TRICHLORFON JMPR 1975 Explanation Trichlorfon was evaluated by the Joint Meeting in 1971 (FAO/WHO, 1972). Arising out of the list of requirements in the report of the 1971 Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO, 1972) additional information became available on residues from supervised trials on lettuce (outdoors) and spinach (outdoors and under glass). A temporary ADI was estimated in 1971 and temporary tolerances were recommended. Based on inconclusive findings in long-term studies a temporary ADI of 0-0.01 mg/kg per day was estimated. At the eighth Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (Alinorm 76/24) the delegations of the Netherlands and Israel expressed the opinion (para. 168) that the proposed temporary tolerance of 0.1 mg/kg for tomatoes was too low to cover residues resulting from good agricultural practice in their countries. The Joint Meeting was requested to re-evaluate the limit, with the help of data to be provided. Limited data have been received from the Netherlands. The delegation of the Netherlands also requested (para. 169) that the Joint Meeting should propose tolerances for pears, currants, mushrooms, spinach, melons (under glass), cucumbers (under glass) and bell peppers (under glass). Governments were asked to send any data in their possession. No data on any of these crops except spinach have however been received. This monograph addendum includes an evaluation of the new data on toxicology and on lettuce, spinach and tomatoes, and a re-evaluation of data already available on cereals in the light of current use patterns. EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Special studies on acute administration Chicken Groups of 6, 10, 6 broilers were given by gastric intubation, a single administration of 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg bw trichlorfon in 1% aqueous solution. ChE activity and blood biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, serum proteins, uric acid and electrolytes) were examined. Plasma ChE depression reached its maximum (8.4-10.8% of its initial value) four hours after administration and activity recovered to 80% after seven days at all levels of administration; decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, slight diminution in serum proteins (total and fractions) but no noticeable change in level of Na, K, Ca, Mg were observed. Onset of symptoms was rapid (20-30 minutes after administration) and included respiratory failure, clonic convulsion, prostration, loss of appetite, salivation and diarrhoea. No morphological changes were observed in organs at autopsy of dead animals (Lazarov and Magat, 1975). Special studies on carcinogenicity Groups of rats and mice were administered trichlorfon at various routes, doses and periods ranging from six weeks to the end of the animal's life. In two studies (Gibel et al., 1971 and 1973) the authors concluded that hepatotoxic, haematotoxic and carcinogenic effects were observed, The following is a summary of methodology employed in both studies. (Weekly) Duration Dose Year Species Number Route of dosing (mg/kg) 1971 Rat 40 M & 40 F Oral Not specified 3 × 30 mg/kg Rat 40 M & 40 F S.C. Not specified 2 × 30 mg/kg Mice 10 M & 10 F Dermal 5 months 3 × 1973 Rat 20 M & 20 F Oral Not specified 2 × 15 mg/kg Rat 20 M & 20 F I.M. Not specified 2 × 15 mg/kg Mice 10 M & 10 F Dermal 6 weeks 2 × The 1973 treatments caused hyperplasia of the blood forming system of bone marrow and extraosseal metaplasia in the liver and spleen. In addition, the authors diagnosed myeloproliferation and partly extraosseal myeloid metaplasia. The authors in addition describe extensive hepatotoxicity and carcinogenic response in both studies. The evaluation of these papers is difficult as doses or duration are not specified in all cases. The hepatotoxic effects ranging from fibrosis to cirrhosis in rats and mice are not consistent with findings in other long-term studies in rats and dogs. Dermatological disturbances are difficult to comprehend, especially in light of their occurrence when dimethoate was also used in another trial. Leukaemia-like toxic signs have not been demonstrated with dimethoate and in general, leukaemia is difficult to produce in animal experiments. With reference to the carcinogenic response, the authors suggest that benign tumours are a reflection of severe hepatotoxicity and the mean survival time of mice was longer in the 1971 study in which trichlorfon was administered at a higher dose for a greater period of time. In addition there was no correlation between dose and tumour frequency in this dermal study. The description of localization of tumours occurring in the study gives no indication of organotrophy. In addition, data reported in the 1971 Evaluation suggesting tumour formation in mammary glands was not substantiated in these studies. Basically, these two studies are contradictory in their own right of previous studies and are in addition difficult to fully interpret. It is difficult if not impossible to compare these studies with previously reported long-term studies showing no carcinogenic, hepatotoxic or haemotoxic response. In light of these difficulties and in inconsistencies in data reported for dimethoate, little significance is given to the above referenced studies in evaluating the ADI. Special studies on neurotoxicity Groups of hens (number of birds/group not specified) were administered trichlorfon orally or by intraperitoneal injection at dose levels ranging from 25-100 mg/kg (acute LD50 = 75 mg/kg) and examined for signs of delayed neurotoxicity. No ToCP-like signs of delayed neurotoxicity were observed (Kimmerle and Loser, 1974). Short-term studies Rat Morphological changes in the lung, kidney and liver were reported following continuous inhalation exposure to trichlorfon at high levels. Exposure to 20 mg/l and above concentrations for 90 days resulted in bile duct hypertrophy, kidney changes, thyroid changes and capillary enlargement of the interalveolar membrane of the lung. At 20 mg/l no effects were reported (Bonashevakaya and Tabakova, 1972). Rats were administered trichlorfon orally at a daily dose of 8.5 mg/kg body weight in combination with carbon tetrachloride administered three times/week for nine months (dose stated to be 0.1 mg/100 g of a 25% solution in sunflower seed oil). The combined effect led to "more advanced and stable destructive and dystrophic changes in the liver and enhanced the cirrhotic process". Liver metabolism was disrupted (Rodionov and Voronina, 1973). Subacute poisoning to rats (300 mg/kg/day) for five days resulted in significant changes observed histologically. All changes as were described were not specific and might appear in many cases of acute poisoning. Biochemical lesions included cholinesterase depression and succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase inhibition in brain, liver, kidney and heart (Karmelov, 1973). Chicken A daily dose of 5 mg/kg bw trichlorfon in 1% aqueous solution was given by gastric intubation to a group of 5 broilers for 14 days, after which period the dose was increased to 20 mg/kg for 14 additional days; to another group of 5 broilers, a daily dose of 10 mg/kg bw was given for 28 days. In the 5-20 mg/kg group ChE activity after reaching a low peak at day 7, increased almost to its initial value at day 14, after which period it decreased to 62% of its initial value at day 28; in the 10 mg/kg group ChE activity after a slight increase at day 7, declined gradually until day 28. Alkaline phosphatase declined in both groups; serum proteins showed insignificant variations and no changes were observed in electrolyte levels; body weight gain was depressed at 20 mg as compared to 10 mg. Clinical signs (respiratory, digestive and motor disturbances) were more accentuated in the higher level group and more marked at day 3 to 5 of treatment (Lazarov and Magat, 1975). Calf Calves were fed trichlorfon for 3 months at dosage levels of 7.87, 15.9 and 41.25 ppm in the diet. No effects were noted at the low dose level while at 15.9 ppm cholinesterase depression and generalized histopathological signs were noted. Death occurred at the high level (summary reviewed from abstract, no details are available) (Yasnova et al., 1971). COMMENTS Trichlorfon was reviewed in 1971, at which time a temporary ADI was estimated to be 0-0.01 mg/kg per day based on both long-term animal studies and on extensive observations in man. There was serious consideration given to three long-term rat studies that were basically inconclusive with respect to the carcinogenic potential of trichlorfon. Since that time some new work was reported again reflecting a carcinogenic potential. A complete evaluation of the conflicting research data was made. The data that have come to light since the 1971 meeting do not allow a further interpretation of the confusing observations with respect to long-term rat studies showing a tumourigenic potential on two studies, no such effect in a third study (in rats) and no-effect on tumour formation in dogs. Although, as there is little indication that the requested work on rats is to be forthcoming a current study with mice has been reported to be in progress. In addition, some concern was expressed of the mechanism by which trichlorfon is transformed to dichlorvos. The potential intermediates formed in the intramoleculan rearrangement might include carbanion or free radical formation which may have no mutagenesis or carcinogenesis problems. In the light of the extensive experience of use in man and with the expectation of a new carcinogenesis study, the temporary ADI was extended although at a lower figure. TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION Level causing no toxicological effect Rat: 50 ppm in the diet equivalent to 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Dog: 50 ppm in the diet equivalent to 1.25 mg/kg body weight. ESTIMATE OF TEMPORARY ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE FOR MAN 0-0.005 mg/kg body weight. RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION RESIDUES FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS See Table 1. Each graph presents a plot of all residue values recorded in trials in the Federal Republic of Germany, Finland and the United States of America; a line is drawn based on the maximum values found on the respective days after treatment, omitting one experiment on lettuce in the United States of America showing abnormal figures. APPRAISAL New data from supervised trials confirmed the validity of the recommendations for temporary tolerances made in 1971 with the exception of that for tomatoes. Extensive data from a number of countries reflecting trials carried out over many years provided an adequate basis for recommendations with respect to trichlorfon residues on lettuce and spinach as required by the 1971 Meeting. New data on residues in tomatoes were limited, but were considered sufficient to justify the increased temporary maximum residue limit recommended below. TABLE 1. Residues of trichlorfon resulting from supervised trials Application Residue (mg/kg) intervals (days) after application Rate kg Crop Country Year No. a.i./ha Formulation 0 1 3/5 7 9/12 14 21 Ref. Lettuce (outdoors) leaf-lettuce Finland 1972 1 1.2 wp 80% 33.5 2.6 0.61 0.21 0.03 11, 17 Finland 1972 1 1.2 wp 80% 26.4 1.3 0.23 0.26 0.02 11, 17 leaf-lettuce U.S.A. 1961 2 1.2 wp 50% 6.3 1.3 <0.1 <0.1 12 1961 2 1.2 wp 50% 3.5 1.1 <0.1 <0.1 12 1961 2 1.2 wp 50% 2.7 0.4 0.2 12 (0.8- (<0.1- (<0.1- 3.8) 0.8) 0.4) 1962 2 1.2 wp 50% 97.6 9.2 6.0 3.9 12 head-lettuce Finland 1972 1 1.2 wp 50% 22.8 1.5 0.31 0.04 0.01 13, 17 1972 1 1.2 wp 50% 31.2 1.1 0.17 0.06 <0.01 13, 17 head-lettuce Fed. Rep. 1972 1 0.75 E.C. 50% 8.1 1.8 0.54 0.41 0.20 <0.05 <0.05 14 of Germany 1972 1 0.45 E.C. 50% 5.8 1.8 0.22 0.09 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 14 1972 1 0.45 E.C. 50% 4.8 4.3 0.27 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 14 1972 1 0.75 E.C. 50% 15.9 4.6 0.21 0.08 0.14 <0.05 <0.05 14 lettuce U.S.A. 1957 1 0.6 wp 50% 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.03 0.2 15 1958 1 1.2 wp 50% 0.8 0.8 0.6 <0.1 0.03 15 1959 1 0.6 wp 50% 1.8 0.3 0.1 <0.1 15 (2 days) 1959 6 1.2 wp 50% <0.1 16 7 1.2 wp 50% 0.2 16 5 1.2 wp 50% 0.5 16 TABLE 1. (Cont'd.) Application Residue (mg/kg) intervals (days) after application Rate kg Crop Country Year No. a.i./ha Formulation 0 1/2 3/4 7/8 10/11 12/13 14/15 Ref. Spinach Netherlands 1957 1 1.1 wp 50% 27.4 3.8 2.2 0.85 0.6 0.3 0.3 1 glasshouse (23.3- (2.9- (1.2- (0.4- (0.2- (0.2- (0.1- 33.3) 5.5) 3.4) 1.3) 0.9) 0.4) 0.5) Netherlands 1957 1 1.1 wp 50% 3.0 2.0 0.55 0.4 0.2 0.1 1 (1.9- (1.2- (0.4- (0.25- (0.2- (0.06- 4.5) 3.1) 0.8) 0.5) 0.3) 0.1) under frames Fed. Rep. 1965 1 0.75 wp 50% 4.4 2.4 1.6 2 of Germany Fed. Rep. 1968 1 0.75 wp 50% >30 21.4 5.2 1.2 2.2 0.25 2 of Germany TABLE 1. (Cont'd.) Application Residue (mg/kg) intervals (days) after application Rate kg Crop Country Year No. a.i./ha Formulation 0 1/2 3/4 7/8 10/11 12/13 14/15 Ref. Spinach Netherlands 1962 1 0.5 wp 50% 6.0 2.6 1.3 0.35 0.25 3 outdoors (5.7- (1.2- (0.8- (0.1- (0.2- 6.1) 2.7) 2.1) 0.6) 0.3) Netherlands 1962 1 0.63 wp 50% 1.9 0.8 0.25 0.15 0.10 3 (1.8- (0.4- (n.d.- (0.1- (n.d.- 2.2) 1.1) 0.6) 0.2) 0.2) Netherlands 1963 1 1.9 wp 50% 0.95 0.18 0.08 n.d. 4 (0.5- (0.05- (n.d.- 1.4) 0.3) 0.1) Netherlands 1963 1 0.70 wp 50% 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.01 0.03 4 (0.6- (0.2- (n.d- (n.d.- (n.d.- 1.4) 0.3) 0.4) 0.03) 0.07) Spinach Fed. Rep. 1965 1 0.75 wp 50% 2.0 1.6 0.7 0.35 5 outdoors of Germany Fed. Rep. 1965 1 0.75 wp 50% 0.4 0.02 5 of Germany Switzerland 1967 1 ca. 1.5 wp 80% 19.8 1.8 0.15 6 Fed. Rep. 1968 1 0.75 wp 50% 34 6.0 0.85 0.15 7 of Germany (5 days) Fed. Rep. 1968 1 0.75 wp 50% 33 1.7 0.3 0.08 7 of Germany TABLE 1. (Cont'd.) Application Residue (mg/kg) intervals (days) after application Rate kg Crop Country Year No. a.i./ha Formulation 0 1/2 3/4 7/8 10/11 12/13 14/15 Ref. Spinach Fed. Rep. 1968 1 0.75 wp 50% >30 13.2 5.6 1.0 1.0 0.35 7 outdoors of Germany Canada 19 2 1.1 wp 50? 0.6 0.2 n.d. 8 Canada 19 2 1.1 wp 39 3.5 n.d. 8 U.S.A. 19 2 1.1 wp 11.2 0.3 0.3 9 U.S.A. 19 2 1.1 wp 0.9 0.4 9 U.S.A. 19 2 1.1 wp 1.8 0.2 n.d. 9 0 3 Tomato Netherlands 1973 1 1.2 wp 50% <0.03 10 glasshouse (<0.03- 0.03) Netherlands 1973 1 1.2 wp 50% 0.10 10 (0.08- 0.13) n.d. = not detectable. Methods of residue analysis used to obtain the data of Table 1 and Figure. 1-4 Ref. 1, 3, 4 Non-specific method for organophosphorous compounds; spectrofotometric determination as phosphomolybdate-quinaldine-red complex. Limit of detection about 0.01-0.03 mg/kg ("n.d." in Table 1 refers to a limit of 0.03 mg/kg). TABLE 1. (Cont'd.) Ref. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Method of analysis not quoted. Limit of detection 0.02 mg/kg. Ref. 10 TLC; detection by cholinesterase inhibition. Limit of detection 0.03 mg/kg. Ref. 11, 13 GLC P detector. Limit of detection 0.01 mg/kg. Ref. 14 GLC P detector. Limit of detection 0.05 mg/kg. Ref. 12 Method of chemagro (report 8992, January 1962). Limit of detection 0.1 mg/kg. Ref. 15 Method of analysis not quoted. Limit of detection 0.1 mg/kg. No new information has become available to indicate residue levels in oats as requested by the 1971 Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO, 1972). However, re-evaluation of the original data, in the light of the current use pattern, made it clear that a maximum residue limit of 0.1 mg/kg for raw cereals including maize was more appropriate than the separate tolerances for barley and maize, 0.1 mg/kg, and wheat, 0.2 mg/kg, previously recommended. RECOMMENDATIONS In addition to recommendations made in 1971, the following temporary maximum residue limits are recommended for lettuce and spinach. The temporary limit for residues in raw cereals replaces recommendations previously made for barley, wheat and maize, and that for tomatoes replaces the previously recommended temporary tolerance of 0.1 mg/kg. TEMPORARY MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS Pre-harvest intervals on Limit, which Commodity mg/kg recommendations are based Raw cereals, including maize 0.1 21-30 Lettuce 0.5 Outdoors 14-21 Glasshouse 21-28 Spinach 0.5 Outdoors 14-21 Glasshouse 21-28 Tomatoes 0.2 Outdoors 14 Glasshouse 3 NATIONAL TOLERANCES AND PRE-HARVEST INTERVALS REPORTED TO THE MEETING Officially recommended pre-harvest or pre-slaughter intervals reported. to the Meeting are listed in Table 2. National tolerances reported to the Meeting are given in Table 3. TABLE 2. Officially recommended pre-harvest and pre-slaughter intervals Interval Country Crop or animal days Brazil all crops 4 Democratic fruits and vegetables, field crops 7 Rep. of Germany cherries, strawberries 3 crops used for the production of 21 baby-foods Federal pome fruits 10 Republic of Germany stone fruits, beans, black radish, 14 garden beets, leafy vegetables, leek, onions, peas, radish sugar and fodder beets 28 France all crops 7 Hungary vegetables 14 other crops, including potatoes 10 Italy maize 10 Japan cucumbers, egg plants 3 apples, pears, cabbage, china cabbage, 7 cauliflower, Japanese radish, turnips, pumpkins, musk melons, watermelon, Japanese cantaloupe grapes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, rice, 14 sugar beets, tea Netherlands pome and stone fruits, gooseberries, red 10 and black currants, brassicas, garden beets Brussels sprouts, spinach 4 bell peppers, cucumbers, melons, 3 weeks. tomatoes, other glasshouse vegetables Use not except gherkins, leaf-celery, parsley permitted period 1/3 - 1/11 1/11 - 1/3 TABLE 2. (Cont'd.) Interval Country Crop or animal days New Zealand all crops 14 tomatoes for canning 1 Poland vegetables including root vegetables, 10 agricultural crops, pulses fruits except raspberries and 10 strawberries tomatoes 3 South Africa beans 5 coffee, rape seed, sweet potatoes 7 pome and stone fruit, citrus fruit, 10 cucumbers, passion fruit maize 10 alfalfa (fresh), clover-fodder 2 U.S.A. lima beans, tobacco 3 clover 7 alfalfa, cotton 7-141 artichokes, beans (dry, snap), bean 14 vines, cowpeas, pumpkins, sugar beet roots barley, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, 21 cauliflower, flax, oats, peppers, tomatoes, wheat beets, carrots, collards, corn, lettuce, 28 sugar beet tops (used for feeding purposes) beef cattle, non-lactating dairy cattle 14-21 1 Depending on dosage and formulation used. TABLE 3. National tolerances, established or considered, reported to the Meeting Tolerance Country Commodity mg/kg Argentina bananas 0.2 carrots 0 wheat, maize (kernels), coffee beans, 0.3 sugar cane cabbage, Savoy cabbage, cauliflower, 0.75 lettuce, peanut, pecan nut, potato, spinach, tomato barley, rice, maize fodder, cottonseed 0.75 alfalfa (fresh), cereal fodder, clover 2 (fresh), peanut fodder, sugar beet leaves alfalfa fodder, clover fodder 12 Australia fruits, vegetables, dried fruits 2 Belgium fruit, vegetables except potatoes 0.5 Brazil fruit, vegetables, agricultural crops 0.5 (proposed) meat and milk 0.001 Canada artichokes, bananas, beans, beets, Negligible Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, residue cauliflower, collard, kale, lettuce maize, peppers, rape seed, rutabagas, salsify, spinach, sugar beets, tomatoes, turnips, beef cattle Czechoslovakia fruits, vegetables 1 Democratic pome and stone fruits, red and black 1.0 Rep. of currants, strawberries, citrus fruits, Germany nuts brassicas, leafy vegetables, root 1.0 vegetables, pulses, fruits of vegetables TABLE 3. (Cont'd.) Tolerance Country Commodity mg/kg cereals, potatoes 0.02 onions 0.02 Democratic meat, fish, fat of animal and plant 0.02 Rep. of origin, eggs, milk, crops used for Germany production of baby-food Federal fruits and vegetables 0.5 Republic of Germany other products of plant origin 0.1 France fruit and vegetables 0.5 Hungary fruits, vegetables, agricultural crops 1 Japan fruits, vegetables, potatoes, rice, tea 0.5 Netherlands fruits and vegetables, except potatoes 0.5 New Zealand fruits, vegetables, agricultural crops 0.1 Poland fruits and vegetables 0.5 South Africa fruits, vegetables, agricultural crops 2 U.S.A. range grass, range grass hay 240 hay of alfalfa, clover and pasture grass 90 alfalfa, clover and pasture grass 60 forage of barley, oats, and wheat 50 corn fodder and forage 30 lima bean vines, lima bean vine hay, 12 lima beans, sugar beet tops peanut vine hay and hulls 4 bananas (of which not more than 0.2 2 parts per million will be present in the pulp after the peel is removed) TABLE 3. (Cont'd.) Tolerance Country Commodity mg/kg staw of barley, flax, oats and wheat, 1 vines of beans and cowpeas artichokes, barley (grain), beans 0.1 (dried), beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, citrus fruit, collards, corn grain (including popcorn), fresh corn including sweet corn (kernels plus cob with husk removed), cottonseed, cowpeas, flaxseed, lettuce, meat, fat and meat byproducts of cattle, goats, horses and sheep, oats (grain), peppers, pumpkins, safflower seed, snap beans, sugar beets, tomatoes, and wheat (grain) peanuts 0.05 milk 0.01 U.S.S.R. all crops 1 fodder crops 2 REQUIRED (before June 1978) 1. Long-term carcinogenicity study. DESIRABLE 1. Further studies on the spontaneous conversion of trichlorfon to dichlorvos in vitro and in vivo and of the possible intermediates involved. REFERENCES Bayer. (1972) Unpublished reports Bayer Leverkusen Nos. 44/72, 45/72, 46/72, 47/12 Bayer. (1965, 1968) Unpublished reports Bayer Leverkusen Nos. 256/65 and 7/68 Bayer. (1965) Unpublished reports Bayer Leverkusen, Nos. 25/65, 258/65 Bayer. (1967) Unpublished report Bayer Leverkusen No. 69/67 Bayer. (1968) Unpublished reports Bayer Leverkusen, Nos. 4/68, 5/68, and 6/68 Bonashevskaya, T. I. and Tabakova, S. A. (1972) Morphological Alterations Occurring in Albino Rat Organs Following Inhalation of Chorofos. Farmakol Toksikol (Moscow), 35:240-241. (Reviewed in abstract only) Chemagro. Unpublished reports Chemagro Nos. 14940, 14945 Chemagro. Unpublished reports Chemagro Nos. 14941, 14946, 14983 Chemagro. (1956) Unpublished report No. 2696, Dept. of Ent. Univ. of Manitoba Canada (Chemagro report). Chemagro. (1972) Unpublished report Chemagro No. 21311 (Bayer reports 155/72, 157/72) Chemagro (1962) Unpublished reports Chemagro Nos. 8555, 8560, 8562, 8974 Chemagro. (1972) Unpublished report Chemagro No. 21811 (Bayer reports 156/72, 158/72) Chemagro. (1957, 1959) Unpublished report No. 2697, Agr. Exp. Sta. Mesa, Arizona (Chemagro report) Gibel, Von W., Lohs, Kh., Wildner, G. P., Ziebarth, D. and Streglitz, R. (1973) Uber die Kanzerogene hamatoxische und hepatotoxische Wirkung pestizider organischer phosphorverbindungen. Arch. Geschwultstforsch., 41:311-328 Gibel, Von W., Lohs, Kh., Wildner, G. P. and Ziebarth, D. (1971) Tierexperimentelle untersuchungen uber die hepatotoxische und Kanzerogene wirkung phosphoroganischer verbindungen. Arch. fur Geschwulstforschung, 37:303-312 Karmelov, V. A. (1973) Subacute Experimental Chlorphos Poisoning (Morphopathochemical Investigation). Farmakol. Toksikol (Moscow), 36:727-728. (Reviewed in abstract only) Kimmerle, G. and Loser, E. (1974) Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Compounds and Copper Concentration in the Serum of Hens. Environ. Quality & Safety, 3:173-78 Koivurinta, J. and Koivistoinen, P. (1975) Trichlorfon residues in lettuce; in press, Acta agric. Scand. KvW No. 71. Control of beet-fly on spinach; unpublished report No. 71, Food Inspection Service, Amsterdam 1962 (in Neth. language) KvW No. 105. (1965) Residues of diazinon, ronnel, trichlorfon, and mevinphos on spinach; unpublished report No. 105, Food Inspection Service, Amsterdam, 1965 (in Neth. language) KvW No. XXII. (1957) Residues of phosphoric esters on glasshouse spinach (in Netherl. language); unpublished report No. XXII, Food Inspection Service, Amsterdam, 1957 Lange, H. and MacCalley, N. F. (1959) Report 4820, Univ. of California (Chemagro report) Lazarov, V. P. and Magat, A. (1975) Aspects biochimiques et physiopathologiques de l'intoxication aiguë et à moyen terme du poulet avec le trichloron. Bull. Soc. Sci et Méd. comparée (Lyon), 77, (2), 89-97 RIV 96/74. (1974) Residues of pesticides in vegetable crops grown under glass; report RIV 96/74, Tox/Rob. National Institute of public Health, Bilthoven, the Netherlands Rodionov, G. A. and Voronina, L. Ya. (1973) On the Effect of Trichlorfon on the Course of Pathology of the Liver in the Experiment. Vrach. Delo., 11:48-52. (Reviewed in abstract only) Yasnova, G. P., Alibasov, T. G. and Tsarogorodtseva, G. N. (1971) Pathological and Histochemical Changes in Organs and Tissues of Calves Given Certain Organophosphorus Insecticides over a Long Period. Problemy Veterinarnoi Sanitarii, 39:228-233. (Reviewed in abstract only)
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations Trichlorfon (EHC 132, 1992) Trichlorfon (HSG 66, 1991) Trichlorfon (JECFA Food Additives Series 51) Trichlorfon (WHO Food Additives Series 45) TRICHLORFON (JECFA Evaluation) Trichlorfon (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 1) Trichlorfon (Pesticide residues in food: 1978 evaluations) Trichlorfon (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 30, 1983)