VAMIDOTHION
EXPLANATION
Vamidothion was evaluated by the Joint Meetings in 1973 and 1982
(Annex 1, FAO/WHO, 1974a and 1983a). A temporary ADI was allocated in
1982. A toxicological monograph was prepared by the Joint Meeting in
1973 (Annex 1, FAO/WHO, 1974b) and a monograph addendum was prepared
in 1982 (Annex 1, FAO/WHO, 1983b).
Several studies, including a teratogenicity study, a multi-
generation reproduction study, a delayed neurotoxicity study, and a
dog study of adequate duration, were required by 1985. Some of the
required studies and some mutagenicity studies have been submitted and
are summarized in the following monograph addendum.
EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE
Toxicological studies
Special studies on embryotoxicity/teratogenicity
Rat
Groups of 20-23 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered by
stomach tube vamidothion (technical material; 94.3% purity) dissolved
in distilled water at dose levels of 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg b.w./day
from day 6 through day 15, inclusive, of pregnancy. On day 20 of
pregnancy, the dams were sacrificed and foetuses removed by caesarean
section for external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities.
No noteworthy clinical signs were observed. In the highest-dose
group, one female died on day 16 of preganancy, average body weights
of dams were significantly lower than those of controls on days 15 and
20, and decreased food consumption during the treatment and post-
treatment period was observed.
Corpora lutea and implantations were comparable in all groups.
There were no dose-related differences between the control and treated
groups with respect to resorptions, post-implantation losses, live
foetuses, male-to-female ratios, or mean body weights of foetuses. No
dead foetuses were observed. The examination of foetuses for external,
visceral, and skeletal abnormalities gave no indication of treatment-
related effects.
The no-effect level for embryotoxic/teratogenic effects in this
study was 20 mg/kg b.w./day (Savary & Read, 1985a).
Rabbit
Groups of 12 to 15 pregnant New Zealand albino rabbits were
administered by stomach tube vamidothion (technical material; 94.3%
purity) dissolved in distilled water at dose levels of 0, 5, 10, or
20 mg/kg b.w./day from day 6 through day 18, inclusive, of pregnancy.
On day 28 the dams were sacrificed and the foetuses were removed by
Caesarean section for examination for external, visceral, and skeletal
abnormalities.
Diarrhoea was the main clinical sign observed in the dams during
the treatment. The frequency of this symptom was dose-related.
Mortality and abortions were not treatment-related. On day 18 and day
21 of pregnancy, but not on day 24 and day 28, the average body
weights of the dams in the highest-dose group were significantly lower
than those of the controls. Food consumption was lower than in the
controls for the dams in the highest-dose group only. The numbers of
corpora lutea and implantations were on the same order for all
groups.
There were no dose-related differences between the control and
treated groups with respect to resorptions, post-implantation losses,
live foetuses, male-to-female ratios, or mean body weights of
foetuses. No dead foetuses were observed. The examination of foetuses
for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities gave no indication
of a treatment-related effect.
The no-effect level for embryotoxic/teratogenic effects in this
study was 20 mg/kg b.w./day (Savary & Read, 1985b).
Special studies on mutagenicity
Table 1: Special studies on mutagenicity with vamidothion
Test Organism Test substance Range tested Result Reference
S. typhimurium vamidothion 125-1000 negative Benazet &
TA1535, TA1537 (purity not µg/plate * Cartier,1977a
TA98 & TA100 stated)
S. typhimurium vamidothion 1-40 positive at 5 Benazet &
TA1535 (pure mg/plate mg/plate & Cartier,1977b
standard) above *
S. typhimurium vamidothion 0.1 ml of a) positive Shirasu
a) TA1535 (pure 25% solution b) negative et al., 1976
b) TA1536 standard) in methyl-
TA1537 ethylketone
TA1538
S. typhimurium vamidothion 50-40,O00 a) sig. dose- Shirasu
a) TA1535 (95% purity) µg/plate related increase et al., 1978
TA100 of revertants at
b) TA1537 >5000 µg/plate*
TA1538 b) negative
TA98
S. typhimurium vamidothion up to 5000 a) positive Moriya et
a) TA1535 µg/plate al., 1983
TA100
b) TA1537 b) negative *
TA1538
E. coli (WP2 vamidothion 0.1 ml of 25% positive Shirasu et
try hcr+/hcr-) (pure solution in al., 1976
standard) methylethylketone
Table 1: (Con't)
Test Organism Test substance Range tested Result Reference
E. coli vamidothion 50-4000 sig. dose-related Shirasu et
WP2 hcr (95% purity) µg/plate increase of revertants al., 1978
at > 5000 µg/plate*
E. coli vamidothion up to 5000 positive* Moriya et
WP2 hcr µg/plate al., 1983
Chinese hamster vamidothion 1-5 × 10-3M dose-related Tezuka et
cells in vitro (standard increase in SCE, al., 1980
sample) chromosomal
aberrations,
polyploids
Micronucleus vamidothion 0, 5, 10, or no sig. differences Pasquet &
test on CD1 (400 g/litre 20 mg/kg b.w. compared Fournier,1980
mice (2 mice) in methylethyl (oral) to control in %
sex/dose) ketone (LD50 of polychromatic
=55 mg/kg b.w.)) erythrocytes with
micronuclei
B. subtilis vamidothion 0.02 ml of positive Shirasu et
H17 rec+/ 25% methylethyl al., 1976
M45 rec- ketone
B. subtilis vamidothion 1000-20,000 dose-related Shirasu et
H17 rec+/ (95% purity) µg/disk differences in al., 1978
M45 rec- length of inhibitory
zone
* With and without S-9 mix
Special studies on acute toxicity of vamidothion metabolites
Table 2: Acute toxicity of vamidothion sulphone
LD50
Species Sex Route (mg/kg b.w.) Reference
Mouse M&F oral 75 Desmoras et al.,
1967
Rat F oral 140 Desmoras et al.,
1967
Special studies on the effect of vamidothion on cholinesterase
In 2 different studies, groups of Wistar female rats (30
rats/group) were fed diets containing vamidothion at levels of 0 or
1 ppm for 1 month.
Serum, RBC, and brain ChE activities, as determined after the
1-month administration, were not significantly different between the
treated and the control group. The no-effect level with respect to
serum, RBC, and brain ChE activities was 1 ppm for female rats (Sato
et al., 1978; Toyoshima et al., 1978).
Special study on delayed neurotoxicity
Hen
Groups of SPF White Leghorn hens (10-11 months old; 10-13/group)
were administered single oral doses (gelatin capsule) of vamidothion
(99.8% purity) at dose levels of 0, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg b.w. A
positive control group received by gavage tri-O-cresyl phosphate at a
dose level of 500 mg/kg b.w. In a preliminary study all the animals of
the 75 mg/kg b.w. group and higher, without atropine, died. The
animals of the 75 mg/kg b.w. group were treated with atropine and
2-PAM, while the animals of the 100 mg/kg b.w. group received atropine
alone. The animals were observed for 3 weeks after treatment for their
clinical symptoms. The animals that died during the experiment and all
the animals surviving after the 3-week observation period were
sacrificed for autopsy and histopathological examination.
Animals of the vamidothion-treatment groups showed symptoms of
acute intoxication consisting of depression, diarrhoea, and vomiting
immediately after treatment. In accordance with manifestation of these
symptoms, body weights, food consumption, and food efficiency were
markedly reduced compared to the negative controls. Seven animals died
in the 100 mg/kg b.w. group.
The surviving animals recovered and the symptoms were alleviated;
no animal was found significantly abnormal at the termination of the
experiment. Histopathological examination did not reveal alterations
in nervous tissues similar to those observed in the positive control
animals.
Animals of the positive control group showed marked motor
incoordination or paralysis at 3 weeks. Histopathological examination
of the animals showing such symptoms revealed that they had
degeneration of the axon and the myelin sheath in the cerebellum,
medulla oblongata, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve.
The authors concluded that vamidothion, administered at dose
levels up to 100 mg/kg b.w., had no delayed neurotoxicity (Yoshida
et al., 1980).
Acute toxicity
Table 3: Acute toxicity of vamidothion
LD50
Species Sex Route (mg/kg b.w.) Reference
Mouse M&F oral 45 Desmoras et al.,
1967
Rat F oral 110 Desmoras et al.,
1967
Rat M&F inhalation LC50: Coggins et al.,
(4 hr. exp.) 1.73 mg/l 1985
Short-term studies
Rabbit - dermal
Groups of rabbits (2 males and 2 females/dose level) were treated
dermally with vamidothion (as aqueous solution) at dose levels of 0,
100, 300, or 900 mg/kg b.w. for 2 weeks (5 days/week). The animals
were observed for mortality for 2 days after the end of treatment. The
subacute LD50 value was calculated to be 380 mg/kg b.w. Most deaths
occurred after 3 or 4 applications. The in vivo ID50 was determined
to be about 240 mg/kg b.w., less than 100 mg/kg b.w., and about 40
mg/kg b.w. for plasma, erythrocyte, and brain cholinesterase activity,
respectively (Fournel et al., 1969).
Observations in man
Fifteen workers engaged in the industrial synthesis of
vamidothion or of its precursors for periods of 1-6 months did not
show health impairment or significant variations of plasma or
erythrocyte cholinesterase activity (Bioche, 1984).
Eighteen people using vamidothion on crops were examined. The
concentration of the product in air was 0.024 mg/m3 50 metres away
from the point of application. Symptoms recorded were a very slight
drop in pulse rate and arterial blood pressure in 8 subjects. For 10
minutes, a reduction of 4-11% in blood cholinesterase was observed
(Lelievre, 1981).
A study was carried out investigating the effects of low
concentrations of vamidothion on the reflex activity of man. The
product was administered by inhalation, even though vamidothion is not
very volatile. The results were recorded as encephalograms. The 4
people subjected to these tests were tested with 2 concentrations of
vamidothion, 0.009 mg/m3 or 0.016 mg/m3.
At the higher concentration the product caused significant
desynchronization of alpha rhythms in all subjects; vamidothion at the
lower concentration had no effect. On the basis of this study, the
authors concluded that the maximum acceptable limit of vamidothion in
atmospheric air of inhabited zones is 0.01 mg/m3 (Lelievre, 1981).
COMMENTS
Several studies, including a teratogenicity study, a multi-
generation reproduction study, a delayed neurotoxicity study, and a
dog study of adequate duration were required by 1985.
Teratogenicity studies in rats and rabbits gave no indication
that vamidothion has embryotoxic/teratogenic potential at dose levels
up to 20 mg/kg b.w./day.
Vamidothion was not mutagenic in some bacterial systems, while in
some others it was positive only at very high concentration levels.
Vamidothion induced low SCE and chromosomal aberrations in vitro,
but in an in vivo micronucleus test no conclusions could be reached
because of the small number of animals used.
Delayed neuropathy was not induced in hens.
Pending the receipt of a 1-year dog study and a multi-generation
reproduction study, the Meeting decided to maintain the temporary ADI
at the level set in 1982.
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION
CAUSING NO TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECT
Mouse: 1 ppm in the diet, equal to 0.137 mg/kg b.w.
Rat: 1 ppm in the diet, equal to 0.054 mg/kg
Dog: 5 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 0.125 mg/kg b.w.
ESTIMATE OF TEMPORARY ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE FOR MAN
0 - 0.0003 mg/kg b.w.
FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION REQUIRED (by 1988)
1. Multi-generation reproduction study.
2. One-year dog study.
DESIRED
Observations in man.
REFERENCES
Benazet, F. & Cartier, J.R.: Vamidothion (10465 RP). Study of
(1977a) mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium. Unpublished
report RP/RD/CNG 19228-E from Centre Nicolas Grillet, Rhône-
Poulenc, submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie,
France.
Benazet, F. & Cartier, J.R.: Vamidothion (10465 RP). Etude de
(1977b) l'activité mutagène vis-à-vis de Salmonella typhimurium.
Unpublished report RP/RD/CNG No. 19301-E from Centre Nicolas
Grillet, Rhône-Poulenc, submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc
Agrochimie, France.
Bioche, F: Relèves des examens biologiques concernant 15 personnes
(1984) ayant été affectées a diverses phases del la synthes du
vamidothion. Unpublished report EB/HL from Usine d'Elbeuf of
Rhône-Poulenc, submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie,
France.
Coggins, C.R.E., Haroz, R.K., Nikiforov, A.I., Fleissner, H., &
(1985) Bouvier, C.: Final report on vamidothion LC50. Unpublished
report from Battelle-Geneva, submitted to WHO by Rhône-
Poulenc Agrochimie, France.
Desmoras, J., Fournel, J., Julon, L., Koenig, F., & Pasquet, J.:
(1967) Comparaison des activités insecticides et des toxicites
aigües du vamidothion (10465 RP et du 12284 RP). Unpublished
report, submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie,
France.
Fournel, M., Julon, L., Koenig, F., & Mazuret, A.: Vamidothion (10465
(1969) RP). Toxicité subaigüe (2 semaines) chez le lapin par voie
percutanée. Unpublished report No. 13947, submitted to WHO
by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie, France.
Lelievre, D.: Vamidothion in the environment. Assessment of potential
(1981) danger to man. Unpublished report CRV/CNG No. 21190,
submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie, France.
Moriya, M., Ohta, T., Watanabe, K., Miyazawa, T., Kato, K., & Shirasu,
(1983) Y.: Further mutagenicity studies on pesticides in bacterial
reversion assay system. Mut. Res. 128, 185-216.
Pasquet, J. & Fournier, E.: Vamidothion (10465 RP) (solution of
(1980) 400 g/litre in methylethyl ketone). Micronucleus test in the
mouse. Unpublished report RP/RD/CNG No. 20553-E from Centre
Nicolas Grillet, Rhône-Poulenc, submitted to WHO by Rhône-
Poulenc Agrochimie, France.
Sato, R., Sato, S., & Motoyama, M.: Consideration on the effect of
(1978) vamidothion on cholinesterase. Unpublished report from Nihon
Experimental Medical Institution, submitted to WHO by Rhône-
Poulenc Agrochimie, Franceœ
Savary, M.H. & Read, M.H.: Vamidothion: Assessment of possible
(1985a) embryotoxic or teratogenic effects in the rat. Unpublished
report No. 794 RSR from Centre International de Toxicologie,
submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie, France.
Savary, M.H. & Read, M.H.: Vamidothion; Assessment of possible
(1985b) embryotoxic or teratogenic effects in the rabbit.
Unpublished report No. 795 RSL, from Centre International de
Toxicologie, submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie,
France.
Shirasu, Y., Moriya, M., Kato, K., Furuhashi, A., & Kada, T.:
(1976) Mutagenicity screening of pesticides in the microbial
system. Mut. Res. 40, 19-30.
Shirasu, Y., Moriya, M., & Otha, T.: Microbial mutagenicity testing on
(1978) vamidothion. Unpublished report from Institute of
Environmental Toxicology, Tokyo, submitted to WHO by Rhône-
Poulenc Agrochimie, France.
Tezuka, H., Ando, R., Suzuki, R., Terahota, M., Moriya, M., & Shirasu,
(1980) Y.: Sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations
in cultured Chinese hamster cells treated with pesticides
positive in microbial reversion assays. Mut. Res. 18,
177-191.
Toyoshima, H., Seto, T., & Fujita, H.: Influence of vamidothion on
(1978) cholinesterase. Unpublished report from Department of
Chemotherapy, Pharmacochemistry Institute, Faculty of
Medicine, Keio University, submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc
Agrochimie, France.
Yoshida, A., Saito, T., Maita, K., & Shirasu, Y.: Vamidothion. 3-week
(1980) acute delayed neurotoxicity study in hens. Unpublished
report from Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Tokyo,
submitted to WHO by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie, France.
ANNEX 1
REPORTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS RESULTING FROM PREVIOUS
JOINT MEETINGS OF THE FAO PANEL OF EXPERTS ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES
IN FOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND WHO EXPERT GROUPS ON PESTICIDE
RESIDUES
FAO/WHO. Principles governing consumer safety in relation to
(1962) pesticide residues. Report of a meeting of a WHO Expert
Committee on Pesticide Residues held jointly with the FAO
Panel of Experts on the Use of Pesticides in Agriculture.
FAO Plant Production and Protection Division Report, No.
PL/1961/11; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 240.
FAO/WHO. Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in food;
(1964) report of a Joint Meeting of the FAO Committee on
Pesticides in Agriculture and the WHO Expert Committee on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Meeting Report, No. PL/1963/13;
WHO/Food Add./23.
FAO/WHO. Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in food.
(1965a) Report of the Second Joint Meeting of the FAO Committee on
Pesticides in Agriculture and the WHO Expert Committee on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Meeting Report, No. PL/1965/10;
WHO/Food Add./26.65.
FAO/WHO. Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in
(1965b) food. FAO Meeting Report, No. PL/1965/10/1; WHO/Food
Add./27.65.
FAO/WHO. Evaluation of the hazards to consumers resulting from the
(1965c) use of fumigants in the protection of food. FAO Meeting
Report, No. PL/1965/10/2; WHO/Food Add./28.65.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Joint report of the FAO Working
(1967a) Party on Pesticide Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 73; WHO
Technical Report Series, No. 370.
FAO/WHO. Evaluation of some pesticide residues in food.
(1967b) FAO/PL:CP/15; WHO/Food Add./67.32.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues. Report of the 1967 Joint Meeting of
(1968a) the FAO Working Party and the WHO Expert Committee. FAO
Meeting Report, No. PL:1967/M/11; WHO Technical Report
Series, No. 391.
FAO/WHO. 1967 Evaluation of some pesticide residues in food. FAO/
(1968b) PL:1967/M/11/1; WHO/Food Add./68.30,
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1968 Joint
(1969a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 78; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 417.
FAO/WHO. 1968 Evaluation of some pesticide residues in food. FAO/
(1969b) PL:1968/M/9/1; WHO/Food Add./69.35.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1969 Joint
(1970a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues.
FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 84; WHO Technical Report
Series, No. 458.
FAO/WHO. 1969 evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. FAO/
(1970b) PL:1969/M/17/1; WHO/Food Add./70.38.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1970 Joint
(1971a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 87; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 474.
FAO/WHO. 1970 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. AGP:
(1971b) 1970/M/12/1; WHO/Food Add./71.42.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1971 Joint
(1972a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 88; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 502.
FAO/WHO. 1971 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. AGP
(1972b) 1971/M/9/l; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 1.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1972 Joint
(1973a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 90; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 525.
FAO/WHO. 1972 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food.
(1973b) AGP:1972/M/9/l; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 2.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1973 Joint
(1974a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 92; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 545.
FAO/WHO. 1973 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food.
(1974b) FAO/AGP/1973/M/9/1; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 3.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1974 Joint
(1975a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Agricultural Studies, No. 97; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 574.
FAO/WHO: 1974 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food.
(1975b) FAO/AGP/1974/M/11; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 4.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1975 Joint
(1976a) Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No.
1; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 592.
FAO/WHO. 1975 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food.
(1976b) AGP:1975/M/13; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 5.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1976 Joint
(1977a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Food and Nutrition Series, No. 9; FAO Plant
Production and Protection Series, No. 8; WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 612.
FAO/WHO. 1976 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food.
(1977b) AGP:1976/M/14.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1977. Report of the Joint
(1978a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
and Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 10 Rev.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food: 1977 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1978b) Production and Protection Paper 10 Sup.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1978. Report of the Joint
(1979a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
and Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide
Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 15.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food: 1978 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1979b) Production and Protection Paper 15 Sup.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1979. Report of the Joint
(1980a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection
Paper 20.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food: 1979 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1980b) Production and Protection Paper 20 Sup.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1980. Report of the Joint
(1981a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection
Paper 26.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food: 1980 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1981b) Production and Protection Paper 26 Sup.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1981. Report of the Joint
(1982a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection
Paper 37.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food: 1981 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1982b) Production and Protection Paper 42.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1982. Report of the Joint
(1983a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection
Paper 46.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food: 1982 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1983b) Production and Protection Paper 49.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1983. Report of the Joint
(1984) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection
Paper 56.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food: 1983 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1985a) Production and Protection Paper 61.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1984. Report of the Joint
(1985b) Meeting on Pesticide Residues. FAO Plant Production and
Protection Paper 62.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1984 evaluations. FAO Plant
(1985c) Product[on and Protection Paper 67.
FAO/WHO. Pesticide residues in food - 1985. Report of the Joint
(1986a) Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and a WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection
Paper 68.
FAO/WHO Pesticide residues in food - 1985 evaluations. Part I -
(1986b) Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 72/1.
ANNEX 2
ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKES, RESIDUE LIMITS AND GUIDELINE LEVELS
PROPOSED AT THE 1985 MEETING
These figures are additional to, or amend, those recorded in
Annexes of the reports of earlier meetings. Limits recommended at
meetings from 1965-1977 inclusive are summarized in document FAO/WHO
1978c.
This table includes maximum acceptable daily intake (ADIs),
maximum residue limits (MRLs) and guideline levels (GLs). These terms
are defined in Annex 3 of the report of the 1975 meeting. Part 1 lists
ADIs and MRLs. Some ADIs and MRLs are temporary: in these cases the
year in which further data are required is specified in parenthesis
below the ADI and/or following the MRL(s). Part 2 lists GLs.
New, as distinct from amended, recommendations are identified by
the symbol * before the commodity or before the ADI. Residue levels
at or about the limit of determination are followed by the symbol
**. Amended recommendations are followed by the previous
recommendation in parenthesis.
The table includes the Codex Classification Numbers (CCNs) of
both the compounds and the commodities listed, to facilitate reference
to the Guide to Codex Maximum Limits for Pesticide Residues. CCNs for
commodities are those of the revised Classification (see section 2.7
of the 1985 Report).
ANNEX 2
PART 1 - ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKES (ADIs) AND MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS (MRLs)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Aldicarb 0.005 AS 0645 Maize forage 5
CCN 117 (fresh weight
1979, 1982 basis)
(prev. 20 dry
weight basis)
Remarks: MRLs are for the sum of aldicarb, its sulphoxide and its sulphone,
expressed as aldicarb.
Azocyclotin: See cyhexatin/azocyclotin.
Captafol Temporary All MRLs
CCN 006 ADI WITHDRAWN
1969, 1973, 1974, WITHDRAWN
1976, 1977, 1982
Remarks: Temporary MRLs NOT replaced by GLs.
Chlordimeform 0.0001
CCN 013 (1987)
1971, 1975, 1977,
1978, 1979, 1980
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at the same level.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Chlorothalonil 0.0005 FB 0269 Grapes 10
CCN 081 (prev. 5)
1974, 1977, 1978,
1979, 1981, 1983
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at lower level. The limit for grapes
remains temporary only because the ADI is temporary. TMRLs are
for clorothalonil. Metabolites are not included.
Cyhexatin 0.008 FP 0226 Apples 2 a/,b/
CCN 067 VP 0526 Beans 0.2 a/,
1970, 1973, (as VO 0445 Bell peppers 0.5 a/
tricyclohexyltin FC 0001 Citrus fruits 2 a/
hydroxide), 1974, VC 0424 Cucumbers 0.5 a/
1975, 1977, 1978, VO 0440 Egg plants 0.1** b/
1980, 1981, 1982, VC 0425 Gherkins 1 a/
1983 FI 0328 Kiwi fruit 5 a/
FB 0269 Grapes 2 b/
MM 0095 Meat 0.2 a/
VC 0046 Melons 0.5 a/
ML 0812 Milk of cattle 0.05** a/
Milk products 0.05** a/
FS 0246 Peaches 5 a/
FP 0230 Pears 2 a/
FS 0014 Plums 2 a/
FB 0275 Strawberries 2 a/, b/
DT 1114 Tea 2 a/
and VO 0448 Tomatoes 2 a/
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Azocyclotin 0.003
CN 129
1979, 1981, 1982,
1983
Remarks: MRLs replace separate lists for the two compounds. They are
numerically unchanged. MRLs are for the sum of azocyclotin (when
azocyclotin has been applied), cyhexatin and dicyclohexyltin oxide
expressed as cyhexatin.
Cypermethrin 0.05 SO 0089 Oilseeds 0.2
CCN 118 (except peanuts)
1979, 1981, 1982 SO 0697 Peanuts 0.05**
1983, 1984 VD 0541 Soybeans 0.05**
Remarks: MRLs are for cypermethrin (sum of isomers). Metabolites are not
included. The MRL of 0.2 mg/kg previously applied to oilseeds,
which did not include peanuts in the original Codex Classification.
The MRLs for peanuts and soybeans replace the MRL for legume
oil-seeds at the same level.
Deltamethrin 0.01 SB 0721 Coffee beans 0.02
CCN 135 (prev. 2)
1980, 1981, 1982,
1984
Remarks: The change is to correct an error in the 1980 report and evaluations.
MRLs are for deltamethrin. Metabolites are not included.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Dichlofuanid 0.3 DH 1100 Hops, dry MRL WITHDRAWN
CCN 082 (prev. 1)
1969, 1974, 1977, CG 0640 Barley 0.1] (previous
1979, 1981, 1982, CG 0647 Oats 0.1] 0.1 for
1983 CG 0650 Rye 0.1] cereal
CG 0654 Wheat 0.1] grains)
Remarks: MRLs are for dichlofluanid. Metabolites are not included.
Diflubenzuron 0.02
CCN 130
1981, 1983, 1984
Remarks: Temporary ADI replaced by ADI at higher level. TMRLs replaced by
MRLs. MRLs are for diflubenzuron. Metabolites are not included.
Dimethipin *0.003 SO 0691 *Cottonseed 0.5 ]
CCN 151 (1987) *Flaxseed 0.2 ]
SO 0495 *Rapeseed 0.1 ] (1987)
SO 0702 *Sunflower seed 0.2 ]
VR 0589 *Potatoes 0.1**]
Remarks: TMRLs are for dimethipin. Metabolites are not included. All
limits are temporary pending receipt of the required information,
irrespective of the status of the ADI.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Dithiocarbamate fungicides VL 0482 Lettuce, head- 5
CCN 105 (previously
1965, 1967, 1970, 1 mg/kg for
1974, 1977, 1980, lettuce)
1983 (propineb and thiram)
1984 (propineb and thiram)
Remarks: The recommendation was incorrectly shown as a new proposal in the
Report 1985. Limits are for residues determined and expressed as
CS2. Limits no longer apply to propineb or thiram because their
temporary ADIs were withdrawn by this meeting. TMRLs for propineb
are withdrawn; those for thiram are replaced by GLs.
Endosulfan 0.008
CCM 032 (1989)
1965, 1967, 1968,
1971, 1974, 975,
1982
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at same level.
Ethion 0.0005
CCN 034 (1986)
1968, 1969, 1970,
1972, 1975, 1982,
1983
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at lower level.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Fenamiphos 0.0003
CCN 085 (1987)
1974, 1977, 1978,
1980
Remarks: ADI replaced by temporary ADI at lower level. MRLs replaced by
TMRLs.
Fenvalerate 0.02 SO 0697 Peanuts 0.1
CCN 119 (1986) VD 0541 Soybeans 0.1
1979, 1981, 1982, ML 0812 Milk of cattle 0.1
1984 (prev. 0.01)
Remarks: TMRLs are for fenvalerate. Metabolites are not included. The
recommendation for milk was omitted in 1984. The TMRLs for peanuts
and soybeans replace the TMRL for legume oilseeds at the same level.
Flucythrinate *0.02 FP 0009 *Pome fruits 0.5
CCN 152 FB 0269 *Grapes 1
FS 0246 *Peaches 0.5
VS 0620 *Artichokes 0.5
VD 0071 *Beans (dry) 0.5
VB 0400] *Brassicas, flower-
VB 0404] head (broccoli,
cauliflower) 0.2
VB 0041 *Cabbages, head
(Brussels sprouts;
green,red,white,
savoy cabbages) 0.2
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
VD 0561 *Peas, field (dry) 0.05**
VR 0589 *Potatoes 0.05**
VR 0591 *Radish, Japanese 0.05**
VR 0596 *Sugar beet 0.05**
AV 0596 *Sugar beet leaves 2
VO 0448 *Tomatoes 0.2
CG 0640 *Barley 0.2
CG 0647 *Oats 0.2
CG 0654 *Wheat 0.2
AS 0640 *Barley straw and
fodder, dry 5
AS 0647 *Oat straw and
fodder, dry 5
AS 0654 *Wheat straw and
fodder, dry 5
AG 0645 *Maize forage
(green) 0.2
SO 0691 *Cotton seed 0.1
SO 0495 *Rapeseed 0.05**
SB 0721 *Coffee beans 0.05**
DT 1114 *Tea,dry mftd 20
DH 1100 *Hops, dry 10
MM 0812 *Cattle meat 0.5 (in the fat)
MM 0814 *Goat meat 0.5 (in the fat)
ML 0812 *Milk of cattle 0.1
PE 0112 *Eggs of poultry 0.05**
Remarks: Limits are for flucythrinate. Metabolites are not included.
Limits for cattle meat, goat meat, milk of cattle and eggs of
poultry are temporary until required information is provided.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Imazalil 0.01 FS 0012 *Stone fruits 5
CCN 110 (1986)
1977, 1980, 1984
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at same level. TMRLs are for imazalil.
Metabolites are not included.
Mecarbam 0.0005
CCN 124 (1986)
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at lower level.
Metalaxyl 0.03 FP 0226 *Apples 0.05** ]
CCN 138 FI 0311 Avocados 0.05** ]
1982, 1984 (prev.0.1**) ]
VB 0402 *Brus.sprouts 0.2 ]
FB 0269 Grapes 2 ]
(prev.5) ] (1986)
SO 0691 *Cottonseed 0.05** ]
FI 0341 *Pineapples ]
(flesh) 0.05** ]
VD 0541 *Soybeans 0.1 ]
FB 0275 *Strawberries 0.2 ]
Remarks: MRLs are for metalaxyl. Metabolites are not included. All MRLs
are temporary pending evaluation of data based on improved
analytical method.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Methamidophos 0.0006
CCN 100
1976, 1979, 1981,
1982, 1984
Remarks: Temporary ADI replaced by ADI at slightly higher level. TMRLs
replaced by MRLs.
Methiocarb 0.001
CCN 132
1981, 1983
Remarks: The withdrawal by the 1983 meeting of the MRLs for apples,
blueberries, cherries, currants (red), grapes and peaches is
now confirmed.
Omethoate 0.0003
CCN 055
1971, 1975, 1978,
1979, 1981, 1984
Remarks: Temporary ADI replaced by ADI at slightly lower level. TMRLs
replaced by MRLs.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Oxamyl 0.03 FC 001 Citrus fruits 5
CCN 126 (prev. 3)
1980, 1983, 1984 VP 0526 Beans, kidney 5
(prev. 3)
VP 0534 Beans, Lima 5
(prev. 3)
VD 0526 Beans, kidney
(dry) 0.05** (1986)
VS 0624 Celery 5
(prev. 3)
VC 0424 Cucumbers 2
(prev. 0.5)
VO 0445 Pepper, bell 2
(prev. 3 for
peppers)
VR 0075 *Root and tuber
vegetables 0.1
Remarks: MRLs are for the sum of oxamyl and its oxime, expressed as oxamyl.
The level of the limit for kidney beans (dry) is confirmed, but the
limit remains temporary pending confirmation of nationally approved
uses. Limit for root and tuber vegetables replaces individual
limits at same level for sugar beets, beets, carrots, potatoes and
sweet potatoes.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Paraquat 0.001
CCN 057 (1986)
1970, 1972, 1976,
1978, 1981, 1982
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at same level. It refers to paraquat
dichloride.
2-Phenylphenol 0.02
CCN 056 (1989)
1969, 1975, 1983
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at same level.
Phorate 0.0002
CCN 112
1977, 1982, 1983,
1984
Remarks: Temporary ADI replaced by ADI at same level. TMRLs replaced by
MRLs.
Phosphamidon 0.0005
CCN 061 (1986)
1965, 1966, 1968,
1969, 1972, 1974,
1982
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at lower level.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Pirimiphos-methyl 0.01 FC 0001 Citrus fruits 2
CCN 086 (prev. 0.5)
1974, 1976, 1977, MD 0180 *Dried fish 10
1979, 1983 SO 0697 Peanuts (whole) 25
(prev. 50)
SO 0697 Peanuts(kernels) 2
(prev. 5)
OR Peanut oil 15
(prey. 10)
Remarks: MRLs are for pirimiphos-methyl. Metabolites are not included.
Prochloraz 0.01 CG 0640 Barley 0.5
CCN 142 (prev. 0.05**a/)
1983 CG 0647 Oats 0.5
(prev. 0.05**a/)
CG 0650 Rye 0.5
(prev. 0.05**a/)
CG 0654 Wheat 0.5
(prev. 0.05**a/)
AS 0640 Barley straw and 15
fodder, dry (prev. 0.2a/)
AS 0647 Oat straw and 15
fodder, dry (prev. 0.2a/)
AS 0650 Rye straw and 15
fodder, dry (prev. 0.2a/)
AS 0654 Wheat straw and 15
fodder, dry (prev. 0.2a/)
Mushrooms 2
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
FC 0001 Citrus fruits 5 (TMRL)
(prev. 5a/)
MM 0812 *Cattle meat 0.1** (TMRL)
MM 0812 *Cattle meat 0.1** (TMRL)
(in the fat)
MO 0812 *Edible offal
of cattle 2 (TMRL)
ML 0812 *Milk of cattle 0.1** (TMRL)
a/ Previous limits were for prochlorate only.
Remarks: MRLs for all commodities are now for the sum of prochloraz and its
metabolites containing the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol moiety, expressed
as prochloraz. TMRLs for citrus fruits and animal products are
temporary until required information is provided. Previously
proposed TMRLs for avocado, banana, mango and rapeseed are no
longer temporary. Those for stone fruits and papaya remain temporary.
MRLs for avocado and mango cover cumulative residues from
pre- and post-harvest treatments.
Propineb Temporary All TMRLS
CN 105 ADI WITHDRAWN
(dithiocarbamates) WITHDRAWN
1977, 1980, 1983,
1984
Remarks: TMRLs for propineb are NOT replaced by GLs. GLs for
prophylene-thiourea (PTU) are withdrawn.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Pyrazophos no ADI
CCN 153 See Part 2
Thiodicarb *0.01 SO 0691 *Cottonseed 0.5
CCN 154 (1987) OR 0691 *Cottonseed oil
(refined) 0.02**
VD 0541 *Soybeans 0.2
OR 0541 *Soybean oil
(refined) 0.02**
CG 0654 *Maize 0.05**
AS 0645 *Maize fodder 50
AS 0645 *Maize forage 50
VO 0447 *Sweet corn 2
VO 0448 *Tomatoes 1
MM 0812 *Cattle meat 0.02**
ML 0812 *Milk of cattle 0.02**
Remarks: TMRLS are for the sum of thiodicarb, methomyl and methyl hydroxy-
thioacetimidate ("methomyloxime"), expressed as thiodicarb.
Thiram Temporary
CCN 105 ADI
(dithiocarbamates) WITHDRAWN
1965, 1967, 1970,
1974, 1977, 1983,
1984
Remarks: TMRLs converted to GLs. See Part 2.
PART 1 (Con't)
Pesticides, CCN and Recommended Recommended
years of previous maximum ADI Commodity MRL or ERL
evaluations (mg/kg bw) CCN Name (mg/kg)
Triadimefon 0.03
CCN 133
1979, 1981, 1983,
1984
Remarks: Temporary ADI replaced by ADI at higher level.
TMRLs replaced by MRLs.
Vamidothion 0.0003 VB 0402 Brussels WITHDRAWN
CCN 078 (1988) sprouts (prev. 1)
1973, 1982 FP 0009 *Pome fruits 1
FS 0246 *Peaches 0.5
CG 0080 *Cereal grains,
including
rice (hulled) 0.2
Remarks: Temporary ADI extended at same level. TMRLs are for the sum of
vamidothion, its sulphoxide and its sulphone, expressed as
vamidothion. The limit for pome fruits replaces separate limits
of 2 mg/kg for apples and pears.
PART 2 - GUIDELINE LEVELS (NO ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKES)
Pesticides, CCN and Guideline
years of previous Commodity level
evaluations CCN Name (mg/kg)
Binapacryl FC 0004 *Oranges 0.1
CCN 003 DH 1100 *Hops 0.5
1969, 1974, 1982
Remarks: GLs are for binapacryl. Metabolites are not included.
Dialifos
CCN 098
1976, 1982
Remarks: The definition of the residue in commodities of plant origin is
changed and is now identical to that in commodities of animal
origin: dialifos.
Pyrazophos FP 0226 *Apples 0.5
CCN 153 FB 0275 *Strawberries 0.2
VB 0402 *Brussels sprouts 0.1
VC 0424 *Cucumbers 0.1
VC 0046 *Melons 0.1
VR 0577 *Carrots 0.2
CG 0640 *Barley 0.05
CG 0654 *Wheat 0.05
DH 1100 *Hops, dry 10.
Remarks: GLs are for pyrazophos. Metabolites are not included.
Thiram
CCN 105
(dithiocarbamates)
1965, 1967, 1970,
1974, 1977, 1983,
1984
Remarks: As the temporary ADI has been withdrawn, previously recommended
TMRLs are converted to GLs. The GLs are determined and expressed
as CS2.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Vamidothion (ICSC)
Vamidothion (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 3)
Vamidothion (Pesticide residues in food: 1982 evaluations)
Vamidothion (Pesticide residues in food: 1988 evaluations Part II Toxicology)