Codex Committee
on Pesticide Residues. Alinorm 71/24

FAO/WHO (1971a) Pesticide residues in food; report of the 1970
Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues. FAO
Agricultural Studies, No. 87; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser.,
No. 474

FAO/WHO (1971b) 1970 evaluations of some pesticide residues in
food. FAO/AGP/1970/M/12/1; WHO/Food Add./71.42

FAO/WHO (1971c) Report of a meeting of an Ad Hoc Working Group of
the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. Alinorm 72/24

FAO/WHO (1972b) 1971 evaluations of some pesticide residues in
food. FAO/AGP/1971/M/9/1; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 1

WHO (1967) Procedures for investigating intentional and
unintentional food additives; report of a WHO Scientific Group. Wld
Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 348

ANNEX III

ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE GLOSSARY

Limit of determination

The limit of determination of a method of analysis is the least
concentration of a pesticide residue that can be quantitatively
measured in the specified commodity with an acceptable degree of
certainty.

Limit of detection

The limit of detection of a method of analysis is the least
concentration of a pesticide residue at which its qualitative presence
in a specified commodity can be reliably indicated.

Pesticide residue

A pesticide residue is a residue in or on a food of any chemicals used
for the control of pests. The term also includes derivatives of such
chemicals. The amounts are expressed in parts by weight of the
chemical and/or derivative per million parts by weight of the food
(ppm).

Explanatory note

It is proposed that, in interpreting this definition consideration
also be given to any substance that may, at a given time, be known to
be derived from the product and that may be held to influence the
toxicology of the residue. Residues from unknown sources (i.e.,
"background" residues) will be considered as well as those from known
uses of the chemical in question. The term pesticide will be held to
include any constituent of a pesticide used for the control of pests
during the production, distribution, or processing of food or that may
be administered to animals for the control of insects or arachnids in
or on their bodies; fungicides, herbicides, and plant growth
regulators are included. It will not apply to antibiotics or other
chemicals administered to animals for other purposes, such as to
stimulate their growth or to modify their reproductive behaviour; nor
will it apply to fertilizers.

Regulatory method of analysis

A regulatory method of analysis is one used for the determination of a
pesticide residue in the course of the administration of legislation
relating to the subject.

Explanatory note

For this purpose, it is often necessary to identify the nature of the
residue as well as to determine its concentration. Subject to any
expression of requirements in the particular legislation, the
accuracy, precision, and limit of determination of a regulatory method
need be sufficient only to demonstrate clearly whether or not a
tolerance level has been exceeded. Usually, regulatory methods are not
specified in pesticide residues legislation, and at any given time
there may be a number of methods suitable for a particular purpose.

Referee method of analysis

A referee method of analysis is one that has been specified, or agreed
upon by the parties concerned, for use in the event of a dispute,
e.g., concerning the level or nature of a pesticide residue.

ANNEX IV

(Part 1)

The report on the 1971 meeting (FAO/WHO 1972a) included the following
section:

3. FUMIGANTS

The 1969 Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO, 1970a) noted reports of the
occurrence of residues of methyl bromide and 1,2-dibromoethane
(ethylene dibromide) in unchanged form in certain foods and decided
that the residues of these two fumigants together with those from
carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene
dichloride) and ethylene oxide should be reviewed at a future meeting.

The 1970 Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO, 1971a) suggested that chloropicrin
and hydrogen phosphide should be added to the list of fumigants to be
reviewed.

The present Meeting reviewed the pattern of use and the information on
residues in food for each of these fumigants, except chloropicrin.
This compound was not reviewed since its use as a fumigant on foods is
small and no new information was available. The Meeting did not review
the toxicological information but recommended that such a review be
undertaken at a future meeting in the light of the new evaluations of
the information on residues of these fumigants.

As part of the present review, special consideration was given to the
problem of residues of the bromide ion, which can arise in food from a
number of sources, including the bromine-containing fumigants.

3.1 Residues of unchanged fumigant

The fumigants are characterized by their high volatility relative to
most other types of pesticide. The total residue at the end of the
fumigation period consists of "physically held" (sorbed) unchanged
fumigant and also the products of any chemical reaction between sorbed
fumigant and the food. The process of physical uptake is reversible
and during subsequent storage, handling, and processing of the food
the physically sorbed fumigant tends to disappear by volatilization
and diffusion away from the food, and possibly also by further
chemical reaction with the food. The problem of the residual unchanged
fumigant is referred to in this section of the report. The important
problems of residual reaction products and the effects, if any, on the
nutritive properties of the treated food were not discussed by the
Meeting. They are referred to where appropriate in the separate
monographs.

It has previously been generally accepted that after use in accordance
with good practice no significant residue of the unchanged fumigant
reaches the consumer and some countries setting national tolerances
for pesticide residues have exempted a number of these fumigant
compounds from the requirement for establishment of a tolerance.

More sensitive and more selective methods of fumigant residue analysis
have recently been developed and these have been used to follow
changes in the amounts of unchanged fumigant in certain foods after
fumigation. The results confirm that the amount of the residual
unchanged fumigant continues to decline during storage, handling, or
processing, but indicate that in some circumstances small amounts may
still be detectable in food when offered for consumption.

The Meeting stressed the desirability of reducing to a minimum such
residues in food by the adoption of good practice in handling the food
after fumigation.

The Meeting considered the 5 fumigants carbon disulfide, carbon
tetrachloride, 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide),
1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) and methyl bromide and
indicated for each of them residue levels (parts per million) in raw
cereals, in milled cereal products, and in bread and other cooked
cereal products that need not be exceeded if good practices are
followed. These levels are listed below:

carbon carbon 1,2-dibromoethane 1,2-dichloroethane methyl
disulfide tetrachloride bromide

In raw cereals at
point of entry
into a country or
when supplied
for milling^a 10 50 20 50 50

In milled cereal
products that will
be subjected to
baking or cooking 2 10 5 10 10

In bread and
other cooked cereal
products^b 0.5 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.5

^a Provided that the commodity is freely exposed to the air for a period of at least
24 hours after the end of treatment before sampling.

^b The levels for these commodities are at or about the present limit of determination.

For the above 5 compounds the residue of unchanged fumigant in the
food as offered for consumption was not expected to exceed an amount
close to the limit of determination by present analytical methods.

A special difficulty arises in the application of tolerances at the
point of entry of a commodity into a country. Since fumigation is
frequently undertaken immediately before shipping, or even during
transit, in ships' holds or containers, the amounts of volatile or
reactive residues will be changing rapidly at the time of discharge.
It has therefore been specified that such produce should not be
sampled for analysis until the commodity has been discharged,
ventilated, or freely exposed to the air for a period of at least 24
hours after the end of treatment.

For methyl bromide consideration was also given to residue levels in
dried fruits, cocoa beans, nuts, and peanuts at the point of entry
into a country and as offered for consumption.

Pending a discussion in depth of the new situation created by the
detection of residues of the unchanged fumigants in food, the Meeting
recommended that all the foregoing residue levels be used as
guidelines.

For hydrogen phosphide derived from preparations containing aluminium
phosphide existing tolerances were confirmed and extended.

For ethylene oxide the residue pattern is especially complex and the
Meeting recommended that further consideration should be given to this
compound at a future meeting.

3.2 Residues of bromide ion

Inorganic bromide may occur in foods (a) as a result of the uptake of
bromine from the soil, predominantly in water-soluble, ionic form;
(b) as a result of the breakdown of methyl bromide or other
bromine-containing fumigants applied after harvest; or (c) as a result
of the use of other bromine-containing pesticides or food additives.
The bromide ion in the soil may be present "naturally" or may result
from the breakdown of bromine-containing chemicals including
insecticides, herbicides, and soil fumigants such as methyl bromide,
1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide) and
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.

Some countries have established multiple residue tolerances for the
bromide ion in a particular food; these differ according to specific
pesticide uses. The Meeting concluded that the establishment of
tolerances for the bromide ion derived from any particular source is
of very limited value. The increase in bromide ion content resulting
from a particular treatment can be determined only in supervised
trials in which the bromide content is determined before and after
treatment or, alternatively, in which an isotopically labelled
compound is used for the treatment. However, when a food, the history
of which is unknown or is incompletely known, is examined for

regulatory purposes there is no means of judging from the
determination of bromide ion what proportion arises from natural
sources or from any one form of treatment. Furthermore, as far as is
known, the source of the bromide ion does not affect its behaviour on
ingestion.

A considerable amount of information has been published from
laboratory studies and from supervised trials on the amounts of
bromide found in food after soil or post-harvest treatment with
bromine-containing fumigants, including methyl bromide and
1,2-dibromoethane. Some limited information is available on the
amounts of background bromide present in untreated food, but it is
clear that, for some foods, this "background" can be extremely
variable. In particular, the amount of bromide ion "naturally" present
in the soil is very variable and its uptake by plants, particularly
the amount passing into green leaves, can produce an amount in the
harvested crop that is large relative to that resulting from the
direct use of fumigants on the crop.

Tolerances for total bromide ion in foods have previously been
proposed primarily to prevent the excessive use of certain
bromine-containing pesticides rather than as a means of limiting the
intake of bromide ion in the diet. However, where a large addition to
the bromide ion content of a food results from the post-harvest use of
a bromine-containing fumigant such as methyl bromide, this addition
provides an indication of the extent of the reaction of the fumigant
with the food and an indirect measure of methylated or other organic
reaction products that maybe present. Where it is possible, regulation
against the excessive formation of these residues may be as important
as, and might possibly be more important than, the regulation of the
bromide ion content per se.

For these reasons, the Meeting concluded that where there is clear
evidence that the amount of "background" bromide ion is only a small
part of the tolerance figure, the establishment of the tolerance does
provide a means of controlling the use of bromine-containing
pesticides, whereas if the "background" is large or variable then such
a tolerance is of limited value for regulatory purposes.

The Meeting decided that since adequate data exist showing that the
level of "background" bromide ion in raw cereals is usually well below
10 ppm, the existing recommended tolerance (50 ppm) may be used
effectively for raw cereals and wholemeal flour for the regulatory
control of the use of fumigants such as methyl bromide. It further
agreed that, for other foods, additional and more reliable data are
required before decisions can be taken on the practicability of
establishing tolerances in terms of bromide ion. The Meeting therefore
recommended that the existing temporary tolerances for bromide ion in
foods other than raw cereals be held in abeyance until the required
information is assembled and assessed.

(Part 2)

ANNEX IV

(Part 2)

Information as summarized in Tables 1 and 2 was also considered.

AT 1971 MEETING

Chemical Molecular Boiling Specific gravity Solubility Vapour
formula weight point, °C gas liquid (water in water pressure
(air - 1) at 4°C - 1)

Carbon disulphide CS₂ 76.13 46.1 2.64 1.2628²⁰ 0.22g/100ml at 22° 297.5
(carbon bisulphide)

Carbon tetrachloride CCl₄ 153.84 76.8 5.32 1.595²⁰ 0.088/100ml at 20° 91
(tetrachloromethane)

Ethylene dibromide CH₂Br.CH₂Br 187.88 131.6 6.487 2.172²⁰ 0.431g/100ml at 30° 11
(1,2 - dibromoethane)

Ethylene dichloride CH₂Cl.CH₂Cl 98.97 83.5 3.42 1.257²⁰ 0.069g/100ml at 20° 65
(1,2 -dichloroethane)

CH₂
Ethylene oxide / '
(1,2 - epoxyethane) O ' 44.05 10.7 1.521 0.887⁷ Miscible 1095.0
\ '
CH₂

Hydrogen phosphide PH₃ 34.04 -87.4 1.214 - 26cc/100ml at 17° (34.2 atmos)
(phosphine)

Methyl bromide CH₃Br 94.94 3.6 3.27 1.732 1.34g/100ml at 25° 1390
(bromomethane)

Chemical Molecular Boiling Specific gravity Solubility Vapour
formula weight point, °C gas liquid (water in water pressure
(air - 1) at 4°C - 1)

Ethylene chlorohydrin CH₂OH.CH₂Cl 80.52 128 - 1.200 Miscible
(2 - chloroethanol)

Ethylene bromohydrin CH₂OH.CH₂BR 124.97 149 - 1.763 Miscible
(2 - bromoethanol)

Ethylene glycol CH₂OH.CH₂OH 62.07 198 - 1.109 Miscible
(1,2 - ethanediol)

Diethylene glycol CH₂.CH₂OH 106.12 245 - 1.120 Very soluble
/
O
\
CH₂.CH₂OH

Annex IV

(Part 2)

TABLE 2. SOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FUMIGANT MIXTURES

Per cent by Per cent by
volume weight

1 Ethylene dichloride 75 70
Carbon tetrachloride 25 30
(3:1 mixture)

2 Ethylene dichloride 50 44
Carbon tetrachloride 50 56
(1:1 mixture)

3 Ethylene dichloride 35 29
Carbon tetrachloride 60 64
Ethylene dibromide 5 7

4 Ethylene dichloride 25 20
Carbon tetrachloride 56 57
Ethylene dibromide 14.5 20
Inert ingredients 4.5 3

5 Carbon disulphide 20 16.5
Carbon tetrachloride 80 83.5

6 Carbon disulphide 26 23
Carbon tetrachloride 5 5.5
Chloroform 37 38.5
Trichloroethylene 32 33

7 Methyl bromide 75 70
Ethylene dibromide 25 30

8 Methyl bromide 36 30
Ethylene dibromide 64 70

ANNEX V

1971 JOINT MEETING OF THE FAO WORKING PARTY OF EXPERTS ON PESTICIDE
RESIDUES AND THE WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES

Geneva, 22-29 November 1971

Members of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues:

Dr D. C. Abbott, Senior Superintendent. Environmental Chemistry,
Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Department of Trade and
Industry, London, England

Dr A. F. H. Besemer, Head, Pesticides Division, Plant Protection
Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Wageningen, Netherlands

Mr W. Burns Brown, Pest Infestation Control Laboratory, Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Slough, Bucks., England

Dr K. R. Hill, Supervisory Chemist, Agricultural Research Service,
Entomology Research Division, US Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville. Md., USA (Vice-Chairman)

Dr P. E. Koivistoinen, Director, Institute of Food Chemistry and
Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland

Mr J. T. Snelson, Pesticides Co-ordinator, Department of Primary
Industry, Canberra, Australia (Rapporteur)

Members of the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues:

Professor F. Coulston, Director, Institute of Experimental Pathology
and Toxicology, The Albany, Medical College of Union University,
Albany. N. Y., USA

Professor I. Nir, Head, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry
of Health, Jerusalem., Israel

Dr Y. Omori, Head, Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of
Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

Dr E. Poulsen, Director, Institute of Toxicology, National Food
Institute, Soborg, Denmark (Chairman)

Dr F. J. C. Roe, Research Co-ordinator, Tobacco Research Council,
London, England (Rapporteur)

Professor R. Truhaut, Director, Toxicological Research Centre, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Paris, France

Secretariat:

Dr C. Agthe. Senior Scientist, Chemical Carcinogenesis Unit,
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

Dr R. L. Baron, Office of Pesticides Programs, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., USA (Consultant)

Dr P. E. Berteau, Scientist, Food Additive, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland

Mr D. J. Clegg. Head, Pesticide Section, Division of Toxicology, Food
and Drug Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Consultant)

Dr F. C. Lu, Chief Scientist, Food Additives, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
(Joint Secretary)

Dr L. Tomatis, Chief, Chemical Carcinogenesis Unit, International
Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

Dr E. E. Turtle, Pesticides Specialist, Plant Protection Service, FAO,
Rome, Italy (Joint Secretary)

Dr F. P. W. Winteringham, Head, Pesticide Residues and Pollution
Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Agriculture,
Vienna, Austria

ANNEX VI

LINDANE

Evaluation made at the 1970 Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of
Experts on Pesticide Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on
Pesticide Residues

Explanation

This pesticide was evaluated in 1966 as gamma-BHC and again in 1967.
Further data were considered in 1968 and in 1969 and summarized in
monograph addenda. The following monograph addendum summarizes
information considered at the 1970 meeting.

EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE

Biochemical aspects

Absorption, distribution and excretion

Following oral ingestion lindane is absorbed from the digestive tract
and once absorbed it is rapidly distributed, primarily to fat depots.
Kitamura, at al. (1970) showed in mice that following an oral dose of
about 5 mg/kg approximately 90% of the material had left the digestive
tract and was absorbed into the body within six hours. Degradation was
rapid as 80% of the material taken into the body was eliminated within
3-6 hours. Following continuous feeding at levels of 0.1 to 100 ppm
equilibrium between in-take and total body burden was reached within
10 days.

Lindane administered to pregnant ewes at an oral daily dose of 1 or 5
mg/kg was found to pass the placental barrier. The concentration in
lambs approximated that found in the ewes (Harrison and Mol, 1969).

Biodegradation

Lindane has been demonstrated to be degraded in vivo and in vitro
in mammals, insects and plants. Grover and Sims (1965) showed that
lindane and its monodehydrochlorination product were metabolized
in vivo in rats to similar products. The major urinary metabolites
following multiple intraperitoneal injections of lindane at 40 mg/kg
were 2,4,5- and 2,3,5-trichlorophenol appearing both free and
conjugated. Small quantities of 2,4-dichlorophenylmercapturic acid
were also present. Intraperitoneal injection of
gamma-2,3,4,5,6-pentachlocyclohex-1-ene at 250 mg/kg daily resulted in
the same pattern of metabolites. Lindane was apparently
dehydrochlorinated to the pentachlocylohexene and further degraded by
dehydrochlorination and aromatic oxidation followed by conjugation and
excretion. [This mechanism was reviewed by Ernst, (1967) and Klein and
Korte, (1970)]

The metabolic fate of lindane in insects follows similar routes of
dehydrochlorination with little, if any, oxidation (Reed and Forgash,
1969). Lindane was apparently metabolized to two isomeric forms of
pentachlocylohexene which was further degraded to
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and several other products. Oxidation of
the aromatic nucleus followed by conjugation was not examined.
Enzymatic degradation of lindane has been shown in vitro to differ
in insects and mammals. Ishida and Dahm (1965) found an insect soluble
enzyme fraction in the presence of reduced glutathione degraded
lindane where a similar preparation from rabbit and rat was inactive.

Lindane has been shown to affect drug-metabolizing enzymes in
mammalian liver. Sung and Chou (1966) found that pentobarbital
metabolism was reduced in vitro two hours after lindane was
administered to mice and rats intraperitoneally at 25 mg/kg. When the
pretreatment interval was increased to 48 hours pentobarbital
metabolism was increased presumably through the inductive effects of
lindane on the drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Chadwick, et
al. (1970) found in rats that two-week pretreatment with lindane
accelerated the metabolism of a single oral dose of ¹⁴C-lindane. The
self-inductive effect of lindane was believed to be due to a mechanism
that differed from that seen with DDT. A single oral dose of lindane
(25 mg/kg) increased the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid in rats
for up to 25 days. Similar effects noted with DDT disappeared within
one day (Sung and Chou, 1966).

Rats fed lindane in their diet for 10 months at levels of 100, 200,
and 300 ppm showed marked changes in ascorbic acid metabolism. This
was reflected in ascorbinaemia cyclic variations over the 10-month
period and increased elimination of ascorbic acid. Urinary
17-oxosteroid excretion was higher in lindane treated rats (Petrescu,
1969).

Special studies

Embryotoxicity

Marliac (1964) injected hen eggs with 5 mg of lindane per egg with no
pronounced decrease in hatchability. Smith et al. (1970) reported that
2 mg caused no apparent toxicity.

Toxicological studies

Acute toxicity

LD₅₀
Species Route (mg/kg) Reference

Rat Oral 88-91 Gaines, 1969

Rat Oral 157-184 Boyd & Chen, 1968
Boyd et al., 1969

Rabbit Dermal 900-1000 Gaines, 1969

The acute clinical signs of poisoning have been described by Chen and
Boyd (1968) as diarrhoea, hypothermia, sialorrhoea, dacryorrhoea,
epistaxis, anorexia, oligodipsia, diuresis, proteinuria and aciduria.
The immediate cause of death generally in 1 to 25 hours after
intoxication was respiratory failure followed by convulsions. Autopsy
revealed brain and meninges congestion and capillary avenous
vasodilation of many body organs. In delayed deaths fatty degeneration
of the renal tubules and hepatic cells, degenerative hypovascular
ulcers in the pylorus and small intestine and some inhibition of
spermatogenesis and thymus gland atrophy were evident. Animals
surviving acute intoxication were asymptomatic in 3-4 days.

The acute toxicity of lindane was increased in rats exposed to low and
high protein diets. This increased susceptibility to lindane was
accompanied by a prolonged delay period before death (Boyd and Chen,
1968; Boyd et al., 1969).

Short-term studies

Lindane fed to white leghorn hens at 4 and 8 ppm in the diet for 13
months elicited no clinical symptoms. Egg fertility was not affected.
Egg hatchability was reduced by 9 and 14% and mortality of chicks to
one month increased 3-10% (Tomov et al., 1967).

Lindane fed to rats at 100, 200 and 300 ppm in the diet for 10 months
did not affect body weight but did affect ascorbic acid metabolism
(Petrescu, 1969).

Two groups of dogs (four males and four females, three of each sex
were controls) were fed 200 ppm lindane in their diet for 11 weeks
(Noel et al., 1970a). Two males showed transient clinical signs of
poisoning (in one dog at day 54 and another between day 2 and 5).
Increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic pyruvic
transaminase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were observed
at 4 and 10 weeks of feeding. Trace amounts of reducing substances
were found in urine. At 10 weeks the serum sodium level was reduced.
No apparent effects were observed on mortality, body weight, growth,
food or water consumption, optic examination or haematology.

The level of 200 ppm lindane in the diet for 11 weeks appears to cause
some effect in dogs as observed in blood and urinary values.

Groups of dogs (one male and one female) were fed lindane in their
diet for seven weeks at levels of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm. No
adverse effects were noted (Noel et al., 1970b).

Four groups of dogs (four males and four females) were fed lindane in
their diet for 50 weeks at levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm. Two males
at 25 ppm and one female control exhibited short-lived convulsive
episodes. Biochemical values for SAP were slightly increased at
100 ppm with SGOT at 50 and 100 ppm increased at the 4 and 50 week
intervals. (The other assay times were normal.) No adverse effects
were observed with regard to mortality, weight gain, urinalysis, and
haematology. This study will be fully evaluated at the end of two
years (Noel et al., 1970b).

Observations in man

Numerous reports on the storage potential of lindane in the human body
have been reviewed by Durham (1969) and Robinson (1969). The
differences in the body burden of people in different countries appear
to reflect the level of usage in those areas. The levels of lindane in
fat are generally low with the highest mean value reported for India
(1.43 ppm, Dale et al., 1965). Lower mean fat values were reported for
France (1.19 ppm, Hayes et al., 1963), England (0.42-0.43 ppm, Egan et
al., 1965; Abbott et al., 1968), United States of America (0.57 ppm,
Hoffman et al., 1967), Canada (0.07 ppm, Brown, 1967) and others
(Engst et al., 1967), A study of the pathological changes at autopsy
showed that there was no correlation between the levels of lindane in
fat and the presence or absence of abnormalities in the tissues
(Hoffman et al., 1967). Kaljaganov (1967) was able to correlate
clinical signs of chronic intoxication with urinary levels of lindane.
Clinical signs of intoxication including neurological disruption,
toxic hepatitis, myocardial dystrophy reduced blood sodium and
potassium, Heinz-bodies, dysproteinaemia, methemoglobinaemia were
associated with high levels of lindane in the urine. Milby et al.
(1968) observed that blood lindane levels increased in proportion to
air or skin exposure to lindane. Data on blood lindane levels from 79
individuals were correlated with recent direct exposure.

A number of reports suggest that lindane is capable of causing blood
dycrasias, primarily aplastic anaemia (Best 1963; Sanchez-Medal et
al., 1963; Loge, 1965; West, 1967). The conclusion on lindane has been
challenged by Christophers (1969) on the basis of difficulty in
assessing exposures and lack of evidence of widespread dyscrasias in
occupationally exposed individuals.

The recommendation that lindane be used for the treatment of scabies
was challenged on the basis of its acute toxic effects by Dubbeldam
(1969).

Lindane has been shown to pass through the placental barrier to the
foetus (Abbott et al., 1967; Selby et al., 1969; Curley et al., 1969).
The concentration of lindane in the adipose tissues and major organs
of the foetus was the same as that reported for the general
population.

Lindane has been demonstrated to be in human milk (Curley and
Kimbrough, 1969) and Egan et al. (1965) have demonstrated that
substantially higher concentrations of chlorinated pesticides are
present in human milk than cows milk.

Pregnancy has been shown to have an unusual effect on lindane stored
in the body. Curley and Kimbrough (1969) found that concentrations of
lindane in the plasma of pregnant women were significantly reduced
from those found in non-pregnant women. At 1-6 days post-partum there
was a pronounced decrease in plasma pesticide with concurrent increase
in the level secreted in the milk. These observations have been
confirmed by Polishuk et al. (1970) who also found that pregnant women
had lower levels of lindane and other chlorinated pesticides in fat
than non-pregnant women. Lindane was also found in the foetal blood at
the same concentration as in the mother. The neonates in this study
were normal and the authors concluded that the pesticides showed no
adverse effects by passing the placental barrier.

Comments

In all studies lindane has been shown to be stored in the body,
primarily in fat depots. No indications have come forth to show that
the low levels in the body fat of man have an adverse effect on
health. In animals, high levels of lindane have been shown to cause
renal and hepatic lesions and to affect the central nervous system.
Evidence that lindane may be the cause of certain blood dyscrasias is
based upon observations which are lacking quantitative exposure data
and verification of the aetiology of the effects. Long-term studies on
the dog and a three-generation study in rats are reported to be in
progress. Until these data are available no evidence has come forth
which would affect the acceptable daily intake for man set in 1965 and
1966.

TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Level causing no toxicological effect

Rat: 25 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 1.25 mg/kg; body-weight/day.

Estimate of acceptable daily intake for man

0-0.125 mg/kg body-weight.

RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION

Use pattern

Post-harvest treatments

In Kenya and other African countries, lindane is used as a protectant
powder on dry beans which are an important export crop. A 0.1%
formulation of lindane on diatomite or an alternative carrier, is
applied at 4 oz/200 lb bag. Also, a treatment with 1.0% lindane at
12.5 ppm is recommended for control of Coleoptera in crib-stored
unshelled maize cobs. On shelled maize application at 2 ppm or more is
sometimes necessary for control of existing weevil infestation.

Residues resulting from supervised trials

Milk from two dairy cows was analysed for residues of lindane after
the cows were treated with a 3% lindane smear (EQ-335) to control
screw-worms. Lindane appeared in the milk the first day post-treatment
and was detectable 24 days after a single treatment and 29 days after
two successive treatments. The limit of detection of the GC method
used was 0.001 ppm (Oehler et al., 1970).

Fate of residues

In animals

Work currently in progress in Canada (Saha, J., personal
communication, 1970) on feeding lindane C-14 to rabbits indicates 71%
excretion in urine and faeces after 22 weeks of feeding as compared
with 42% for dieldrin. The metabolites identified to date are
trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene,
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene,
gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene, (and another isomer), di-, tri-, and
tetra-chlorophenols (Hurtig, 1970),

In plants

After application of 5 ppm of lindane C-14 in greenhouse experiments
on cabbage, carrots, and wheat seedlings, up to 70% of the residues
detected in or on plants were found to be hydrophilic metabolites. In
contrast with older reports in the literature no metabolites were
found in soil after foliar application, but about 10% of these
residues were present in soil as lindane C-14 (Itokawa et al., 1970).
Korte (1969) reported in wheat seedlings grown in an aqueous
culture-medium containing 207 ppm lindane C-14, the metabolic content
of the radioactive material amounted to 50% after only three days
gemination and to 86% after four weeks. Following foliar treatment of
white cabbage and spinach, 60% breakdown occurred after four weeks.
Soil treatment of spinach and carrots with lindane C-14 resulted in a
50% conversion to metabolites in and on the spinach plants after two
weeks and a 70% conversion to metabolites in carrot roots after four
weeks. In all cases the metabolite fractions could be separated into
three hydrophilic components by thin-layer chromatography.

Evidence of residues in food in commerce or at consumption

The application of lindane to protect dry beans in Kenya gives a
nominal dosage of 1.25 ppm. However, 12 samples analysed three months
or less after delivery at main collecting centres had residues of 0.3
ppm on an average and not more than 0.6 ppm. Samples analysed nine
months or more after delivery (50 samples) generally contained 0.1 ppm
or less. Investigations at Tropical Stored Products Center, United
Kingdom, indicate that lindane applied at 2.5 ppm on beans stored at
27°C gave rise to residues not greater than 0.5 ppm after one month's
storage (McFarlane, J. A., personal communication).

In the United States total diet studies for the period June 1967 to
April 1968 revealed lindane residues of 0.003 to 0.085 ppm in 55
composites out of 360 collected from 30 markets in 27 different
cities. Detectable lindane residues were found in all sample
categories but were most commonly found in meat, fish, and poultry
(0.026 ppm max.), grain and cereal (0.028 ppm max.), leafy vegetables
(0.004 ppm max.), garden fruits (0.013 ppm max.), and sugars and
adjuncts (0.008 ppm max.), (Corneliussen, 1969). The calculated daily
intake of lindane by food class for the period June 1966 to April 1967
was 0.001 mg/day for meat, fish, and poultry, 0.004 mg/day for grains
and cereals, and <0.001 mg/day for dairy products, potatoes, leafy
vegetables, garden fruits, fruits, and oils, fats, and shortening. For
the period June 1967 to April 1968 the values were 0.002 mg/day for
grains and cereals and <0.001 mg/day for all other food classes
except legume vegetables for which no intake was calculated (Duggan
and Lipscomb, 1969).

Items representing typical diets in Nicaragua, Venezuela, France,
Spain, India, and Brazil were analysed for organochlorine residues
(Shell International Chemical Co., Tech. Serv. Notes 85/67, 86/67;
Tech. Serv. Reports WKTR.0053.68, WKTR.0058.68; Shell Research Ltd,
Reports WKGR.0102.69, WKGR.0157.69). Lindane (0.02, 0.03 ppm) occurred
in both samples of butter but in no other samples (which included beef
and chicken) from Nicaragua. Lindane (0.02 ppm) was found only in
sesame oil in the Venezuelan samples which included milk. Lindane
occurred in potatoes (0.01 ppm), carrots (0.01 to 0.14 ppm), and
butter (0.01 ppm) but not in beef, pork, milk, or cheese in the
samples from France. Lindane was found only in cottonseed oil
(0.05 ppm) but not in milk, butter, cheese, lambs meat, or sheep
cheese in the samples from Spain. No lindane was detected in any of
the crop or buffalo milk samples from India nor in any of the samples
from Brazil which included milk, powdered milk, bovine kidney fat, and
various crop samples.

Fate of residues

In soil

A literature survey was received containing data concerning the
behaviour of lindane in soils which show that it disappears relatively
rapidly from treated soils, especially moist soils, compared with
other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Relatively harmless
terminal residues are formed. The lesser persistence of lindane is due
to a combination of factors such as (1) smaller applications are
required; (2) higher water solubility; (3) faster evaporation; and (4)
lesser adsorption by organic matter (Demozay, 1970).

Recommendations for tolerances

On the evidence that lindane has some acceptable intended uses for the
control of ecto-parasites, the practical residue limit of 2 ppm in the
fat of cattle, pigs and sheep should be regarded as a tolerance.

For beans (dried) a tolerance of 1 ppm.

As the A.D.I. was not temporary, it was also decided to delete the
"temporary" qualifications attached to the recommendations made at
former meetings.

Further work or information

Desirable

1. Results of the two-year dog study and three-generation rat
reproduction study currently in progress.

2. An adequate carcinogenicity study in a mammalian species.

3. Observations on the incidence of blood dyscrasias in man that can
be related to quantitative exposure data and to verifiable
effects.

4. Further data on the required rates and frequencies of
application, pro-harvest intervals, and the resultant residues.

5. Further information on the nature of the residues occurring in
plants, animals, and their products.

6. Further information on the necessity of applying lindane direct
to animals, together with further data on the residues resulting
from such applications.

7. Further data, from supervised trials, on residues in food
resulting from treatments of storage bins and ships' holds, and
other types of storage or conveyance space treatment.

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    See Also:
       Toxicological Abbreviations