THIOMETON JMPR 1976 Explanation In 1969 the Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO, 1970b) evaluated thiometon in the light of information then available. No ADI could be established and no maximum residue limits were recommended. Thiometon was reviewed by the Joint Meeting in 1973 (FAO/WHO, 1974b) and a temporary ADI and some temporary maximum residue limits were recommended. The 1973 Meeting listed three items on which further work or information was required in order that the temporary limits could be confirmed and additional maximum residue limits recommended. Information has become available on the fate of thiometon in plants, animals and soil. Further data on residues from supervised trials and a GLC method of residue analysis have also been reported. The new information is evaluated in this monograph addendum. The present Meeting was informed of a long-term study in rats and a 2-year study in dogs which are in progress. The temporary ADI has therefore been extended until 1979, when the compound will be re-evaluated. RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS Additional data on residues resulting from supervised trials which have become available since the 1973 Meeting are summarized in Table 1. FATE OF RESIDUES In plants Thiometon in plants (apples, Brussels sprouts, lettuce, strawberries and sugar beets) persists for only a few hours after application, being rapidly converted to the sulphoxide which occurs as the main metabolite within the first 3 days after application. The sulphoxide is further oxidised to the sulphone. Oxidation of the P=S group with the formation of the phosphorothiolates demeton-S-methyl, oxydemetonmethyl and demeton-S-methyl sulphone was also observed, but the amounts detected in various plants were small. These compounds, especially demeton-S-methyl, are usually rapidly degraded and do not accumulate in plants. The further degradation of thiometon and its metabolites takes place by hydrolytic processes which are catalyzed by enzymic systems. The predominant pathway can be O-dealkylation of the CH3-O-P group producing methanol and the corresponding diesters or disruption of the acid-anhydride bond with the formation of OO-dimethyl phosphorothionate or phosphate and the corresponding side chain thiols (2-(ethylthio)-ethanethiol and its oxidation TABLE 1. Thiometon residues resulting from supervised trials Application (as spray) Residues, mg/kg Rate, Time after last References Commodity kg ai./ha No application Thiometon Total as or concentration days sulphoxide Thiometon Thiometon No. of Thiometon sulphone trials apples 0.15-0.25 3 28 0.10-0.16 3 a beans 0.15-0.25 3 21 <0.02-0.06 3 a 500ml 25%E.C. - 1-7 0.55-0.13(2) b 14 <0.1 cabbage 500ml 25%E.C. - 7-14 0.15-0.05(2) b cottonseed 11 25% E.C. - 160 <0.1 b oil grain crops barley 0.24-0.5 3 0 1.8-2.6 3 a (whole plant) 28 <0.02-0.09 3 barley (grain) 42-59 <0.02 11 a,c barley (straw) 42-73 <0.02 7 maize (leaves) 500ml 25%E.C. - 28 <0.1 b stalks, cobs) wheat (Spring 0.25 1 0 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.2 c wheat, seed) 7-28 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.02 wheat (whole 0.15-0.5 3 0 0.7-3.4 3 a plant) 28 0.02 6 TABLE 1. (Cont'd.) Application (as spray) Residues, mg/kg Rate, Time after last References Commodity kg ai./ha No application Thiometon Total as or concentration days sulphoxide Thiometon Thiometon No. of Thiometon sulphone trials wheat 0 0.3-5.8 6 a (seed) 14 <0.02-0.25 4 28-56 0.02 4 a wheat (seed) 0.25 1 33 0.06 <0.02 <0.02 approx. 0.06 c wheat (seed) 375ml 25%E.C. - 7 4 b 14 0.2 21 0.05 wheat (straw) 0.15-0.5 3 0 0.9-6.3 5 a 14 0.02-0.3 6 28 0.02-0.04 3 42-56 0.02 3 groundnuts 375-500ml 25% E.C. - 7 0.14-0.19 b (leaves) (roots) <0.1-0.14 hops (green, fresh) 0.15-0.25 3 28 0.3-0.9 3 a lettuce 0.15-0.25 3 21 <0.02-0.4 3 a peaches 0.15-0.25 3 28 0.03-0.14 3 a 500ml 25%E.C. - 7 0.15 c 14 <0.1 peas (green 0.15-0.25 3 21 <0.02 a in pods) TABLE 1. (Cont'd.) Application (as spray) Residues, mg/kg Rate, Time after last References Commodity kg ai./ha No application Thiometon Total as or concentration days sulphoxide Thiometon Thiometon No. of Thiometon sulphone trials potatoes 11 25% E.C. - 27 <0.1 b potatoes (fineke, 0.25 30-34 <0.01 14 d Biutige) sugar beets 0.15-0.25 3 0 <0.02-0.07 3 a 7 <0.02-0.11 2 14-118 <0.02 7 sugar beet leaves 0.15-0.25 3 0 1.4-4.8 9 a 7 0.1-0.3 6 14-118 <0.02 7 tomatoes 0.15-0.25 3 7 0.12-0.22 3 a 500ml 25%E.C. - 1 0.05 b 7 <0.05 a = Sandoz, 1976c; trials carried out in the Netherlands and/or Switzerland b = Anon., 1976a; trials in South Africa c = Anon., 1976b; trials in the Netherlands d = TNO, 1973; trials in the Netherlands products). These side chains are either conjugated within the plant or cleaved by desalkylation with the formation of acetic acid, mercaptoacetic acid and ethanethiol and its derivatives. Intermediate metabolites containing a free hydroxyl function conjugate to form glycosides. Results of many field trials on sugar beets (roots and leaves), wheat plants, apples, lettuce and potato tubers show that residues consist mainly of thiometon sulphoxide and sulphone. Residues of the P=0 analogues, demeton-S-methyl and its sulphoxide and sulphone, amount to less than 25% of the total residue recovered just after treatment. The other metabolites mentioned above decrease very rapidly; no residues above 0.05 mg/kg can be detected 28 days after application. The half-life period for the degradation of the total residue is calculated to be 4 days or less (Sandoz, 1976a, where references to the original authors are given). In animals It has been shown in many investigations of disulfoton, phorate and demeton that the metabolism of these compounds in animals is similar to that in plants. Several studies including in vitro and in vivo experiments with boll weevil, bollworm, rat liver and the mouse confirmed the finding. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that thiometon is metabolised in animals in the same way as in the plant. Metabolites containing a free hydroxyl or a thiol group (e.g. desmethylated thiometon or 2-(ethylthioethanethiol) are able to conjugate, forming mainly glucoronides, sulphates and glutathione conjugates which are readily excreted (Sandoz, 1976a). In soil The fate of thiometon in soil has been reviewed (Sandoz 1976b). It is degraded rapidly. The half-life periods for degradation in the soils tested (containing 1.7 and 4.5% organic matter) were found to be less than 2 days. Thiometon sulphoxide was the main metabolite, recovered in about 70% yield 3 days after incorporation. This compound was further oxidised to thiometon sulphone yielding up to 65% of the applied thiometon 14 days after treatment. Oxidation to demeton-S-methyl and its sulphoxide and sulphone occurred to a limited extent. The final yield calculated as the sum of these compounds amounted to less than 18%. Oxidation in soil may be catalysed by heavy metal ions bound to the soil and/or by soil micro-organisms (Getzin and Chapman, 1960). Micro-organisms and acidic and basic sites in clay minerals are able to accelerate hydrolysis of thiometon and its primary metabolites. In water The fate of thiometon in water (50 mg/kg aqueous buffer solutions of pH 3, 6 and 9) was investigated. Half-lives during hydrolysis at 5°C were 90, 83 and 43 days at pH3, 6 and 9. The corresponding periods at 25°C were 25, 27 and 17 days. No oxidation products of thiometon (Sulphoxide, sulphone and P=O analygues) were detected. It is assumed that thiometon is hydrolyzed in the same way as similar phosphorodithioates and thioates (Eto, 1974), yielding 2-(ethylthio) ethanethiol in acidic solution, ethylthioethylene as an additional product under alkaline conditions. Comparison with related compounds (Muhlmann and Schrader, 1957) shows the following order of decreasing stability: disulfoton demeton-S thiometon phorate (Sandoz, 1976d). METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS The method for determining thiometon residues in plant materials and soil is based an extraction with acetonitrile containing acetic anhydride, followed by oxidation with potassium permanganate in aqueous buffer solution at pH 7.0 (Titrisol/phosphate). By this treatment, thiometon and its sulphoxide are converted to thiometon sulphone, and the P=O metabolite (demeton-S-methyl) and its sulphoxide are oxidised to the P=O sulphone. Many tests have shown that oxidation of the P=S group is less than 10%. The extract is cleaned up by partition between water and methylene chloride/petroleum ether (9:1). Quantitative and separate determination of the two sulphones dissolved in toluene is achieved by GLC using the phosphorus-sensitive thermionic detector with a column of 10% Dexsil 300 on Gas chrom Q. The calibration curve is linear from 0.2 to 3.0 ng. the lower limit of determination is about 0.02 to 0.1 mg/kg. In spiked samples at 0.1 to 1 mg/kg levels the overall recoveries in general ranged between 70 and 90% (Sandoz, 1975). This method of analysis has been applied successfully to apples, potatoes, wheat and soil. It should be mentioned that the sulphones are more stable to the GLC conditions than the corresponding sulphoxides which are determined by other GLC methods. The method cannot at present be recommended for regulatory analysis because the extent of interference by other organophosphorus compounds is not known. A similar GLC method was reported for the determination of thiometon, its sulphoxide and sulphone and similar compounds as sulphones in potatoes, where the lower limit of determination was 0.01 mg/kg (TNO, 1973). Thin layer chromatography has also been used for the estimation of thiometon, its sulphoxide and sulphone in samples of spring wheat and wheat grain. A lower limit of detection of 0.02 mg/kg has been reported. However as the final result is obtained by visual assessment of a coloured spot of each of the compounds, the method can only be described as semi-quantitative (Huntingdon Research Centre, 1971). APPRAISAL Since the 1973 Joint Meeting information has become available on the metabolism of thiometon in plants, animals and soil. Further data on residues from supervised trials and a sensitive GLC method of residue analysis have also been reported. In plants thiometon persists for only a few hours after application, being rapidly converted to the sulphoxide which occurs as the main metabolite during the first three days.The sulphone is also formed. Oxidation of the P=S group leads to the formation of demeton-S-methyl, its sulphoxide and its sulphone, but in only very small quantities. Further degradation is by 0-dealkylation to methanol and the corresponding demethylated compounds, and cleavage to 00- dimethyl phosphorothioate or phosphate and 2-ethylthio-ethanethiol and its oxidation products. Intermediate metabolites containing a free hydroxyl group conjugate to form glycosides. Metabolism in insects, mice and rats is similar to that in plants. Metabolites containing a free hydroxyl or thiol group form glucuronides, sulphates and gluthathione conjugates which are readily excreted. The fate of thiometon residues in soil is also similar to that in plants. The half-life periods for degradation in the soils tested were found to be less than two days. A method for determining residues in plant materials and soil is based on extraction with acetonitrile containing acetic anhydride, followed by oxidation with potassium permanganate. Thiometon and its sulphoxide as well as the P=O metabolite and its sulphoxide are oxidised to the corresponding sulphones. Separate quantitative determination of the two sulphones is achieved by GLC using a thermionic or flame photometric detector. The lower limit of determination is approximately 0.05 mg/kg (0.01-0.1 mg/kg). RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations for temporary maximum residue limits are for the sum of thiometon, its sulphoxide and its sulphone, expressed as thiometon. They are additional to those made in 1973, except the limit for hops which replaces the 1973 limit of 0.5 mg/kg. Commodity Temporary maximum residue limit (mg/kg) Hops (dried) 2 Apricots, cabbage, celery, chicory, endives, parsley, peanuts (whole), quinces 0.5 Commodity Temporary maximum residue limit (mg/kg) Cottonseed oil, maize (leaves, stalks, cobs), straw of grain crops 0.1 Fodder beets and tops, sugar beet tops 0.05* * At or about the limit of determination FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION Required (by 1979) 1. Submission of the long-term study in rats presently in progress. Desirable 1. Information on the level and fate of residues in live stock consuming feed containing thiometon residues. REFERENCES Anon. Letter from South Africa, 28 July 1976, to FAO (repeat of 1976a information originally sent from S. Africa in 1973). Anon. Information from the Netherlands on pesticides to be considered 1976b by the JMPR 1976; Thiometon. Cl 1976/10; 30 August 1976. Eto, M. Organophosphorus pesticides: organic and biological 1974 chemistry. pp. 57 (1974) CRC Press Inc., Cleveland. FAO/WHO 1969 evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. 1970 FAO/PL: 1969/M/17/1; WHO/Food Add./70.38. FAO/WHO 1973 evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. 1974 FAO/AGP/1973/M/9/1; WHO Pesticide Residues Series, No. 3 Getzin, L. W. and Chapman, R. K. J. econ. Entomol., 53:47 1960 Huntingdon Research Centre; Determination of residues of Thiometon and 1971 its metabolites in Spring wheat and wheat seed., 4350/71/506. Huntingdon, England Mülhmann, R. and Schrader, G. Hydrolyse der Insektiziden Phosphorsaureester., Z. Naturforschg., 126: 196 Sandoz; Ekatin. Thiometon residues in plant materials and soil; 1975 GLC determination method. AGRO DOK CBK 2194/76; Basle, Switzerland Sandoz; Thiometon. Metabolism in plants and animals. A review. ACGO 1976a DOK 2201/76. Basle, Switzerland. Sandoz; Thiometon. Fate in Soil. AGRO DOK UK 2194/76; Basle, 1976b Switzerland Sandoz; Thiometon. Summary Report on Residue Data from supervised 1976c trials in 1974/1975, AGRO DOK CBK 1976 Sandoz; Thiometon. Hydrolysis in aqueous buffer solution of pH3, 6 1976d and 9 at 5° and 25°C. AGRO DOK CBK 2202/76; Basle, Switzerland TNO; Residuen van oxydemeton methyl, thiometon en disulfoton en 1973 hun metaboliten in aardappelen. Centraal Instituut voor Voedings=onderzoek, Utrechtsweg 48, Zeist, Netherlands. Rapport Nr. R 3957, 1973.
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations Thiometon (ICSC) Thiometon (FAO/PL:1969/M/17/1) Thiometon (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 3) Thiometon (Pesticide residues in food: 1979 evaluations)