PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1987
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
with the support of the International Programme
on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
EVALUATIONS 1987
PART II - TOXICOLOGY
Joint meeting of the
FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment
and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Geneva, 21-30 September 1987
The designations employed and the presentation of material in
this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,
city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries.
This report contains the collective views of two international
groups of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions
or the stated policy of the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations or the World Health Organization.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY
The preparatory work for the toxicological evaluations of pesticide
residues carried out by the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
for consideration by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment is actively supported by the
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS).
The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint
venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the
International Labour Organisation, and the World Health
Organization. One of the main objectives of the IPCS is to carry out
and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human
health and the quality of the environment.
M-84
ISBN 92-5 102701-3
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications
Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
(c) FAO 1988
CONTENTS
PART II: TOXICOLOGY
List of those attending the Meeting
Abbreviations
Introduction
Toxicology monographs and monograph addenda
Acephate
Benalaxyl*
Bitertanol
Chlordimeform
Chinomethionat
Chlorothalonil
Cyfluthrin*
Dimethoate
Ethoprophos
Fenamiphos
Permethrin
Propiconazole*
Annex 1. Reports and other documents resulting from previous
Joint Meetings of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide
Residues in Food and the Environment and WHO Expert
Groups on Pesticide Residues
Annex 2. Acceptable daily intakes, residue limits, and guideline
levels proposed at the 1987 Meeting
*First full evaluation
1987 JOINT MEETING OF THE FAO PANEL OF EXPERTS ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN
FOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE WHO EXPERT GROUP ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES
Geneva. 21-30 September 1987
FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the
Environment
Dr D.C. Abbott, formerly Deputy Director (Government Analyst),
Laboratory of the Government Chemist, London, UK (Vice-Chairman)
Professor Dr A.F.H. Besemer, formerly Chair of Phytopharmacy,
Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Dr P.F. Dos Santos, Head, National Research Centre for Plant Protection
(EMBRAPA) Jaguariuna-SP, Brazil
Dr Roy Greenhalgh, Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, KIA 0C6 Canada
Mr D.J. Hamilton, Assistant Director, Agricultural Chemistry Branch,
Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia (Rapporteur)
Dr E.D. Magallona, Head, Pesticide Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory,
National Crop Protection Center, College of Agriculture, University of
the Philippines at Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Professor Mrs Nabila M.S. Bakry, Head Professor of Pesticide Chemistry
and Toxicology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Alexandria, E1-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
Dr V. Benes, Chief, Department of Toxicology, Institute of Hygiene and
Epidemiology, Prague, Czechoslovakia
Professor J.F. Borzelleca, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA
Mr D.J. Clegg, Head, Pesticide Section, Toxicological Evaluation
Division, Food Directorate, health Protection Branch,
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OL2
Professor M. Lotti, Istituto di Medicina del Lavoro, University of Padua
Medical School, Padua, Italy (Chairman)
Professor F.G. Reyes, Department of Food Science, School of Food
Engineering/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil (Rapporteur)
Secretariat
Mr J.A.R. Bates, formerly Head, Pesticide Registration and Surveillance
Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Harpenden, UK
(FAO Consultant)
Professor C.L. Berry, Professor of Pathology, Chairman, Department of
Morbid Anatomy, The London Hospital Medical College, London, England
(WHO Temporary Advisor)
Dr A.L. Black, medical Advisor in Toxicology, Commonwealth Department of
health Woden, A.C.T., Australia (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr J.R.P. Cabral, Scientist, Unit of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis,
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
(WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr J.L. Herrman, Food and Drug Administration, Washington D.C., USA
(WHO Consultant)
*Dr G. Hudson, Head of Division, Directorate-General for Agriculture,
Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium
(WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr F.-W. Kopisch-Obuch, Pesticide Residue Specialist, Plant Protection
Service, FAO, Rome, Italy (Joint Secretary)
Dr L.G. Ladomery, Food Standards Officer, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards
Programme, FAO, Rome, Italy
Mr A.F. Machin, London, England (FAO Consultant)
Dr M. Manno, Istituto di Medicina del Lavoro, University of Padua
Medical School, Padua, Italy (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Mr A.J. Pieters, Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs,
Rijswiik, The Netherlands (FAO Consultant)
Dr D.S. Saunders, Hazard Evaluation Division, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington D.C., USA (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr A. Takanaka, Head, Division of Pharmacology, Biological Safety
Research Center, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences,
Tokyo, Japan (WHO Temporary Adviser)
* invited but unable to attend
Dr Mrs Engelina M. den Tonkelaar, Toxicology Advisory Center, National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene,
Bilthoven, The Netherlands (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr G. Vettorazzi, Senior Toxicologist, International Programme on
Chemical Safety, Division of Environmental Health, WHO,
Geneva, Switzerland (Joint Secretary)
Mr M. Walsh, Directorate General for Agriculture, Commission of the
European Communities, Brussels, Belgium (FAO Consultant)
ABBREVIATIONS WHICH MAY BE USED IN THESE MONOGRAPHS
(N.B.: chemical elements and pesticides are not included in this list)
AChE acetylcholinesterase
ADI acceptable daily intake
AG ratio albumine/globulin ratio
ai active ingredient
approx, approximate
at.wt. atomic weight
b.p. boiling point
bun blood urea nitrogen
c centi - (× 10-2)
°C degree Celsius (centigrade)
CCPR Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
ChE cholinesterase
cm centimetre
CNS central nervous system
cu cubic
DL racemic (optical configuration, a mixture of dextro- and
laevo-; preceding a chemical name)
EC emulsion concentrate
ERL extraneous residue limit
F1 filial generation, first
F2 filial generation, second
f.p. freezing point
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
g gram
ug microgram
GAP good agricultural practice
GC-MS gas chromatography - mass spectrometry
G.I. gastro-intestinal
GL guideline level
GLC gas-liquid chromatography
GPC gel-permeation chromatography
h hour(s)
ha hectare
Hb haemoglobin
Ht haematocrit
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IBT Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories
i.m. intramuscular
i.p. intraperitoneal
IR infrared
i.v. intravenous
JMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (Joint Meeting
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food
and the Environment and a WHO Expert Group on Pesticide
Residues)
k kilo- (× 103)
kg kilogram
l litre
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
LC50 lethal concentration, 50%
LD50 lethal dose, median
m metre
MCH mean corpuscular haemoglobin
MCV mean corpuscular volume
mg milligram
um micrometre (micron)
min minute(s)
ml millilitre
MLD minimum lethal dose
mm millimetre
M molar
mo month(s)
m.p. melting point
MRL Maximum Residue Limit (This term replaces "tolerance")
MTD maximum tolerated resonance
n normal (defining isomeric configuration)
NCI National Cancer Institute (United States)
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
no. number
NOEL no-observed-effect-level
NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect-level
NTE neuropathy target esterase
o ortho (indicating position in a chemical name)
OP organophosphorus pesticide
p para (indicating position in a chemical name)
2-PAM 2-pralidoxime
PHI pre-harvest interval
ppm parts per million (Used only reference to the
concentration of a pesticide in an experimental diet. In
all other contexts the terms mg/kg or mg/l are used).
s.c. subcutaneous
SD standard deviation
SE standard error
sp./spp. species (only after a generic name)
sp gr specific gravity
sq square
t tonne (metric ton)
TADI Temporary Acceptable Daily Intake
tert tertiary (in a chemical name)
TLC thin-layer chromatography
TMRL Temporary Maximum Residue Limit
UV ultraviolet
v/v volume ratio (volume per volume)
WHO World Health Organization
wk week
WP wettable powder
wt weight
wt/volweight per volume
w/w weight per weight
yr year
< less than
< less than or equal to
> greater than
> greater than or equal to
INTRODUCTION
The toxicology monographs and monograph addenda contained in this
volume were prepared by a WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues that
met with the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the
Environment in a Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) in Geneva,
Switzerland, 21 September to 30 September 1987. These monographs
summarize the safety data on those pesticide residues for which
sufficient information was provided to the WHO Expert Group for it to
make decisions regarding acceptable daily intake.
Most of the compounds considered by the WHO Expert Group at this
Meeting had been evaluated at previous meetings and monographs on them
have been published previously. In such cases, only new information is
summarized in the relevant "monograph addenda". Reference is made to
reports and other documents resulting from previous Joint Meetings of
the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the
Environment and WHO Expert Groups on Pesticide Residues, which are
listed in Annex 1. The appropriate documents should be consulted to
obtain a full toxicological profile of the chemicals under
consideration.
The report of the Joint Meeting has been published by the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as FAO Plant
Production and Protection Paper No. 84. The report contains brief
comments on the compounds under consideration, acceptable daily intakes
established by the WHO Expert Group, and maximum residue limits or
guideline levels established by the FAO Panel of Experts. Residues
monographs prepared by the FAO Panel of Experts have been published as
a companion volume to this one, Evaluations 1987, Part I Residues, as
FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 86/1.
The toxicology monographs and monograph addenda contained in this
volume are based upon working papers that were prepared by temporary
advisers in advance of the 1987 Joint Meeting. A special acknowledgement
is given to those who prepared these working papers, Professor C.L.
Berry, The London Hospital Medical College, London, UK, Dr A.L. Black,
Commonwealth Department of Health, Woden, Australia; Dr M. Manno,
University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy, Dr D.S. Saunders, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, and Dr E.M. den
Tonkelaar, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental
Hygiene, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
The preparation and editing of the monographs included in this
volume have been made possible through the technical and financial
contributions of the lead Institutions of the International Programme on
Chemical Safety (IPCS), which support the activities of JMPR. The
designations employed and the presentation of the material in this
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the
part of the Central Unit of the IPCS concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city, or area or its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific
companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they
are endorsed or recommended by the IPCS in preference to others of a
similar nature that are not mentioned.
Any comments or new information on the biological or toxicological
data on the compounds reported in this document should be addressed to:
Joint WHO Secretary of the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues,
International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization,
Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations