PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1981
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
EVALUATIONS 1981
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome
FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER 42
pesticide residues in food:
1981 evaluations
the monographs
data and recommendations
of the joint meeting
of the
FAO panel of experts on pesticide residues
in food and the environment
and the
WHO expert group on pesticide residues
Geneva, 23 November-2 December 1981
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome 1982
PHOSMET
Explanation
Phosmet has been reviewed previously (1976, 1978 and 1979).*
Temporary limits were estimated for a variety of commodities in 1978
and one was amended in 1979. In response to commitments at the Twelfth
Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues, additional
information has been provided for several commodities and are reviewed
in this addendum.
RESIDUES IN FOOD
USE PATTERN
Additional information on national good agricultural practices
has been submitted and is summarized in Table 1 (Canada 1980; Stauffer
Chemical Co. 1981a, b). These agricultural practices differ from
previous submissions largely in that shorter pre-harvest intervals and
higher applications rates are used nationally than previously reported
to the Meeting.
RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS
Residue trials were conducted on eight commodities in two
countries, for which residue data are summarized in Table 2 (Stauffer
Chemical Co. 1981b). Each commodity is discussed below.
Apple and pear
A temporary maximum residue level (MRL) of 1 mg/kg for both
apples and pears was recommended at the 1978 Meeting. This
recommendation was based on a pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 21 days
and presumably on a rate of 1.5-3.0 kg a.i./ha. In supervised trials
reported to this Meeting, spray applications of phosmet to apples and
pears at rates approximating the good agricultural practices of
Table 1, resulted in residues up to 10 mg/kg in apples at 0 days and
10.4 mg/kg in pears at 1 day. National MRLs of 10 mg/kg for apples and
pears were reported to the Meeting.
* See Annex II for FAO and WHO documentation
Table 1. Good agricultural practices for phosmet in Canada and the USA
Application Pre-harvest Other3
Crop Country Rate (a.i.) Formulation1 Interval (days) Restrictions
Apple Canada 625 g/1000 L WP 1
USA 5.6 kg/ha WP 0
Pear Canada 625 g/1000 L WP 1
USA 5.6 kg/ha WP 0
Peach Canada 625 g/1000 L WP 1
USA 3.36 kg/ha WP 14
Apricot USA 3.36 kg/ha WP 14
Nectarine USA 3.36 kg/ha WP 14
Grape Canada 625 g/1000 L WP 7 maximum of 2500 l/ha
USA 1.12 kg/ha WP2 7
NE only 1.68 kg/ha WP 14
Cranberry USA 1.12 kg/ha WP 0
Carrot Canada 1.1 kg/ha WP 40 maximum of 2 applications
per season
1 Based on the residue trial information submitted to the Meeting,
the formulation is presumed to be 50 WP
2 In addition to the 50 WP residue trial data, some residue trial
data was submitted using a 5% dust on grapes.
3 Unless restrictions are given, phosmet may be applied as often
as necessary.
TABLE 2. Residues of phosmet resulting from supervised field trials
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
Apples USA
CT,MI 7-9 1.68 50 WP 1 <0.40-3.75 5 A(6), A(12),
OH (2.21) A (11)
1965
7 <0.40-3.93 6
(2.41)
14 0.38-0.72 6
(0.51)
21-23 0.26-0.78 4
(0.55)
CA, NY, 1-8 1.96-2.24 50 WP 0 2.14-2.47 3 A(9), A(5),
MI (2.36) A(15)
1964-65
1 1.67-1.68 3
(1.67)
7-8 0.70-1.83 5
(1.15)
14-15 0.58-1.36 4
(0.88)
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
21-23 0.17-1.21 6
(0.80)
49 0.26 1
NY, OR, 1-6 3.36-4.48 50 WP 0 2.67-5.07 4 A(13),A(3),
PA, WA (4.10) A(8), A(16),
1962-65 A(17),A(1),
1 3.81-5.88 5 A(4)
(4.78)
7-9 1.24-4 23 9
(2.75)
14-16 0.93-2.67 7
(1.76)
21-23 0.92-2.56 8
(1.40)
28 0.51-2.01 4
(1.07)
35-42 0.64-0.71 2
(0.68)
48 0.49 1
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
USA
CA,MI 1-4 1.68-2.8 50 WP 0 4.31 1 B(2)
NY B(7)
1965 1 1.35-2.64 3
(2-08)
7-8 1.05-1.77 4
(1.55)
12-15 0.03-1.29 5
(0.65)
20-22 0.56-0.85 4
(0.70)
Pears USA 1 4.48-5.60 50 WP 1 1.56-3.39 2 B(3) ,B(4)
OR,WA (2.48)
1965
7-8 1.19-1.75 3
(1.47)
14-15 0.84-2.40 2
(1.62)
20-21 0.71-0.99 2
(0.85)
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
WA 3 6.72-8.96 50 WP 0 4.04-6.83 2 B(1), B/3)
1965 (5.44)
1 2.43 1
7 1.17-4.50 4
(2.68)
14 1.02-3.51 3
(2-52)
21 0.60-2.46 3
(1.76)
Peaches Canada
ONT 1-2 2.24-3.36 50 WP 1 9.20-10.08 2 C(3),C(10)
1964-65
7 4.40-3.39 2
14 1.44-4.10 3
(2.38)
21 1.66-1.73 2
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
Peaches USA
CA, VA 1-5 2.24-2.8 50 WP 1 2.64-3.40 4 C(6),C(7),
1963-65 (3.08) C(8),C(9),
C(13)
2-3 1.57-3.93 5
(2.68)
7-9 0.96-2.85 8
(1.68)
14-16 0.59-1.62 7
(0.99)
21-25 0.44-0.81 7
(0.55)
Cranberry USA 2 0.56-0.84 50 WP 1 3.14-5.35 6 G (5)
NJ (3.85)
1970
3 2.10-4.66 5
(3.04)
5 1.59-2.73 3
(2.23)
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
Grapes USA
CA,NY 1-3 1.12-1.68 50 WP 0 3.9-6.17 6 F(2),F(3),
1963-69 (4.08) F(4),F(5),
F(7),F(8)
7 1.1-4.84 8
(2.74)
14 1.32-3.30 8
(2.15)
21 0.96-2.05 6
(1.56)
28-31 0.00-1.85 8
(0.72)
35 0.92-1.50 4
(1.22)
CA,NY 2-3 1.40-2.24 50 WP 0 8.2-13.6 6 F(6),F(9)
1967 (11.27)
7 4.4-10.2 6
(7.37)
14 4.0-9.2 6
(6.1)
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
21 4.0-7.6 6
(5.8)
28 3.3-6.5 5
(5.12)
35 2.6-6.2 6
(4.18)
48 0.113 1
NY 3 0.7-0.84 50 WP 0 0.32-2.59 4 F(3),F(4),
1964-66 (1.79) F(5)
7 0.39-2.10 6
(1.34)
14 0.67-1.40 6 F(3),F(4),
(1.0) F(5)
21 0.32-0.90 6
(0.63)
28 0.16-0.76 4
(0.43)
42 0.28-0.55 4
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
Repeat (0.44)
application
after 35 days 0 2.30-2.40 2
7 1.80-2.00 2
CA 1-2 1.68-2.24 5% dust 0 0.42-1.57 2 F(10),F(11),
1969 F(12) ,F(13),
4 0.48-1.95 2 F(14) ,F(15)
7 0.017-0.78 4
(0.29)
14 0.02
21 0.43
NY 3 2.80-3.36 50 WP 0 8.3-8.3 2 F(2)
1963
7 3.6-4.2 2
14 4.0-4.2 × 28 2
21 2.2-2-2 2
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) at
Country/ intervals (days) after application
Crop Year Rate Residue range No. of Reference1
No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation Days (Average residue) samples
Canada 4 1.4 50 WP 1 10.5 1 F(1)
Ont
1968 7 7.16 1
14 5.79 1
21 2.87 1
45 1.55 1
Carrots Canada 2 1.12 50 WP 42 0.006 3 Stauffer
Ont 0.009 1981
1979 ND
52 0.006 3
ND, ND
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) intervals (days) after application
Country/
Rate
Crop Year No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation 0-3 5-10 11-16 20-25 27-32 35-40 Ref.1
Apples USA
NY 6 2.24 50 WP 5.26 3.31 2.86 1.26 A(10)
1965 5.60 3.40 2.76 1.36
1964 7 1.12 50 WP 2.56 1.56 0.38 A(14)
PA 6 6.30 50 WP 6.51* 4.06 3.32 2.14 1.03 A(8)
1965 6.08* 4.26 2.58 2.13 1.31
2.08
VA 6 3.77 50 WP 9.98* 6.30 3.16 2.85 A(7)
1965 8.91* 7.28 4.66 2.98
3.22
WA 1 2.24 25 WP 2.76* 0.86 0.78 0.46 A(18)
1961
Canada
B.C. 1 2.35 50 WP 2.16* 1.49 1.44 0.87 A(2)
1965 1.32 1.16
Pears Canada
Ont 2 2.24 50 WP 2.28 0.86 0.69 0.52 B(6)
1965 0.83
1964 3 3.36 50 WP 1.87 0.65 0.26 0.18 B(9)
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) intervals (days) after application
Country/
Rate
Crop Year No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation 0-3 5-10 11-16 20-25 27-32 35-40 Ref.1
USA
WA 1 3.36 25 WP 1.27* 0.54 <0.1 <0.1 B(10)
1961
1962 3 4.48 25 WP 10.4 5.61 1.25 0.41 B(8)
Peaches USA
CA 1 5.6 50 WP 6.15 5.20 2.18 C(13)
1963
CT 9 1.68 50 WP 6.26 3.27 2.85 C(5)
1965 5.87 3.66 2.06
GA 1 2.24 50 WP 6.30 4.70 3.04 C(1)
1965 12.9 10.69 6.04
9.76
5 3.36 50 WP 1.95* 1.72 0.69 0.50 0.29 C(12)
MI 7-8 1.15 50 WP 1.88 0.87 0.28 <0.10 C(2)
1965 8 applications to days 1 and 7
PA 4 2.93 50 WP 9.81* 11.18 6.79 2.34 1.74 C(4)
1965 10.30* 10.75 3.38 1.93 1.86
12.7* 11.32 2.85 2.34
1964 5-7 3.36 50 WP 5.17 1.13 0.58 C(11)
6 applications to day 10 and 7 to day 22
TABLE 2. (con't)
Application Residues (mg/kg) intervals (days) after application
Country/
Rate
Crop Year No. (kg a.i./ha) Formulation 0-3 5-10 11-16 20-25 27-32 35-40 Ref.1
WA 1 3.36 50 WP 2.86* 1.78 1.13 0.74 0.50 C(14)
1963
Apricots USA 1 4.2 50 WP 3.63* 2.65 1.22 0.00 1.00 D(1),D(2),
CA 9.64* 4.73 2.78 0.00 D(3)
1967 11.59* 4.23 1.20 1.69 0.09
Nectarine USA
CA 1-2 4.2 50 WP 4.05 2.26 0.55 0.05 0.22 0.39 E(2),E(3),
1967- 0.22 0.39 E(4),E(5),
1968 0.35
0.35
1965 1 2.24 50 WP 0.67 0.81 4.50 <0.02 E(1)
<0.02
Cranberry USA
MA,NJ 1-2 1.12 50 WP 7.60* 2.44 0.32 <0.01 G(1),G(2),
WA 6.19* 1.37 0.70 <0.01 G(3),G(4),
1972- 1.31* 1.12 0.01 (77 days) G(6)
1973 1.32 0.04
1 All references are to Stauffer 1981 a,b.
* = Zero days.
Peach
In supervised trials reported to this Meeting, multiple spray
applications of phosmet to peaches approximating the good agricultural
practices of Table 1 resulted in residues up to 12.9 mg/kg at 1 day
and 6.8 mg/kg at 14 days. Residues up to 6 mg/kg also resulted from a
single application at 14 days. About half of the data at 0 or 1 day
were above 5 mg/kg, which is consistent with some national MRLs of
10 mg/kg. No residue data were available from the one country for
which a one day pre-harvest interval is good agricultural practice. A
temporary MRL of 1 mg/kg was recommended at the 1978 Meeting. This
recommendation was based on a PHI of 21 days and 1.0 g a.i./l,
presumably applied at a rate of 1000 l/ha to 2000 l/ha, which would
result in an application rate of 1.0 - 2.0 kg a.i./ha.
Apricot and nectarine
The temporary MRL recommended by the 1978 Meeting was 1 mg/kg
and was based on the same PHI and application rates as peaches. In
supervised trials reported to this meeting, one to two spray
applications of phosmet to apricots and nectarines at rates
approximating the good agricultural practices of Table 1 resulted in
residues up to 2.8 mg/kg in apricots and 4.7 mg/kg in nectarines at 14
days. These residues are consistent with some national MRLs reported
to the Meeting.
Grape
A temporary MRL of 5 mg/kg was recommended by the 1978 Meeting
and was based on a PHI of 21 days. In supervised trials reported to
this Meeting, multiple spray and dust applications of phosmet to
grapes at rates approximating the good agricultural practices in Table
1 resulted in residues up to 10.2 mg/kg at 7 days from nearly twice
the recommended rate and 6.8 mg/kg at 7 days from 1.25 times the
recommended rate. At 14 days and at 1.25 times the recommended rate,
residues ranged to 9.2 mg/kg. These residues are consistent with some
national MRLs reported to the Meeting: Residue data were available
from only one of the two countries from which good agricultural
practice information was available.
Cranberry
A temporary MRL of 5 mg/kg was recommended by the 1978 Meeting
and was based on a 7-day PHI. In supervised trials reported to this
Meeting, one to two spray applications of phosmet to cranberries at
rates approximating the good agricultural practices of Table 1
resulted in residues up to 7.6 mg/kg at 0 days from the recommended
rate.
Carrot
No MRLs have been recommended by the Meeting. Only one supervised
trial was submitted. The highest residue reported at 42 days was
0.009 mg/kg, as measured with a flame photometric, gas chromatographic
method.
NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS REPORTED TO THE MEETING
National MRL
(mg/kg)
Crop Canada U.S.
Apple 10 10
Apricot - 5
Cranberry - 10
Grape 10 10
Peach 10 10
Pear 10 10
Nectarine - 5
EVALUATION
APPRAISAL
Additional good agricultural practice information and residue
data for phosmet on several fruit crops have been received and
reviewed by this Meeting. The data and information submissions were in
support of comments of some delegations of the Twelfth Session of the
Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues that the temporary MRLs
estimated for these crops by the 1978 Joint Meeting were too low to
accommodate their good agricultural practices.
The residue data provided are consistent with the MRLs estimated
in 1978 when the same 21 day pre-harvest interval is observed.
However, on the basis of the good agricultural practice information
provided to this Meeting, applications on or near the day of harvest
are required on several of these commodities and at substantially less
than 21 days on the others. At these shorter pre-harvest intervals,
both the new and previously reviewed data support higher MRL
estimates.
RECOMMENDATIONS OF RESIDUE LIMITS
The Meeting examined residue data from supervised trials
reflecting current good agricultural practice on a number of crops.
From these data, the Meeting was able to estimate the MRLs that were
likely to occur when phosmet was used and when the reported intervals
between last application and harvest were observed. These are
recommended changes to the previously recommended MRLs and are
summarized below.
<
Commodity Previously recommended Previous PHI on which Recommended PHI on which
MRL (mg/kg) levels are based (days) levels are based
MRL (mg/kg) (days)
Cranberry 5 21 10 0
Grape 5 21 10 7
Apple 1 21 10 0
Peach 1 21 10 1
Pear 1 21 10 0
Apricot 1 21 5 14
Nectarine 1 21 5 14
REFERENCES
Canada. Plant Products and Quarantine Directorate, Ontario, Canada.
1980 Canadian Registration Data.
Stauffer Chemical Company. Phosmet Residues. Carrots (Unpublished)
1981a
Stauffer Chemical Company. Imidan Insecticide Crop Residue Data. A.
1981b Apples. Report Numbers (1) A906, (2) A1004, (3) A1563, (4)
A1660, (5) A1751, (6) A1939, (7) A1948, (8) A1963, (9)
A1962; A 1978, (10) A1977, (11) A1983, (12) 2011; 2015, (13)
4521, (14) 4524, (15) 4614, (16) 3516, (17) 3061, (18) 3490.
B. Pears. Report Numbers: (1) A910, (2) A1412, (3) A1663,
(4) A1668, (5) A1979, (6) A1989 (7) A2035; A2039, (8) 3512,
(9) 4515, (10) 3479. C. Peaches. Report numbers: (1) A2403,
(2) A2027; A2031, (3) A1986, (4) A1957, (5) A1944, (6)
A1940, (7) A1726, (8) A1420, (9) A1416, (10) 4525, (11)
4356, (12) 3709, (13) 5400, (14) 4631, (15) B1091. D.
Apricots. Report numbers: (1) A395, (2) A396, (3) A397. E.
Nectarines. Report numbers: (1) A1734, (2) B1090, (3) A0231,
(4) A0232, (5) A0233. F. Grapes. Report numbers: (1) B0535,
(2) Cornell 1963, (3) Cornell 1964, (4) Cornell 1965, (5)
Cornell 1966, (6) Cornell 1967, (7) B0104, (8) B01o5, (9)
B0698, (10) B0665, (11) B0651, (12) B1075, (13) B1073, (14)
B0106, (15) BO107. G. Cranberries. Report numbers: (1)
A6054, (2) A6013, (3) A6014, (4) B1805, (5) 1-21-SK-71, (6)
A8166; A8167. (Unpublished)
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Phosmet (ICSC)
Phosmet (JMPR Evaluations 2003 Part II Toxicological)
Phosmet (Pesticide residues in food: 1976 evaluations)
Phosmet (Pesticide residues in food: 1978 evaluations)
Phosmet (Pesticide residues in food: 1979 evaluations)
Phosmet (Pesticide residues in food: 1984 evaluations)
Phosmet (Pesticide residues in food: 1994 evaluations Part II Toxicology)