PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1982
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
EVALUATIONS 1982
Data and recommendations of the joint meeting
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 23 November - 2 December 1982
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome 1983
ALDICARB
CH3 O H
' " /
CH3SCCH = NOCN
' \
CH3 CH3
Explanation
Aldicarb was reviewed by the JMPR in 1979 (FAO/WHO 1980)1/. An
ADI of 0-0.001 mg/kg body weight was established, based on the
no-effect level of 0.125 mg/kg bw observed in a short-term feeding
study on rats. Further desirable information was noted at that time.
Additional data on aldicarb metabolites have become available,
primarily on aldicarb sulphone, which is one of the two major terminal
residues. The other major metabolite is aldicarb sulphoxide. The data
consist of acute, subchronic and chronic studies, with additional
information and observations in humans, as well as a water inclusion
study in rats.
The data considered in support of the ADI established by the 1970
JMPR are re-evaluated in this monograph addendum in light of the
additional data received, and a rationale is provided for revising the
previously recommended ADI.
EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
Special Study on Reproduction
Rat - aldicarb sulphone
Aldicarb sulphone (99.76% pure) was administered to rats
(10 males and 20 females/group) at dosage levels of 0, 0.6, 2.4 and
9.6 mg/kg/day in their diet for approximately 100 days. Rats were then
mated to initiate a three generation, one litter per generation,
reproduction study. Fertility, gestation survival (4, 14 and 21 days)
and lactation indices were determined, as well as body weights and
food consumption. Male rats fed 9.6 mg/kg exhibited reduced body
weights. There were no differences from the control with regard to
fertility, gestation survival or viability indices. Marginal effects
1/ See Annex 2 for WHO and FAO documentation.
on the lactation index were noted. It was determined that aldicarb
sulphone, at levels up to and including 9.6 mg/kg, was without adverse
effects on reproduction under the conditions of this study (Woodside
et al 1977a).
Special Study on Teratogenicity
Rat - aldicarb sulphone
The aldicarb sulphone reproduction study conducted by Woodside
et al (1977a) incorporated a teratology bioassay. The animals were
divided into four groups and orally dosed with either 0, 0.6, 2.4 or
9.6 mg/kg at one of the following time intervals of gestation: 0-20
days, 6-15 days, or 7-9 days. All animals were sacrificed before
parturition (day 20) and the foetuses examined for skeletal and
visceral changes. Resorption sites, number and condition of pups and
litter weights were recorded. The pregnancy rate was unaffected by
treatment, except that resorption sites per female were slightly
increased in 9.6 mg/kg-treated females for the 6-15 day treatment
interval. No increase in resorption was seen at the same dosage level
for days 0-20. Anomalies were essentially non-existent and there was
no indication of terata produced under the conditions of the study at
levels up to and including 9.6 mg/kg.
Special Study for Carcinogenicity
Mice - aldicarb sulphone
Groups of Charles River CD-1 mice (50/sex/group) were
administered 0, 0.15, 0.6, 2.4 and 9.6 mg/kg aldicarb sulphone in the
feed for 18 months. Mice were housed two per cage in the first year
and singly thereafter. Observations were made routinely throughout and
included mortality, food consumption and body weight determinations.
Gross and microscopic examination were performed on all mice. Body
weight changes were sporadic and exhibited no trends. Histologic
changes were not statistically different from controls at any dose
level for either sex. Based on these criteria, aldicarb sulphone did
not affect tumour incidence or produce any pathological alteration in
this strain of mouse (Woodside et al 1977b).
Special Study on Neurotoxicity
Hen - aldicarb sulphone
Adult white Leghorn hens (40 each) were intubated to receive
250 mg/kg bw aldicarb sulphone suspended in maize oil. Two other
groups, each with 10 hens, received either TOCP (500 mg/kg) or maize
oil alone, and served as positive and negative control groups
respectively. The birds received single oral doses, 21 days apart, in
a typical acute delayed neurotoxicity evaluation. The hens were
observed every third day for 42 days. There were no neurological
effects other than acute cholinergic signs of poisoning in the TOCP
dosed group. No histological examination was performed, owing to the
lack of demonstrated neurotoxic signs. Aldicarb sulphone did not cause
delayed neurotoxic reactions under the conditions of the study (Babish
and Salerno 1977).
Special Study on Sensitization
Skin sensitization to aldicarb sulphone (UC 21865, technical) or
a 75% WP formulation was evaluated in albino guinea pigs (Hartley
Strain) using a modified Landsteiner technique. Neither substance was
determined to be a sensitizer under the conditions of this study
(Conroy and Carpenter 1977).
Acute Toxicity
The acute toxicity of aldicarb, aldicarb metabolites and of
aldicarb formulations to several animal species is summarized in
Table 1.
Aldicarb is very highly toxic to mammals by oral exposure. In all
species tested, the acute oral toxicity of aldicarb and its
formulations are similar. The oral toxicity of the formulations is
basically that associated with ingestion of the active toxicant; the
lower acute oral toxicity of aldicarb formulations reflects the
reduced concentrations of aldicarb as formulated in the granular
material. The toxicity of aldicarb when injected intraperitoneally or
intravenously is substantially similar to the toxicity via the oral
route, suggesting rapid absorption into the body.
Aldicarb is also highly toxic by dermal exposure; it readily
penetrates the skin, especially moist skin. In contrast, the dermal
toxicity of TEMIKR formulations is extremely low, reflecting the
greatly reduced availability of aldicarb from the formulations.
Moistening the TemikR formulation on the skin during dermal exposure
similarly enhances penetration of aldicarb; granular TemikR
formulations are more toxic in contact with moist skin than with dry
skin.
The oral toxicities of aldicarb and its principal metabolite,
aldicarb sulphoxide, are similar, while the oral toxicity of aldicarb
sulphone is approximately 4% that of aldicarb. The other aldicarb
metabolites are considerably less toxic than these.
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Aldicarb and Its Metabolites in Animals
LD50
Chemical Species Sex Route Vehicle (mg/kg bw) Reference
Aldicarb Guinea pig oral maize oil 1.0 Nycum and Carpenter 1968
Rabbit oral propylene glycol 1.3 "
Rat M dermal maize oil >10 Field 1979b
Rabbit M dermal maize oil >10 Field 1979a
Aldicarb Metabolites
Aldicarb Mouse M oral maize oil 0.8-1.6 Nycum and Carpenter 1968
sulphoxide Guinea pig oral maize oil 0.8-1.8 "
Rabbit oral maize oil 0.4-1.8 "
Rat M i.p. maize oil 0.71 Johnson and Carpenter 1966
Aldicarb sulphone Mouse M oral maize oil 25 Nycum and Carpenter 1968
Guinea pig oral maize oil >50 "
Rabbit oral maize oil 75 "
Table 1 (con't)
LD50
Chemical Species Sex Route Vehicle (mg/kg bw) Reference
Aldicarb Formulations
10 G gypsum Rat M oral none 7.07 Weil and Carpenter 1972
TSX (a) Rat M oral maize oil 7.9 Wolfe and Bristol 1980
Rat F oral maize oil 6.7 "
10G gypsum Rabbit F oral none 7.9-17.8 Myers et al 1975b; Weil
maize cob and Carpenter 1974a
15G gypsum Rabbit F oral none 5.29-10.6 Myers et al 1975b; Weil
maize cob and Carpenter 1974a
15G maize cob Rabbit F oral none 8.4 Myers et al 1975b
10G gypsum Rat M&F dermal dry 2100->5000 Myers et al 1975b; Weil and
maize cob Carpenter 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974a
10G gypsum Rat M&F dermal water 283-673 Myers et al 1975a,b; Weil and
maize cob Carpenter, 1968, 1969, 1974a.
15G gypsum Rat M&F dermal dry 1980-6320 Myers et al 1975b; Weil and
maize cob Carpenter 1971, 1972, 1974a.
Rat M&F dermal water 283-1010 Myers et al 1975b; Weil and
Carpenter 1974a.
Table 1 (con't)
LD50
Chemical Species Sex Route Vehicle (mg/kg bw) Reference
Aldicarb Formulations (con't)
10G gypsum Rabbit M dermal dry >4800 Weil and Carpenter 1974a
15G gypsum Rabbit M dermal dry >4800 "
TSX1/ Rabbit M&F dermal none >2000 Wolfe et al 1980
1/ TSX is a mixture of Temik (5.5%), Terrachlor fungicide (9.5%) and Terrazole fungicide (2.3%).
Short-Term Studies
Mice - aldicarb sulphone
Groups of Charles River, CD-1 mice (5/sex/group) were fed
aldicarb sulphone in the diet at levels of 0, 0.15, 0.6, 2.4, 9.6 and
38.4 mg/kg for seven days. Body weights were determined on three
separate days. Mice were observed daily for signs of toxicity or
abnormality. Selected organ weights (liver and kidneys) were measured
and their absolute and relative organ weights determined. It was
concluded that only the highest dose produced statistically
significant body weight decrease. There were no dose-related or
statistically significant organ weight changes. Cholinesterase values
were not determined (Weil and Carpenter 1974b).
Rat - aldicarb
Groups of CFE rats (10 per sex per group) were fed aldicarb in
their diet for 93 days at dosage levels of 0, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg
body weight. One rat per level was killed for cholinesterase (plasma,
RBC and brain) determinations at 1 or 2, 4 and 29 days of dosing. Body
weights, diet consumption and selected organ weights (liver and
kidney) were determined, and histopathological examination of lung,
liver, kidney and trachea were done. Mortality was increased for the
highest dose levels, statistically at the 0.5 mg/kg bw dose level.
Body weight and food consumption were also decreased at the highest
level. Relative liver and kidney weights were not affected at any dose
level in comparison to control. Histopathology of the selected organs
was unremarkable and there were no compound-related effects noted.
There were no consistent dose-related effects on the cholinesterase
determinations, except for plasma cholinesterase depression in both
sexes after 30 days at the highest level. There was no indication of
how soon after feeding the ChE determinations were performed, which
could account for the sporadic results, together with the small number
of animals sampled at each interval (Weil and Carpenter 1963).
Rat - aldicarb sulphoxide: aldicarb sulphone (1:1)
Wistar rats (10 males and 10 females per group) were administered
aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone in a 1:1 ratio, in the
drinking water, ad libitum, for 29 days. Nominal dose levels were 0,
0.075, 0.3, 1.2, 4.8 and 19.2 ppm. Body weight, food and water
consumption, and clinical haematology parameters were measured weekly.
Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels were determined after
8, 15 and 29 days of treatment. Brain cholinesterase was measured at
termination. Animals were continuously exposed to the test substances
in water until blood samples were taken or sacrifice was performed,
Cholinesterase activity in blood and brain was analysed by a
modification of an automated procedure described by Humiston and
Wright (1965), which is an adaptation of the method described by
Ellman et al (1961). Preliminary in vitro enzyme inhibition
kinetic studies verify the methodology as acceptable for defining
reversible carbamate-induced cholinesterase inhibition in rats.
Significant depression of plasma, RBC and brain cholinesterase, in
both sexes, occurred at the highest dose level. Sporadic differences
in plasma and RBC cholinesterase values, which occurred in males only,
were inconsistently depressed and within the range of biological
variability. The data demonstrate that a level of 4.8 ppm of aldicarb
sulphoxide: aldicarb sulphone in water is without effect on
cholinesterase (plasma, RBC, brain) in either sex. Based on the actual
concentrations being approximately 80% of the nominal values, the no-
effect level is roughly 3.84 ppm or 0.384 mg/kg (in water). Food and
water consumption values together with body weight gains were
significantly decreased in both sexes at the high dose level when
compared to controls. There were no such differences at any of the
other dose levels. There was no mortality (Mirro et al 1982).
Rabbit - aldicarb sulphone (dermal)
Aldicarb sulphone (technical and 75 WP) were administered to
the unabraded, but closely clipped, ventral surface of rabbits
(6 males/group, 5 days/week for 19 applications) at dosages of
4.8 mg/kg bw for 75 WP and 3.5, 7.0 and 14.0 mg/kg bw for technical
aldicarb sulphone. No mortality, skin irritation or cholinesterase
depression were observed. However, rabbits were removed from treatment
19 hours prior to ChE analysis, which could account for the lack of
response (ChE depression) considering the rapid reversibility of ChE
inhibition for aldicarb and its ChE-inhibiting metabolites. Body
weight was significantly depressed in the high dose level rabbits.
There were no reported treatment-related effects on organ weights or
organ-to-body weight ratios (liver, kidney, brain). Necropsy findings
were unremarkable (Weil et al 1977).
Observations in Humans
Fifteen male volunteers participated in a study in Panama to
evaluate human exposure in a banana plantation where Temik-15G was
applied under natural conditions. Temperatures ranged from 75°F (24°C)
to 92°F (32°C) with 80 to 90% relative humidity. The workers used
three different types of hand-held applicators. Blood samples were
taken from all volunteers prior to initiating the test and immediately
following each 6-hour working period. Samples were obtained in the
field and analysed 1-2 hours later in the laboratory using the
Boehringer Mannheim method, a photometric test based on the method of
Ellman et al (1961). Urine samples were also collected. Only two
workers showed greater than 25% reduction in their blood
cholinesterase activity (29% and 50%). Spontaneous reversibility was
evident in both cases. The worker with 50% reduction showed 25%
recovery within three hours. Blood samples from the other worker
indicated 100% recovery 24 hours later. Results of blood analyses
indicated that cholinesterase activity was below the normal range
(population) in samples collected from six workers during the second
day of the study. Cholinesterase activity in all samples taken during
the first and third day of the study were within the normal range. No
clinical signs of aldicarb-induced intoxication were found, although
one individual presented symptoms of nausea, stomachache and headache
(Union Carbide 1979).
COMMENTS
Aldicarb, the active ingredient of the nematocide-insecticide
sold under the trade name TEMIKR, is rapidly absorbed and
metabolized by mammals to aldicarb sulphoxide, its major metabolite.
Aldicarb sulphoxide is more slowly degraded to aldicarb sulphone. All
metabolites of aldicarb, both oxidative and hydrolytic, are rapidly
and completely eliminated from the body, 80-90% being excreted within
24 hours, and leave no detectable residues by the fifth day. Data
demonstrate that they are not stored in body tissues.
The toxicological properties of aldicarb and its metabolites have
been assessed in several species of laboratory animals under a variety
of exposure conditions (acute, subchronic and chronic) and routes
(oral by gavage, diet and drinking water; dermal; inhalation and
injection). Aldicarb is extremely toxic acutely, with an oral LD50 in
rats of approximately 1 mg/kg body weight. Aldicarb sulphoxide is a
more potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor than aldicarb, and the
rapid conversion in animals to aldicarb sulphoxide is probably
responsible for the acute toxic reaction associated with aldicarb.
The acute toxicity of aldicarb sulphone is considerably less (LD50 =
20-25 mg/kg) than either aldicarb or aldicarb sulphoxide.
Studies examining the acute and subchronic effects of aldicarb
administered orally to human volunteers and under a variety of actual
working conditions reveal the same pattern of acetylcholinesterase
depression and rapid recovery as that demonstrated in experimental
animals. Depressed cholinesterase levels return rapidly to normal and
symptoms, if any, subside immediately following removal from exposure
to aldicarb. There have been no lasting effects on the health of
volunteers exposed to aldicarb under natural or laboratory conditions.
The toxicological responses of humans to aldicarb and its metabolites,
under such conditions, do not differ from those of laboratory animals.
Aldicarb's inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase is rapidly
reversed following hydrolysis of the carbamylated enzyme to regenerate
active enzyme. In experimental animals and humans, spontaneous
recovery from sublethal doses of aldicarb occurs very rapidly (within
a few hours of exposure). The competition of acetylcholine and
aldicarb for the enzyme's active site, the instability of carbamylated
enzyme, together with the efficient metabolism and high aqueous
solubility of aldicarb, contribute to the spontaneous rapid recovery
of inhibited enzyme. The rate at which acetylcholinesterase activity
recovers makes it difficult to measure acetylcholinesterase inhibition
analytically in the laboratory, and rapid assays must be used under
carefully controls conditions.
Short-term and long-term studies with aldicarb and its sulphone
and sulphoxide metabolites have revealed no neurological,
carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects, and no adverse effect
on reproduction. At a dietary dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day, a minimal
depression of blood cholinesterase was observed in rats. In dogs, a
no-effect level was noted at 0.25 mg/kg/day. Cholinesterase levels
(RBC and plasma) were apparently unaffected in this study, although
these were measured after a period that allowed the spontaneous
recovery of the enzyme. In a subchronic study where aldicarb
sulphoxide and sulphone were added to drinking water in a 1:1 ratio,
the no-effect level was observed to be 4.8 ppm, based on
cholinesterase depression. In a 6-month rat feeding study with the
sulphoxide metabolite, the no-effect level for cholinesterase
depression has been accepted as 0.125 mg/kg body weight, with no other
effects observed at higher doses.
These studies demonstrate that the method of administering the
dose to the animal can greatly modify the toxic properties of
aldicarb, as contrasted in the acute oral versus short- and long-term
dietary studies. Rats, mice and dogs have tolerated LD50 doses
repeatedly administered from 7 days to 2 years, when incorporated in
their diet. Similarly, a 1:1 mixture of aldicarb sulphoxide and
aldicarb sulphone when administered in the drinking water to rats for
28 consecutive days at doses equivalent to the LD50 for aldicarb
sulphoxide (e.g. 0.38 to 1.5 mg/kg bw) caused no deaths and only
moderate ChE depression at the high dose. Conversely, a single bolus
of aldicarb or aldicarb sulphoxide equivalent to the above doses, when
administered by gavage or intubation to laboratory animals, caused
death in less than 2 hours. This ability of all animals to survive
daily doses of aldicarb equivalent to single-dose LD50 values
suggests the reduced bioavailability of aldicarb when administered in
the diet. Human volunteers tolerated single oral doses of aqueous
solutions of aldicarb (in doses of 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg) with only
mild depression of whole blood cholinesterase in all cases. Only the
persons receiving 0.1 mg/kg aldicarb presented symptoms of acute
cholinergic stress (i.e. nausea, sweating, pin-point pupils,
salivation). These data indicate that humans are no more sensitive to
aldicarb, aldicarb sulphoxide or aldicarb sulphone than laboratory
animals.
In the light of the data on aldicarb, the spontaneous recovery of
the carbamylated cholinesterase enzyme within a few hours and the
reduced bioavailability from dietary exposure, it is unlikely that
humans exposed to residues of aldicarb in food will suffer any
prolonged or significant cholinesterase depression, provided such
residues are from purposeful use in accordance with GAP (good
agricultural practice) and within established international limits
(MRLs). This is suggested by the no-effect levels determined from
reproduction, teratogenic, carcinogenic, neurotoxic, subchronic and
chronic dietary studies. ChE inhibition is transient and recovery is
rapid and spontaneous.
Accordingly, the Committee has revised the ADI to reflect more
accurately the concern for aldicarb residues that may be present in
foodstuffs.
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Level Causing no Toxicological Effects
Rat: 2.5 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 0.125 mg/kg bw.
Dog: 0.25 mg/kg bw
Estimate of Acceptable Daily Intake for Man
0 - 0.005 mg/kg bw.
REFERENCES
Babish, J.G. and Salerno, A. Neurotoxicity evaluation of UC 21865
1977 in white Leghorn hens (Gallus domesticus). Report from
Food and Drug Research Laboratories submitted to the World
Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Conroy, W.J. and Carpenter, C.P. UC 21865 Technical and 75% WP
sensitization potential 1977 in guinea pigs as determined by
intradermal injection. Report from Carnegie-Mellon Institute
(No. 40-12) submitted to the World Health Organization by
Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Ellmann, G.L. Courtney, K.D., Andres, V. Jr. and Featherstone, R.M.
1961 A new and rapid colorimetric determination of
acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 7:88.
Field, W.E. Acute dermal toxicity in rabbits. Report from CDC
1979a Research, Inc, (CDC-UC-009-79) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1979b Acute dermal toxicity in rats. Report from CDC Research,
Inc. (CDC-UC-008-79) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Humiston, C.G. and Wright, G.J. A new automated method for the
1965 determination of cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chem.
11:802.
Johnson, H.E. and Carpenter, C.P. Temik (technical grade compound
1966 21149). Comparative behavioural effect in rats. Report from
Mellon Institute (No. 29-89) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Myers, R.C., Weil, C.W. and Carpenter, C.P. Temik, 10G: Acute 4-hour
1975a skin penetration of rats. Report from Mellon Institute (no.
38-40) submitted to the World Health Organization by Union
Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Myers, R.C., Weil, C.S. and Cox, E.F. Temik 19G B.C. (coal); 10G and
1975b 15G (gypsum); 15G (corn cob). Comparative toxicity studies
via peroral, dermal and inhalation routes. Report from
Mellon Institute (no. 38-141) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Mirro, E.J., DePass, L.R. and Frank, F.R. Twenty-nine day water
1982 inclusion study in rats. Report from Bushy Run Research
Laboratory (no. 45-181) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Nycum, J.S. and Carpenter, C.P. Toxicity studies on Temik and
1968 related carbamates. Report from Mellon Institute (no. 31-48)
submitted to the World Health Organization by Union Carbide
Corporation. (Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Volunteer worker's exposure monitoring study
1979 (Panama). Report from Union Carbide Corporation submitted to
the World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Weil, C.S. and Carpenter, C.P. Results of three months of inclusion
1963 of Compound 21149 in the diet of rats. Report from Mellon
Institute (No. 26-47) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1968 Temik 10G-V (10.3% granular formulation of Compound 21149).
Acute and 14-day dermal application to rabbits. Report from
Mellon Institute (no. 31-137) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1969 Four-hour wet skin contact test on rats. Report from Mellon
Institute (no. 32-64) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Weil, C.S. and Carpenter, C.P. Comparative skin penetration toxicity
1970 of Temik 10GV and 15 other pesticide formulations as
marketed. Report from Mellon Institute (No. 33-15) submitted
to the World Health Organization by Union Carbide
Corporation. (Unpublished)
1971 Comparative skin penetration toxicity of Temik, Temik 10GV,
Temik 15GV, and 5 other pesticide formulations as marketed.
Report from Mellon Institute (No. 34-76) submitted to the
World Health Organization. (Unpublished)
1972 Miscellaneous toxicity studies. Report from Mellon Institute
(No. 35-41) submitted to the World Health Organization by
Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1974a Temik aldicarb pesticide 10G and 15G. Range-finding toxicity
studies. Report from Mellon Institute (no. 37-39) submitted
to the World Health Organization by Union Carbide
Corporation. (Unpublished)
1974b UC 21865; results of feeding in the diet of mice for 7 days.
Report from Mellon Institute (No. 37-89) submitted to the
World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Weil, C.S., Conroy, W.J., Condra, N.I. and Cox, E.F. Aldicarb
1977 sulphone UC 21865. 19-day rabbit skin inunction. Report from
Mellon Institute (No. 40-13) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Woodside, M.D., Weil, C.S. and Cox, E.F. Inclusion in the diet of
1977a rats for three generations (aldicarb sulphone), dominant
lethal mutagenesis and teratology studies. Report from
Carnegie Mellon (no. 40-1) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1977b Aldicarb sulphone; 18-month feeding in the diet of mice.
Report from Carnegie Mellon (No. 40-38) submitted to the
World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Wolfe, G.W. and Bristol, K.L. Acute oral toxicity study in rats. Temik
1980 TSX. Report from Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. (Report
400-631) submitted to the World Health Organization by Union
Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Wolfe, G.W., Voelker, R.W. and Dauvin, E.M. Acute dermal toxicity
1980 studies in rabbits. Temik TSX. Report from Hazleton
Laboratories America, Inc., (Report 400-632) submitted to
the World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
ALDICARB
CH3 O H
' " /
CH3SCCH = NOCN
' \
CH3 CH3
Explanation
Aldicarb was reviewed by the Joint Meeting in 1979 (FAO/WHO
1980b)1/ and maximum residue levels estimated for several major
commodities. As a result of actions and discussions by the Thirteenth
and Fourteenth Sessions of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
(CCPR), additional residue data and good agricultural practice (GAP)
information or other information have been provided to the Meeting for
citrus, potatoes and milk. Residue data and GAP information have also
been provided for the first time for several additional commodities.
These new submissions are reviewed in this addendum.
RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION
USE PATTERN
Aldicarb is sold as a granular formulation (0.5-15% active
ingredient). It may be applied at the stage of pre-planting, planting,
post-emergence or in some crops before or as the new growth begins.
Application may be broadcast or band and the granules are typically
covered with or worked into the soil. A more extensive description has
been provided previously (FAO/WHO 1980b). Labels for currently
registered U.S. uses as well as information on proposed uses were
available to this Meeting and are summarized in Table 1. Typically
only one application annually is recommended. The manufacturer
informed the Meeting that U.S. use directions will cover most user
situations. The manufacturer provided limited agricultural practice
information for Argentina, Brazil, France, Mexico, South Africa and
the United Kingdom. This information and new information provided by
the Netherlands' government are summarized in Table 2.
RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS
Brussels sprouts
Residue data were available from 1980 (CIVO 1981) and 1981
(CIVO 1982) supervised trials in the Netherlands. The data resulted
from single applications at planting or one day preplanting of 10G
1/ See Annex 2 for FAO and WHO documentation.
Table 1. Summary of U.S. Federally Registered and Proposes Uses for Aldicarb on
Various Commodities
Registered Uses1/
Time of kg a.i./ha Preharvest
Commodity Formulation Application or 100 m of row Interval (days)
Beans (dry) 15G at planting 0.59-2.4 90
Citrus 15G prior to or 5.5-11.3 30 (for
(grapefruit, during lemons)
lemons, limes, spring flush
oranges) or new growth
Cotton 15G at planting 0.34-3.4 90
Grain sorghum 15G at planting 0.59-1.2 902/
or
6-9.8 g/100 m
Peanuts 15G at planting 1.2-3.4 90
Pecans 15G bud break to 5.5-11.3 -
nut set
Potatoes 15G at planting 1.2-3.5 90
or
after planting 2.3-3.3
or
9.8-30 g/100 m 50
Soybeans 15G at planting 0.84-3.4 90
Sugarbeets 15G at planting 1.8-2.3 90
1 week before
Sugarcane 15G at planting 2.4-3.4 120
(Louisiana only) or
36-52 g/100 m
Sweet potatoes 15G at planting 1.7-3.4 120 (also
or a restriction
21-43 g/100 m on vines)
Table 1 (con't)
Time of kg a.i./ha Preharvest
Commodity Formulation Application or 100 m of row Interval (days)
Grapes 10G just prior to 4.5 120
or or at
15 G beginning of
active vine
growth
Maize 10G at planting 1.1-1.7 60-day
(field corn) or forage feed
10-15 g/100 m restriction.
15G at planting 1.1-1.7 60-day
or forage feed
7-10 g/100 m restriction.
Tomatoes3/ 10G at or just 2.2-3.4
(field grown) prior to or
transplanting 35-54 g/100 m
or seeding
(10g and 15g)
15G 2.2-3.4
or
39-55 g/100 m
1/ U.S. EPA Reg. No. 264-330; EPA EST. 10352-GA-01;
2/ Feeding or foraging before harvest is not recommended as residue levels on green
forage may be unsafe for animals;
3/ Proposed use limited to California and Florida.
Table 2. Summary of Aldicarb Uses in Several Countries1/
Crop Country Formulation Application Preharvest
Rate Interval (days)
Banana Brazil 10G 2-3 g a.i./cova 21
South Africa 15G 3 g a.i./station
(new plt.)
2.6-3 g a.i./mat
twice a year
(established)
Beans Brazil 10G 1-2 kg a.i./ha 80
or
5-10 kg/100 m
Beet Netherlands 10G 1.2-2.5 kg a.i./ha entire growing
(sugarbeet (row at plt.) period.
and fodder)
Brussels Netherlands 10G 3 kg a.i./ha entire growing
sprouts (broadcast, period
worked in)
Citrus Brazil 10G 1-5 g/cova 60
10-20 g/adult tree
Coffee Brazil 10G 3-15 g/cova 90
Cotton Argentina 10G 0.3-3 kg a.i./ha
Brazil 10G 0.6-2 kg a.i/ha
South Africa 15G 0.5-1.5 kg a.i./ha
Figs Brazil 10G 5-10 kg a.i./ha
Garlic Argentina 10G 0.5-3 kg a.i./ha
Leaf U.K. 10G 5.1 g/100 m 70
brassicas2/
(cabbage,
cauliflower,
Brussels
sprouts)
Maize and U.K. 10G 5.1 g/100 m
sweet corn2/ South Africa 15G3/ 11-15 g/100 m
Table 2 (con't)
Crop Country Formulation Application Preharvest
Rate Interval (days)
Onions Argentina 10G 0.5-3 kg a.i./ha
Onions Netherlands 10G 1.5 kg a.i./ha entire growing
(bulbs) (row at sowing) period
Oranges Argentina 10G 22 g/plant
Peanuts Argentina 10G 0.3-2 kg a.i./ha
Peas2/ U.K. 10G 1 kg a.i./ha
(preplant broadcast)
Peppers Argentina 10G 1-3 kg a.i./ha
Potatoes South Africa 15G 2.6-7.5 kg a.i./ha
Netherlands 10G 3 kg a.i./ha
(broadcast and work
in shortly before
plt.)
Ratoon cane South Africa 15G 2.3-3 kg a.i./ha
Sugarcane South Africa 10G 3 kg a.i./ha
Brazil 10G 2-3 kg a.i./ha
Argentina 10G 1.5-3 kg a.i./ha
Swedes and U.K. 10G 7.7 g/100 m row
turnips2/ at planting
Sweet Argentina 10G 2-3 kg a.i./ha
potatoes Brazil 10G 1-2 kg a.i./ha
Tomatoes Argentina 10G 0.5-3 kg a.i./ha
U.K. 10G 55 g active/100 m2
(in propagating house)
0.1 a.i./plant (spot)
75 g a.i./100 m2
1/ Information for Mexico and France was too limited to be useful;
2/ Cleared until 31 March 1981 U.K.;
3/ Only maize.
formulation at or at twice the approved rate (Table 2). At the
approved application rate residues were 0.01 and 0.02 (0.01-
0.03 mg/kg) at 133 and 150 days, respectively, after treatment. At
twice the approved rate, residues were 0.01 and 0.05 (0.04-0.07 mg/kg)
at the same respective periods. In each case, the number of samples
could not be determined from the submission. The values are
uncorrected for approximately 85% analytical method recoveries at 0.05
and 0.06 mg/kg fortification levels.
Citrus
The current 0.2 mg/kg limit is based on extensive data, including
over 200 samples on oranges alone, and on a 90-day preharvest interval
(FAO/WHO 1980b). Additional data have been provided to this Meeting
and have been examined in conjunction with data previously submitted,
along with information on current good agricultural practices. These
additional data include residue data for over 160 additional citrus
samples, including lemons and different varieties of grapefruit and
oranges. Residues in the three lemon samples were < 0.1 mg/kg a.i. at
30-90 days after treatment at the recommended 11 kg a.i./ha. Residues
in grapefruit were < 0.02 for all 18 samples, although the
preharvest intervals were 158-300 days for all 18 samples, except for
one sample (0.02 mg/kg) at 42 days. Of the 100 orange samples, only
one mature fruit sample had residues at the current 0.2 mg/kg limit at
> 90-day preharvest interval and a < 11 kg a.i./ha recommended
application rate. However, maximum residues from this application rate
were 0.29 and 0.31 mg/kg at a 30-day interval and 0.21 at 60 days.
With these recent submissions, the Meeting has examined data for
well over 600 samples of various types and varieties of citrus,
representing mature whole fruit, immature fruit, peel, pulp, numerous
locations, application rates (recommended and higher), types of
applications, cooperators, pre-harvest intervals and split treatments.
These data and conditions are too numerous for tabulation in a concise
manner suitable to this document. Of the total of over 600 samples,
about one third were treated at approximately the maximum recommended
rate (excluding higher rates); these accounted for most of the samples
with residues in excess of the current 0.2 mg/kg limit. Those samples
on mature or ripe citrus, and a few where the stage of maturity is
unknown, with residues exceeding 0.2 mg/kg are summarized in Table 3.
It can be observed that most residues exceeding 0.2 mg/kg are at
intervals after application of less than the 90-day basis for the
current limit. Some of these resulted from other than recommended
agricultural practices. However, it was brought to the attention of
the Meeting that some varieties of citrus have overlapping spring
flush and harvesting seasons (e.g. Valencia) or have continuous fruit
harvesting (lemons). For this reason, preharvest intervals on the
order of 30 to 60 days can be pertinent in practice in some
Table 3. Citrus Samples with Aldicarb Residue Exceeding the Current 0.2 mg/kg Limit1/
Interval After
Species Date Type of Aldicarb Rate Last Treatment Part Residues
Location (Variety) Treated Treatment (lb a.i./A)* (days) Sampled (mg/kg)
Florida Orange 7-30-74 Two 76 cm 10 31 full size fruit,
(Valencia) strips, one pulp 0.11 0.22
on each peel 0.54 (whole basis)
side of tree
Florida Orange 7-30-74 Two 76 cm 10 199 Mature ripe 0.23
(Valencia) strips, one fruit
on each side
of tree
10 15 Ripe fruit 0.213/
30 Ripe fruit 0.253/
60 Ripe fruit 0.363/
Arizona Orange
(Valencia) 3-31-75 Applied with 10 45 Whole mature 0.432/
cyclone spreader, ripe fruit
disc incorporated, 60 Whole mature 0.292/
then irrigated2/ ripe fruit
Arizona Orange
(Valencia) 3-31-75 Split application2/ 5+5 0 Mature ripe 0.282/
and fruit
5-30-75 Applied as above
Table 3 (con't)
Interval After
Species Date Type of Aldicarb Rate Last Treatment Part Residues
Location (Variety) Treated Treatment (lb a.i./A)* (days) Sampled (mg/kg)
Florida Orange 3-25-76 Banded and 10 60 Ripe fruit 0.214/
(Valencia) incorporated on
two sides of
tree row
Florida Orange 3-25-76 Injected into a 10 30 Ripe fruit 0.214/
(Valencia) band on two sides
of tree 60 Ripe fruit 0.294/
Arizona Orange 2-15-77 1.2 m band along 10 60 Ripe fruit 0.25
(Valencia) two sides of
tree row
Israel Orange 5-31-76 Applied beneath 7 47 "whole fruit" 0.23
(Valencia) tree dripline
and incorporated 7 47 "whole fruit" 0.34
Florida Grapefruit 4-8-77 Broadcast and 10 61 Mature fruit 0.22
(variety incorporated in
not given) a band under
trees
Florida Grapefruit 4-8-77 Incorporated 10 42 Mature fruit 0.21
(Marsh) under trees
Table 3 (con't)
Interval After
Species Date Type of Aldicarb Rate Last Treatment Part Residues
Location (Variety) Treated Treatment (lb a.i./A)* (days) Sampled (mg/kg)
Peru Lime 7-23-80 Hand 4.5 31 Mature fruit 0.235/
application
6.25 31 Mature fruit 0.265/
Mexico Lime 4-7-81 Hand application 7.9 42 "whole fruit" 0.345/
(Cridlo) incorporated by 10.7 42 "whole fruit" 0.445/
irrigation on
4-9-81
* 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha
1/ Citrus data sheets previously submitted and newly submitted are in Supplementary Book III of IV, Aldicarb Residue Data on Citrus, July 1982,
submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products, Inc. P.O. Box 12014, T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 277091.
Those data previously submitted and the basis for the current 0.2 mg/kg limit were also submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency in tolerance petitions GF1829 and 9F2201.
2/ Not applied in manner consistent with use directions.
3/ Previously treated 8 months (244 days) earlier which is not consistent with use directions of approximately one year.
4/ "New Residue Data on Citrus", see Ref. 1 for source.
5/ Original studies unavailable.
situations, especially for lemons and Valencia. Although none of the
18 samples of lemons contained residues above 0.1 mg/kg, only two were
harvested at intervals of approximately the 30-day interval that is
considered good agricultural practice (Table 1). All but three were at
91 days or over and most over 140 days. Data on limes (Table 3) do not
exceed 0.3 mg/kg at 42 days although the stage of fruit maturity is
unknown.
Grapes
Aldicarb is not currently registered for use on bearing grapes
although it is said to be registered for nursery grapes in five
countries. All discussions here are based on proposed uses in the U.S.
(Table 1), from which residue data are available.
Residue data are available from 8 states in the U.S. (Table 4),
reflecting the proposed application rate of 4.5 kg a.i./ha, and
include samples from 58-133 days after last application (120 days
recommended). The type of treatment varies widely among the samples.
In many, if not most, the types of treatment either do not closely
follow that of the proposed use or insufficient information is
available to determine just how close the proposed good agricultural
practices are followed.
Most of the higher residues resulted from treatments with
intervals of last treatment to harvest substantially less than the 120
days recommended. At intervals approximately at or exceeding the 120
days, maximum residues are <0.3 mg/kg except for one value at
0.49 mg/kg (sample 7). Two other samples from the same cooperator at
the same and different times (samples 8 and 9) were much lower,
although the methods of application were different.
Residue data were available from processing of grapes (Table 5)
and includes data on raisins, fresh juice, pomace and dry pomace,
wine, stems, trash and leaves (see also Fate of Residues - In Storage
and Processing).
The limit of detection for aldicarb in grapes is approximately
0.02 mg/kg. Recoveries averaged about 87% at fortification levels
ranging from 0.04 - 0.9 mg/kg.
Maize
The Meeting was informed that maize is registered for use in six
countries, although no residue data or current good agricultural
practice information was available for those countries. Data were
available from 27 trials in 13 states in the U.S. representing
proposed good agricultural practice. Data for grain, cobs, green
kernels and green kernels plus cob are summarized in Table 6 (Union
Carbide 1982a and 1982b). From 48 samples of mature grain representing
Table 4. Aldicarb Residues in Ripe Grapes
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
PA 1977 Concord 0 <0.02 87
4 102 0.03
PA 1978 Concord 4 133 <0.02 87
OH 1977 Clinton 4 110 0.03 87
OH 1978 Clinton 0 <0.02 87
4 89 0.02
OH 1979 Clinton 0 <0.02 85
4 109 0.04
OH 1980 Clinton 0 <0.01 91
4 115 0.01
WA 1977 Concord 0 0.033/ 87
4 116 0.494/
(shanked)
4 (broadcast) 116 <0.02
WA 1980 Concord 0 <0.02 94
4 133 <0.02
(76 cm band
incorp. 5 cm)
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
AZ 1978 Thompson 4 62 0.29
(shanked,
both sides)
AR 1980 Concord 0 <0.01 91
4 118 <0.03
OR 1979 Concord 0 <0.02 73
4 125 0.19
(61 cm area
drip line 2
sides disced)
MI 1980 Concord 0 <0.01 91
4 92 <0.01
CA 1978 Thompson 0 <0.02 87
4 122 <0.02
0 <0.02 87
4 120 <0.02
CA 1977 Thompson 0 0.02 87
4 93 0.42
(91 cm band
shanked 2
sides)
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
CA 1978 Thompson 4 131 0.08 87
4 122 0.23 87
4 120 0.05 87
(91 cm band
raked in 2
sides)
CA 1977 Riesling 0 <0.02 87
4 70 0.13
CA 1976 Chardonnay 0 <0.02 87
4 58 0.27
(shanked 1.2 m
band 2 sides)
CA 1979 Alicante- 4 130 0.18 97
Bouche 4 130 0.21
4 130 0.18
CA 1979 Muscat of 4 131 0.26 97
4 131 0.15
4 131 0.10
(hand shaker
61 cm band
2 sides)
CA 1979 Thompson 4 127 <0.02 97
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
CA 1979 Emperor 4 106 0.04
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 73
4 105 0.11
4(20 G) 105 0.17 73
4 75 0.32
(3 shanks
30 cm apart in
crop 7.6-10 cm)
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 73
4 119 0.05
CA 1980 Rubired 0 <0.02 73
4 108 0.10
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 73
4 119 0.11
CA 1980 Tokay 0 <0.02 93
4 127 0.17
CA 1980 Tokay 0 <0.02 93
4 129 <0.02
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 93
4 119 <0.02
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 93
4 125 0.09
4 125 0.11
1/ Treatment at maximum proposed rate of 4 lb a.i./A; 15g formulation except where indicated
otherwise; 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ Corrected for recoveries shown.
3/ Said to be contaminated.
4/ Average of duplicate samples (0.48 and 0.49 mg/kg).
Table 5. Concentration of Aldicarb Residues in Grape Processing Products or Related
Products1/
Residue (mg/kg)
Processed Residue Residue Range Concentration Factor
Grape Number of Range in in Processed
Product Samples Grapes Product Range Average
Raisins 25 0.02-2.3 0.02-2.2 1-4.52/ 1.6
Pomace 163/ 0.04-3.3 0.03-3.1 0.5-2.34/ 1.15/
Fresh juice 17 0.04-3.3 0.02-1.8 0.5-2.46/ 0.9
Wine 13 0.04-3.3 0.02-2.37/ 0.2-0.77/ 0.48/
Stems 4 0.04-2.59/ 0.13-2.5 1-3.2 1.7
Raisin trash 7 0.02-0.3 0.9-2.810/ 1-2.411/ 2
lees 4 0.04-2.5 0.03-1.4 0.6-8.0 0.7
1/ Union Carbide 1982b.
2/ 2.5 or less except the 4.5 factor resulting from grapes with residues of 0.04 mg/kg.
7 of 25 a factor of 2 or greater.
3/ 7 pomace, 9 dry pomace.
4/ 5 of 16 a factor of 1.5 or greater.
5/ Regardless of whether "pomace" or dry pomace.
6/ All factors 0.9 or less except 2.5 factor.
7/ Excludes residues up to 3.6 mg/kg in first sediments.
8/ Excluding 3.1 apparent aberrant value.
9/ Two applications at label rate is not considered "good agricultural practice".
10/ High value treated according to proposed label
11/ Includes factors at 2.3, 2.4, 2.4.
Table 6. Aldicarb Residues in Maize (Field Corn) Grain
Interval Between
Rate Treatment and Residue
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) Code2/
NC 1976 Golden 1.5 163 <0.01 C
Harvest 163 <0.02
NC 1976 Golden 0 <0.01
Harvest 1.5 159 <0.01
0 <0.02 C
1.5 159 <0.02 C
GA 1976 DeKalb 0 <0.01
XL-80 1.5 133 <0.01
1.5 133 <0.01
1.5 133 <0.01
1.5 133 <0.01
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 91 <0.02 K*
XL-25 1.5 116 <0.02 K*
1.5 146 <0.02
1.5 146 <0.02 C
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 77 0.04 K*
43A 103 <0.02 K*
133 <0.02
133 <0.02 C
GA 1977 Funks 0 <0.02
G-4810 1.5 127 <0.02
MO 1977 Pioneer 1.5 125 <0.02 +*
3388 1.5 167 <0.02
1.5 167 <0.02 C
MO 1977 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3388 1.5 156 <0.02
0 <0.02 C
1.5 156 <0.02 C
OK 1977 DeKalb 0 <0.02
XL-75 1.5 158 <0.02
0 <0.02 C
1.5 158 <0.02 C
Table 6 (con't)
Interval Between
Rate Treatment and Residue
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) Code2/
KS 1979 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 128 <0.02
IL 1979 B73 X 0 <0.02
M017 1.5 151 <0.02
CA 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3541 1.5 126 <0.02
MO 1980 Pioneer 1.5 138 <0.02
3183
NC 1980 Coker 0 <0.02
1.5 134 0.03
MI 1980 NK, PX-7 0 <0.02
1.5 134 <0.02
NC 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3184 1.5 143 <0.02
MS 1980 Trucker's 0 <0.02
Favorite 1.5 113 <0.02
IA 1980 Jacques 0 <0.02
JX-177 1.5 123 <0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3780 1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 151 <0.02
3780 1.5 151 0.03
1.5 151 0.02
Table 6 (con't)
Interval Between
Rate Treatment and Residue
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) Code2/
Clayton 1981 Northrup 1.5 152 0.02
NC King <0.02
0.02
1981 Northrup 1.5 152 <0.02
King 0.23
<0.02
0 <0.02
CA 1981 XL-72AA 0 <0.02
1.5 175 <0.02
1.5 175 <0.02
1.5 175 <0.02
MS 1981 DeKalb 0 <0.03
XL-72B 1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
CO 1981 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3360 1.5 108 <0.02
1.5 108 <0.02
1.5 108 <0.02
TX 1981 Horizon 0 <0.02
870 1.5 87 <0.02
1.5 87 <0.02
1.5 87 <0.02
NM 1981 Funk 0 <0.02
G4449 1.5 78 <0.02
1.5 78 <0.02
1.5 78 <0.02
1/ Formulation: 15g; 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ Code:
C : Cobs, with grain removed, sampled at maturity;
K* : Green kernels samples before maturity;
+* : Green kernels plus cobs sampled before maturity. All residues values with no
code designation represent shelled grain sampled at maturity;
: Less than
All residue values include correction for recovery.
21 varieties, residues ranged from <0.01-0.23 mg/kg at 78 to 175 days
after last treatment at the proposed rate. The 0.23 mg/kg appears to
be aberrant since all other samples were 0.03 or less. Even at the
same site and date, by either band or in-furrow application, five
other replicates were < 0.02 mg/kg. Maximum residues on untreated
samples were <0.03 mg/kg. Maximum residues were 0.04 mg/kg and
0.02 mg/kg on the few samples of cob and green kernels or green
kernels plus cob, respectively. A limit of 0.05 mg/kg is supported for
maize (field corn) grain.
Forage
Residues on 57 samples of maize (field corn) (whole green plants
prior to maturity) ranged from <0.02 mg/kg - 11 mg/kg in 17 trials at
60 to 103 days after treatment. The results are summarized in Table 7.
Residues from one location (Clayton, NC) are generally higher than
other locations, even within the same state. At this location,
residues ranged from 0.6 - 11 mg/kg and averaged 3.5 mg/kg from 18
samples in 6 trials. High apparent residues (up to 4.8 mg/kg) in
untreated samples in two of the trials suggest possible contamination
of untreated samples or analytical problems.
Disregarding data from this location, residues on the remaining
49 samples ranged from <0.02 - 1.6 mg/kg. The 1.6 mg/kg value and the
next higher residue at 1.3 mg/kg, under some assumptions, might be
considered outliers since the next highest value without the Clayton,
NC, studies would be 0.34 mg/kg. A limit of 10 mg/kg is supported
(20 mg/kg on a dry weight basis).
In 43 samples of maize (field corn) fodder (stover, or whole
stalks, with ears removed) at maturity, residues ranged from
<0.02-1.6 mg/kg at 87-175 days after treatment (Table 8). As in the
case of forage, residues from the one location (2 trials, 6 samples
with residues ranging from 0.07-1.6 mg/kg) were generally higher than
other locations for which the residue range was <0.02-0.9 mg/kg,
However, the difference is not as great and the control value from
that location was typical of other locations (<0.02 mg/kg). If a
separate limit is proposed for fodder, a 2 mg/kg limit is supported.
The analytical method was validated on ears and shucks with 98%
recoveries at fortification levels of 0.08-0.09 mg/kg. During field
trials, recoveries generally ranged from 72-113% for grain, forage and
fodder.
Pecans
Good agricultural practice information and residue data were
available from one country. Data reasonably reflect the recommended
single application at a rate of 5-10 lb. a.i./acres (5.5-11 kg/ha),
method of application (two 1.2-1.8m bands on two sides of tree row at
Table 7. Aldicarb Residues in Maize (Field Corn) Forage
Interval between
Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 91 0.19
XL-25 116
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 77 1.6
43A 103 0.34
CA 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3541 1.5 70 0.21
0 <0.02
1.5 100 0.06
MO 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 102 0.03
MI 1980 NK, 0 <0.02
PX-7 1.5 77 0.03
NC 1980 NC 1.5 111 <0.02
MS 1980 Trucker's 0 <0.02
Favorite 1.5 71 0.05
IA 1980 Jacques 0 <0.02
JX-177 1.5 81 0.12
1.5 97 0.09
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 61 0.15
3780 1.5 61 0.19
1.5 61 0.03
0 <0.02
1.5 81 1.3
1.5 81 0.08
1.5 81 0.05
1.5 101 0.03
1.5 101 0.12
1.5 101 0.04
Table 7 (con't)
Interval between
Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 61 0.07
3780 1.5 61 0.32
1.5 61 0.20
1.5 81 0.02
1.5 81 0.02
1.5 81 0.03
0 <0.02
1.5 101 0.05
1.5 101 0.04
1.5 101 0.04
MS 1981 DeKalb 1.5 61 0.11
XL-72B 1.5 61 0.17
1.5 61 0.13
0 <0.03
1.5 84 0.08
1.5 84 0.05
1.5 84 0.09
1.5 103 0.03
1.5 103 0.08
1.5 103 <0.03
Clayton 6/2/81 Northrup 1.5 60 4.2
NC King 9.1
6.6
6/22/81 Northrup 1.5 80 4.4
King 9.9
3.6
0 (control) 4.8
7/12/81 Northrup 1.5 100 0.66
King 1.3
1.9
Table 7 (con't)
Interval between
Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
Clayton 6/2/81 Northrup 1.5 60 1.3
NC King 1.5
1.2
6/22/81 Northrup 1.5 80 3.1
King 2.7
1.6
7/12/81 Northrup 1.5 100 1.3
King 11
0.71
0 0.60
1/ Residues in whole, green plants prior to maturity;
Formulation: 15 g;1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ All residue values corrected for recovery.
bud break) and normal interval from application from five states of
the U.S. as summarized in Table 9 (Union Carbide 1982c and 1982d).
Substantially more recent data were available, but did not reasonably
reflect recommended usage or available information did not permit such
a determination. In those cases summarized in Table 9 where the method
of application did not closely follow label directions, residues would
be expected to equal if not exceed those resulting from the
recommended method.
At recommended application rates, residues in kernels ranged from
<0.01-0.27 mg/kg. Although the 0.27 value (uncorrected for 80-90%
recoveries and an average of 0.22 and 0.32) resulted from applications
on four sides of the tree instead of two; good agricultural practice
was reasonably followed. Corrected for recovery, a maximum residue
approaching 0.4 mg/kg could reasonably be expected on occasion,
although in most cases residues could be expected to be
< 0.3 mg/kg. Controls were generally <0.01 and 0.02 for kernels
and shells respectively. A 0.5 mg/kg limit can be supported for
kernels.
Table 8. Aldicarb Residues in Maize (Field Corn) Stover (Fodder)
Interval Between
Location Year Variety Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2/
lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
NC 1976 Golden 1.5 163 0.04
Harvest
NC 1976 Golden 1.5 159 0.04
Harvest
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 146 0.04
XL-25
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 133 0.07
43A
GA 1977 Funks 0 <0.02
G4810 1.5 127 <0.02
MO 1977 Pioneer 1.5 167 <0.02
3388
MO 1977 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3388 1.5 156 <0.02
OK 1977 DeKalb 0 <0.02
XL-75 1.5 158 0.05
KS 1979 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 128 0.03
IL 1979 B73X 0 0.07
M017 1.5 151 0.09
CA 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3541 1.5 126 0.15
MO 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 138 <0.02
NC 1980 Coker 0 <0.02
1.5 134 <0.02
NC 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3184 1.5 143 0.03
Table 8 (con't)
Interval Between
Location Year Variety Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2/
lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
MS 1980 Trucker's 0 <0.02
Favorite 1.5 113 0.07
IA 1980 Jacques 0 <0.02
JX-177 1.5 123 <0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 0 0.02
3780 1.5 151 0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 151 0.02
3780 1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
Clayton 9/2/81 Northrup 1.5 152 0.22
NC King 0.07
0.17
9/2/81 Northrup 1.5 152 0.02
King 1.6
0.06
0 <0.02
CA 1981 XL-72AA 0 0.16
1.5 175 0.90
1.5 175 0.33
1.5 175 0.54
MS 1981 DeKalb 0 <0.03
XL-72B 1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
CO 1981 Pioneer 0 <0.03
3360 1.5 108 <0.03
1.5 108 0.03
1.5 108 0.05
Table 8 (con't)
Interval Between
Location Year Variety Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2/
lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
TX 1981 Horizon 0 <0.02
870 1.5 87 0.05
1.5 87 <0.02
1.5 87 <0.02
NM 1981 Funk 0 <0.02
G449 1.5 78 <0.02
1.5 78 0.03
1.5 78 0.02
1/ Residues in whole stalks, with ears removed, at maturity;
Formulation: 15 g; 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ All residue values corrected for recovery.
In shells (a feed item) residues are concentrated an average of
about four times more than in kernels. Maximum residues were 1.1 mg/kg
in shells from the maximum recommended application rate. A limit of
1 mg/kg should be adequate, if a limit is required.
Some residue data for green nuts were also available. Generally,
residues in green hulls were approximately twice that on immature
shells and that on immature shells about twice that on kernels. No
clear or consistent relationship can be drawn between immature and
mature kernels, both being higher or lower at times.
Recoveries of aldicarb sulphoxide and sulphone were 84% and 94%
respectively in kernels fortified at 0.02-0.09 mg/kg. Similar
recoveries were attained for shells (a feed item) fortified at
0.04-0.35 mg/kg. A realistic limit of determination of 0.02 mg/kg can
be attained for both kernels and shells.
Potatoes
The Meeting previously estimated a maximum residue level of
1.0 mg/kg for aldicarb in potatoes (FAO/WHO 1980b). At its 14th
Session, the CCPR recommended a limit of 0.5 mg/kg based on
information that some countries had revised their GAP to permit lower
MRLs and because some delegations objected to the 1.0 mg/kg limit,
which had been under discussion.
Table 9. Total Aldicarb Residues in Pecans at Harvest
Interval after Aldicarb Residues2/ (mg/kg)
Rate1/ last
Location Year lb a.i./A Application Kernels Shells Whole Nut
Georgia (Calculated)
1976 2 197 0.02 0.04 0.03
4 0.04 0.13 0.08
6 0.07 0.20 0.13
8 0.09 0.51 0.30
10 0.11 0.12 0.12
10 183 0.10 0.27 0.17
20 0.12 0.55 0.32
5 + 5 106 0.17 0.50 0.33
1975 2 180 0.01 0.03 0.02
4 0.02 0.06 0.04
6 0.01 0.04 0.02
8 0.03 0.09 0.05
10 0.01 0.05 0.03
1976 5-6 188 0.06
10 185 0.27
20 0.16
1975 9.6 ca. 180 0.03
19.2 0.04 (average of replicates)
38.4 0.13
Alabama
1976 5 171 0.08
10 0.05
South Carolina
1976 5 181 0.05 0.61 0.32
10 0.12 1.1 0.60
20 0.30 1.7 0.97
1976 5 268 0.01 0.02 0.02
10 0.01 0.04 0.03
Table 9 (con't)
Interval after Aldicarb Residues2/ (mg/kg)
Rate1/ last
Location Year lb a.i./A Application Kernels Shells Whole Nut
Mississippi
1976 6 189 0.01
12 0.13
24 0.08
New Mexico
1979 2 169 0.04
133 <0.02
2.5 169 <0.02 <0.02
133 0.09 0.17
1/ 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha;
2/ Uncorrected for recoveries of 80-90%;
3/ Closely approximate recommended 4-6 ft, (1.2-1.8 m) band on two sides of the tree row.
The 1982 JMPR was informed that aldicarb is registered for use on
potatoes in 32 countries although good agricultural practice
information was provided to this Meeting only for the Netherlands,
South Africa and the U.S. (Table 2). Also provided were previously
submitted and new residue data, mostly from the U.S. (some Canadian),
where aldicarb application rates on potatoes have been revised
downward and other restrictions imposed.
Residue data were available from well over 600 samples from
Canada and 24 states in the U.S. for the period 1964-1979 and
represent application rates from 1-3 lb a.i./A (1.1 - 3.3 kg/ha)
either at planting, after planting or split applications.
Approximately 40% of data were new. Residues in 144 untreated controls
ranged from <0.01 to 0.11 mg/kg. The data are too numerous for a
detailed summarization.
Data from 240 samples treated at time of planting at a rate of
2.3 lb a.i./A (2.2-3.3 kg/ha) with granular formulations (10G, 10GV,
10G-1968 or 15 G) and a minimum of 90 days (GAP) are summarized in
Table 10 (Union Carbide 1982e and 1982f). Sixteen of the 240 exceeded
0.5 mg/kg. Five of the 16 were from Canada at 90-91 days after
planting (DAP) on immature tubers. Four of the five were >1 mg/kg.
Eight of the 16 were on the Pungo variety grown in Virginia, three of
which were on immature potatoes (90-101 DAP) and the rest were on
immature potatoes.
Table 11 summarizes residues > 0.5 mg/kg on mostly immature
potatoes treated at 2-3 lb a.i./A (2.2-3.3 kg/ha) at planting for the
60-89 DAP interval. The 26 values are from a total of 41 at this
interval and application rate. Most of these approach or exceed
1.0 mg/kg. Again, Canadian data are noticeably and inexplicably
higher. Data on the Pungo variety from one site in Virginia again tend
to be higher than other varieties in other states. Data were
unavailable for other varieties or sites in Virginia or the Pungo
variety in other states.
Data were also available for 63 samples treated at rates of
< 2 lb a.i./A (2.2 kg/ha) (all <0.5 mg/kg) and for 65 treated at
>3 lb active/A (3.3 kg/ha) and a 90 DAP minimum. For the latter,
residues ranged from <0.5 mg/kg on 46 samples, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg on 9 and
>1 mg/kg on 10. These are of less importance for estimating residue
levels as they do not reflect good agricultural practices reported to
this Meeting, except those from South Africa (no residue data were
available).
Eighty potato samples were available from post-plant sidedress
applications from 0.5 - 11 lb a.i./A (0.55-12 kg/ha) and days after
last application ranging from 25-175. All residues were <0.5 mg/kg.
Although no information on registered uses permitting split
applications to potatoes was available to the Meeting, residue data
were available and are summarized for 100 samples in Table 12. These
data suggest that residues would not exceed 0.5 mg/kg if a
1-2 lb a.i./A (1.1-2.2 kg/ha) application at planting is followed by a
1-2 lb (1.1-2.2 kg/ha) post-planting sidedress and a 90-day interval
from last application to harvest is observed.
The 1.0 mg/kg level previously estimated was based on a 120-day
interval from last application to harvest. Good agricultural practices
reported to this Meeting permit harvest at 90 days and 6.7% of samples
treated in the U.S. and Canada at 2.3 lb a.i./A (2.2-3.3 kg/ha) at the
90-day interval or longer exceeded 0.5 mg/kg. The 1.0 mg/kg limit is
confirmed.
Table 10. Total Aldicarb Carbamate Residues in Potato Tubers; a Minimum of 90 Days Following Application of Granular Formulations
Residue Levels From Residue Levels From
2-2.5 lb a.i/A At Planting (mg/kg)1/ 2-75- 3.0 lb a.i./A at Planting (mg/kg)
0.01 - 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41- 0.10- 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41-
Location <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 TOTAL
Canada 4 1 1 52/ 11
U.S.:
North Dakota 1 6 2 9 18
Oregon 2 1 3
Washington 2 1 4 2 1 10
Arizona 5 1 1 7
California 2 16 7 6 2 33
Colorado 1 1 1 2 1 6
Connecticut 1 1
Delaware 1 1 2
Florida 2 2 4
Idaho 3 1 17 5 2 1 1 13/ 31
Indiana 1 1
Maine 2 5 2 3 12
Michigan 1 1 10 2 14
Table 10 (con't)
Residue Levels From Residue Levels From
2-2.5 lb a.i/A At Planting (mg/kg)1/ 2-75- 3.0 lb a.i./A at Planting (mg/kg)
0.01 - 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41- 0.10- 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41-
Location <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 TOTAL
Minnesota 2 5 1 1 2 11
North Carolina 1 1 2 1 14/ 6
New Hampshire 1 1 2
New Jersey 1 1 2
New York 1 3 4 7 3 4 15/ 23
Ohio 2 5 7
Pennsylvania 1 1
Rhode Island 1 1
Texas 2 2
Virginia 2 2 1 56/ 2 1 2 1 37/ 19
Table 10 (con't)
Residue Levels From Residue Levels From
2-2.5 lb a.i/A At Planting (mg/kg)1/ 2-75- 3.0 lb a.i./A at Planting (mg/kg)
0.01 - 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41- 0.10- 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41-
Location <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 TOTAL
Wisconsin 3 5 2 3 13
Total 3 36 16 2 2 1 5 5 79 36 24 14 6 11 240
1/ 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha;
2/ 4 of these 5 exceeded the 1.0 mg/kg tolerance; currently under investigation; rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 90-91 days following last application;
0.98, 1.1, 1.5, 0.83, mg/kg. Original studies unavailable;
3/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 89 days following last application; Immature; 0.72 mg/kg;
4/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; formulation 10g-1968 trial conducted on Union Carbide farm; immature tubers; 91 days following last application;
0.82 mg/kg;
5/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 100 days following last application; immature tubers; 0.54 mg/kg;
6/ Rate = 2.0 lb a.i./A; 1 sample from plot receiving 10GV formulation, 98 - 127 days following last application; immature 1; mature 4; Variety
- Pungo; 0.76, 0.66, 0.53, 0.60, 0.97 mg/kg;
7/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 90-101 days following last application; immature tubers; variety - Pungo; 0.69, 0.69, 0.69 mg/kg.
Table 11. Aldicarb Residues in Potato Tubers Following Application at Planting of
10G or 15G Formulations
Application rate Days After
Location Variety (lb a.i./A)1/ Application Residue (mg/kg)2/
Canada Unknown 3 80 1.5, 2.4
3 85 1.6
3 79 3.4, 2.7, 2.5
3 84 2.4, 1.3, 2.1
U.S.:
CA Kennebec 3 70 0.84
ID Russet 3 67 0.67
Burbank 3 89 0.72
NY Superior 3 81 0.62
ME Ketahdin 3 63 0.78
NC Maine Cobbler 3 57 0.98
NC Irish Cobbler 3 77 0.99
NC Irish Cobbler 3 61 3
NC Irish Cobbler 3 77 1.2
VA Pungo 2 66 2.9
VA Pungo 2 86 1.4
VA Pungo 2 66 0.73
VA Pungo 2 86 0.69
VA Pungo 2 86 0.72
VA Pungo 2 66 1.0
VA Pungo 3 70 1.5
VA Pungo 3 70 0.93 (sulphoxide)
1/ 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha
2/ The 26 values above 0.5 mg/kg are from a total of 41 "at planting"
applications at given application rate and interval. Samples were described
as "immature tubers" except in two cases that were described as "tubers".
Table 12. Residues in Potatoes Resulting from Supervised Trials
Using Split Application of Aldicarb Granular Formulation
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
CA 1.0 + 1.0 52 0.09
1.5 + 1.5 52 0.13
CT 2.0 + 1.0 124 0.022/
ID 1.5 + 1.5 128 0.07
3.0 + 3.0 120 0.04
3.0 + 3.0 133 0.15
ME 2.0 + 1.0 69 0.26
3.0 + 3.0 90 0.84
MI 1.5 + 1.5 94 0.15
NC 3.0 + 3.0 15 0.10
3.0 + 3.0 15 1.20
3.0 + 3.0 34 0.46
3.0 + 3.0 57 0.14
3.0 + 3.0 58 0.24
ND 1.5 + 1.5 75 0.03
NJ 1.5 + 1.5 93 0.01
1.5 + 1.5 106 0.05
NY 1.5 + 1.5 62 0.06
2.0 + 1.0 62 0.05
2.0 + 2.0 93 0.36
2.0 + 3.0 93 0.62
3.0 + 2.0 93 0.36
3.0 + 2.0 90 0.31
3.0 + 2.0 70 0.28
3.0 + 3.0 85 0.57
3.0 + 3.0 110 0.42
3.0 + 3.0 42 2.2
3.0 + 3.0 76 0.99
Table 12 (con't)
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
3.8-4.8 + 1.8-2.1 107 <0.01
" 109 0.29
" 72 0.41
" 86 0.29
" 106 0.29
" 110 0.25
" 90 0.34
" 106 0.47
" 73 0.35
" 88 0.37
" 108 0.46
" 108 0.46
" 108 0.34
" 107 0.40
" 109 0.25
" 73 0.24
" 87 0.20
" 108 0.20
" 108 0.21
" 108 0.17
" 108 0.61
" 108 0.25
" 69 0.41
" 84 0.52
" 103 0.52
" 72 0.63
" 86 0.31
" 107 0.86
" 85 0.70
" 110 0.54
" 42 1.40
" 76 0.97
4.0 + 3.0 85 0.58
" 110 0.48
" 42 2.10
" 76 1.30
4.5 + 4.2 90 0.43
" 108 0.47
Table 12 (con't)
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
5.0 + 2.1 74 0.17
" 89 0.11
" 108 0.23
" 110 0.59
" 110 0.59
" 108 0.46
" 109 0.19
" 85 0.90
" 110 0.61
" 85 0.79
" 110 0.61
" 42 2.2
" 76 1.0
6.0 + 2.1 103 0.54
OR 1.5 + 1.5 177 0.01
3.0 + 3.0 114 0.093/
" 114 0.113/
" 76 0.34
WA 0.9 + 1.4 104 <0.01
1.5 + 1.5 162 0.09
" 142 0.02
2.0 + 4.0 24 0.59
" 43 0.53
" 70 0.19
" 99 0.55
Table 12 (con't)
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
WA 3.0 + 3.0 85 0.45
" 163 1.40
" 49 0.76
" 69 0.46
" 99 0.15
" 125 0.18
" 107 0.98
" 112 0.02
" 112 0.14
1/ lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha;
2/ First application 7 days preplanting;
3/ At emergence + sidedress.
Sample totals: 1.0+1.0 - 1; 0.9 + 1.4-1; 1.5+1.5-10; 2.0+1.0-3;
2.0 + 2.0-1; 2.0 + 3.0-1; 2.0 + 4.0-4; 3.0 + 2.0-3; 3.0 + 3.0-24;
3.8-4.8 + 1.8-2.1-32; 4.0 + 3.0-4; 4.5+4.2-2; 5.0 + 2.1-13; 6.0+2.1-1.
Sorghum Grain and Sorghum Fodder
Aldicarb is said to be registered for use on sorghum in four
countries; good agricultural practice information and residue data
were available only for the U.S. (Union Carbide 1982c and 1982d).
Forty-five grain samples from six states (1970-1980) were treated
at planting at approximately the recommended 0.5-1 lb a.i./A (0.55-
1.1 kg/ha) rate and harvested at or near the normal harvest (92-170
days after treatment except for 4 at 75 days). Residues ranged from
<0.01 to 0.13 mg/kg (0.025 mg/kg av.).
Residues in fodder from 22 of these samples ranged from
<0.01-0.4 mg/kg (av. 0.05 mg/kg). The residue distribution for the
grain and fodder were:
No. of Samples at each
Residue Level
Residue (mg/kg) Grain Fodder
<0.02 37 16
0.02 0 1
0.03 3 1
0.04 3 0
0.05 0 1
0.06-0.08 0 0
0.09 1 1
0.10 0 0
0.13-0.14 1 1
0.4 0 1
45 22
At higher than recommended rates (1.53x) residues on 14 samples
of grain ranged from <0.01-0.1 mg/kg (0.025 mg/kg av.) and on samples
of fodder, <0.02-0.25 mg/kg (0.06 mg/kg av.). A minimal amount of
data were available on milling products (see "Fate of Residues").
Considering that most of the residues were not corrected for
recoveries of approximately 90%, maximum residue levels of 0.2 and
0.5 mg/kg respectively for sorghum grain and fodder can be supported.
Some residue data were also available for green forage with a
maximum residue of 12.4 mg/kg at 40 days after a 1.2 lb a.i./A
(1.3 kg/ha) treatment at planting. This declined to 0.17 and
0.05 mg/kg at 68 days and at harvest respectively. Other studies
showed similar declines. However, because of potential danger to
animals, feeding or foraging prior to grain harvest is not considered
good agricultural practice in the U.S. Analytical recoveries of
aldicarb residues were generally > 90% in sorghum grain and fodder
at fortification levels of 0.04-2.2 mg/kg. The limit of determination
is approximately 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg for grain and forage
respectively.
Sugarcane
The Meeting was informed that aldicarb is registered for use on
sugarcane in 26 countries. Good agricultural practice information was
available for Argentina, Brazil, South Africa and the U.S. Residue
data were available mostly from the U.S. and South Africa and some
from India, Indonesia and Pakistan.
A 120-day preharvest interval is imposed in the U.S. for a single
application at planting. Normal harvest may be as soon as 6.5 months
for first or second stubble crops or approximately 12-14 months for
some autumn plantings. No information on preharvest intervals was
available for countries other than the U.S. A summary of U.S. and
Puerto Rico residue data in given in Table 13 (Union Carbide 1982c and
1982d).
Residues on stalks at 123 days or longer in the U.S. ranged from
<0.01 mg/kg to 0.02 mg/kg when applications were 0.6-1.3 × the
maximum recommended application rate, even with a split application.
Untreated controls were < 0.01 mg/kg. Residues for sugarcane leaf
samples under similar conditions ranged from 0.04-0.19 mg/kg
(av. 0.09). Residues at harvest would normally be expected to be less
than the maximum value that resulted from 1.3 × the maximum
application rate and 123 days after last application, since a more
typical interval is at least 180 days. Untreated controls for leaves
were also 0.02 mg/kg.
Data on sugarcane from Puerto Rico at similar application rates
and longer intervals were noticeably higher, ranging from 0.03-
0.07 mg/kg. Untreated samples were also higher, ranging from 0.02-
0.05 mg/kg, although the sensitivity was said to be 0.02 mg/kg.
A substantial amount of additional data were available from other
countries, but most of the application rates and days after last
treatment were not representative of GAP. One study from South Africa,
which was representative of GAP (Union Carbide 1982d) showed residues
of <0.02 mg/kg at 321 days in stalks/leaves from application of a 10G
formulation at 3.3 kg a.i./ha. In another, in India (Union Carbide
1982d) residues in stalks at 185 days after treatment at 1.5, 2, 3 and
4 kg a.i./ha were <0.04, 0.04, 0.045 and 0.077 mg/kg respectively.
The colorimetric analytical method used had a sensitivity of only
0.04 mg/kg.
Because the Indian data were determined by methodology with
limited sensitivity, the U.S. data are more pertinent for estimating
maximum residue levels. Maximum residues resulting from recommended
application rates were, therefore, 0.03 mg/kg from the Puerto Rican
studies where untreated controls had residues up to 0.05 mg/kg. Levels
in untreated sugarcane controls have been observed at this level or
higher in other studies (Table 14) although in this case there is some
suggestive evidence of contamination.
Maximum residue levels of 0.03 and 0.2 mg/kg respectively for
sugarcane stalk and fodder/forage are reasonable for application rates
up to 3.4 kg a.i./ha and a 180-day preharvest interval. Data were
insufficient for an estimate of residues in bagasse (see "Fate of
Residues").
Table 13. Total Aldicarb Residues in Sugarcane Stalks and Leaves
Experimental Rate of Interval from Residue Found
Station and Treatment1/ last Treatment
Location (lb a.i./A) Application to Sampling Stalk Leaves
(days) mg/kg mg/kg
Louisiana 2.0 Side-dress 2 sides to 35 0.05 0.28
ratoon cane
Belle Rose 1970 64 0.10 0.66
64 0.15 1.26
89 0.06 1.02
123 0.01 0.04
216 0.01
2.0 Side-dress 35 0.05 0.26
2 sides to 64 0.12 1.11
ratoon cane 89 0.01 0.18
123 0.02 0.05
4.0 Side-dress 35 0.14 0.86
2 sides to 64 0.18 1.36
ratoon cane 89 0.03 0.30
123 0.01 0.08
216 0.01
4 Side-dress 64 0.01 0.02
2 sides to 64 0.01 0.02
ratoon cane 89 0.05 0.65
123 0.02 0.19
Untreated 35 0.01 0.02
Untreated 64 0.01 0.02
Untreated 89 0.01 0.02
Table 13 (con't)
Experimental Rate of Interval from Residue Found
Station and Treatment1/ last Treatment
Location (lb a.i./A) Application to Sampling Stalk Leaves
(days) mg/kg mg/kg
Baton Rouge 4.0 Banded and 392 <0.01
(1968) rototilled 392 <0.01
392 <0.01
392 <0.01
Untreated <0.01
2.0 Banded and 378 <0.01
(1969) incorporated at planting
Louisiana 1.5 lb+1.5 lb2/ In-furrow at 189 0.01
planting plus side dress
Untreated2/ 0 0.01
3 lb + 3 lb In-furrow at 189 0.01
planting plus side dress
Florida
70-71 2 lb 36 cm Band incorporated 363 0.01
at planting
4 lb 36 cm Band incorporated 363 0.01
at planting
Table 13 (con't)
Experimental Rate of Interval from Residue Found
Station and Treatment1/ last Treatment
Location (lb a.i./A) Application to Sampling Stalk Leaves
(days) mg/kg mg/kg
Untreated - 0 0.01
2 lb 36 cm Band covered 242 0.01
at off-bar with 2.5 cm
soil (side-dress).
4 lb 36 cm Band covered 242 0.01
at off-bar with 2.5 cm
soil (side-dress).
Untreated 0.01
Puerto Rico 2 0.03 44
(1979) 3 row 300 0.03 42
row 300 0.04 43
row 300 0.05 44
4 row 300 0.07 42
4 row 300 0.05 43
4 row 44
Untreated 0.04 42
0.05 43
0.02 44
1/ 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha; Formulation - 10G;
2/ Treated 9/18/72 and 3/15/73.
Table 14. Total Aldicarb Residues in Sugarcane Stalks, South Africa, 1970
Rate Residues (mg/kg)
(lb a.i./A)1/ 6 Days 14 Days 21 Days2/ 27 Days 35 Days 56 Days 90 Days
2.5 0.22 0.31 0.22 0.05 0.11 0.02 <0.02
5.0 0.34 0.90 0.29 0.15 0.23 0.03 <0.02
7.5 0.84 1.12 0.52 0.27 0.29 0.06 <0.02
10.0 1.18 1.20 0.61 0.28 0.57 0.08 <0.02
Control 0.08 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.08 <0.02 <0.02
Control3/ <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02
1/ Broadcast and incorporated at planting (TEMIK 10g); 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha;
2/ Irrigated during this period;
3/ Controls outside experimental area.
Studies from outside the U.S. also confirm the U.S. data, which
shows that residues in the leaves may be approximately 2-10 times that
in the stalk. One of these studies from South Africa (Table 14)
clearly shows residues peaking at 14 days after treatment with a
subsequent rapid decline. Other studies have shown similar rapid
dissipation of residues, although the period for peaking in leaves and
stalks had been as much as 50 days (Union Carbide 1982c).
Except for the Indian data, as noted, recoveries were generally
> 80% in stalk and leaves at fortification levels of 0.01 and
0.02 mg/kg in each respectively. Recoveries were somewhat lower from
juice and bagasse. The Indian data were based on the same basic
procedure, except that determination was by colorimetry instead of gas
chromatography. The sensitivity was 0.04 mg/kg.
Sweet Potatoes
Good agricultural practice information was available from three
countries (Table 2) and reportedly used in at least one other. Residue
data (uncorrected for 90% analytical recoveries) were available only
from the U.S., but from six states. Those studies representing GAP are
summarized in Table 15 (Union Carbide 1982c).
Table 15. Aldicarb Residues in Sweet Potatoes at Harvest from Supervised Trials1/
Interval Rate (lb a.i./A)2/
Location Year to Harvest
(days) 1 2 3 4 5-6
Louisiana
1968 126 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
1969 125 <0.01
1973 110 <0.01 0.01 0.02
1976 128 <0.01 <0.01
North Carolina
1974 127 <0.01 <0.01 0.02
1976 114 0.01 0.04
1973 146 0.02 0.03
South Carolina
1975 156 (3 varieties) 0.01
Virginia
1974 119 0.04
119 0.05 0.16
119 0.11
1975 122 0.05 0.05 0.09
122(3 replicates) 0.03
Oklahoma
1974 157 <0.01 0.02
California
1976 149 0.10
1/ Uncorrected for 90% recoveries.
2/ Recommended rate is 2-3 lb a.i./A (2.2-3.3 kg/ha); Formulation, 10 G.
These data indicate that residues in sweet potatoes following the
recommended application rate should not exceed 0.1 mg/kg at the normal
harvest interval of approximately 120 days after a single application
at planting. Residues in untreated controls were <0.01-<0.02 mg/kg.
Additional data were provided to the Meeting for immature sweet
potatoes from three states, which had treatments at planting at higher
than recommended and recommended application rates, 15 to 30 days
before normal harvest. Residues in 12 samples that had been treated at
recommended rates ranged from <0.01-0.19 (av. 0.07 mg/kg for seven
samples) when harvested 30 days before normal harvest and <0.01-
0.08 mg/kg (av. 0.05 mg/kg for 5 samples) at 15 days before normal
harvest. Maximum residues on these 12 samples were 0.05 mg/kg at
normal harvest.
In sweet potatoes vines residues in two states following
recommended application rates were <0.04, 0.89; 0.04, 0.21 and
<0.04, 0.34 mg/kg at 30 days and 15 days before and at normal harvest
respectively. Residues were significantly higher at higher than
recommended rates. Residues could approach 1.0 mg/kg. The feeding of
vines from aldicarb treated sweet potatoes is prohibited in the U.S. A
0.1 mg/kg limit for aldicarb in sweet potatoes can be supported. This
is less than the current or proposed limit for potatoes, but reflects
different GAP.
When sweet potatoes were fortified at 0.02-0.22 mg/kg, recoveries
were 92, 88 and 97% for aldicarb, its sulphoxide and sulphone
respectively. A realistic limit of determination for sweet potatoes is
0.01 mg/kg.
Carcase Meat and Milk
The current 0.01 mg/kg limit for carcase meat and 0.002 mg/kg for
milk (at or about the limits of determination) are based on the
potential for residues resulting from those feed items on which
maximum residue levels were estimated.
Of the feed items considered at this Meeting, potential for
residues in animals (cattle) is greatest for maize. The potential from
grain is not so great, as the residues are low, hub from forage/
fodder, where residues can be up to 10 mg/kg, an increased potential
does exist. Assuming that a possible 50% of the cattle diet could be
forage/fodder residues in the diet could be 5 mg/kg from the
fodder/forage alone. If other feed items, such as grape pomace or
citrus pulp, bearing aldicarb residues near proposed tolerance levels
are fed at the same time, dietary levels of 6-7 mg/kg could
theoretically exist. Based on one feeding study at 5 mg/kg in the diet
previously examined by this Meeting (Romine 1973), no detectable
residues (<0.01 mg/kg) would result in meat and <0.002 mg/kg in milk
from 5 mg/kg in the diet. From another study (Dourough et al 1970)
carbamate residues of approximately 0.008 mg/kg can be estimated in
liver from a dietary feeding level of 1.2 mg/kg. This would be
0.03 mg/kg, translated to a 5 mg/kg dietary level. From the same
study, translating the 0.002 mg/kg residues in milk to a 5 mg/kg
dietary level would result in residues of 0.01 mg/kg, which is,
incidentally, the limit recommended by the 14th Session of the CCPR.
Therefore, because of the increased potential for residues in
carcase meat and milk, another feeding study at a higher feeding level
is needed.
Maize may contribute up to 70% of the diet of poultry, which
could result in a dietary intake of 0.035 mg/kg with 0.05 mg/kg in
grain. A greater potential for residues, however, could come from
sorghum grain (up to 60% of the diet), for which a 0.2 mg/kg residue
level is estimated. Based on poultry feeding studies previously
reviewed by this Meeting (Hicks et al 1972) maximum aldicarb
equivalent residues in poultry were found in liver at 0.14 mg/kg after
feeding 1.0 mg/kg in the diet for 21 days. Based on this and similar
data for eggs, any residues in poultry meat or eggs would be expected
to be less than the 0.01 mg/kg limit of determination.
FATE OF RESIDUES
In Plants
Although the fate of aldicarb in plants has been previously
reviewed (FAO/WHO 1980b), some additional information was provided to
this Meeting. When the ratio of aldicarb sulphoxide to sulphone was
studied in sugarcane plants, the ratio declined from approximately 8
at 35 days after last application to approximately 1.7 after 123 days
(Union Carbide 1982c).
In Storage and Processing
Grapes
Data were available for grape products from simulated commercial
processing of grapes with field incurred residues and are summarized
in Table 5 (Union Carbide 1982b). There appears to be no appreciable
concentration of aldicarb in fresh grape juice and wine. There can be
appreciable concentration in pomace, raisin trash and apparently in
stems, although data are insufficient for the latter to permit a firm
conclusion on the amount. The actual residues on stems in Table 5 do
not represent GAP, since two applications were made. The proposed
label permits only one. From Table 5, a concentration factor of 2.5
would appear to be reasonable for estimating maximum residues in
raisins and pomace from residues in grapes. This factor is somewhat
lower than the theoretical concentration factor of approximately 4x
for raisins, but is supported by the data. Actual residues for raisin
trash represent GAP.
Grape samples with field incurred residues from 0.15-4 mg/kg
showed no appreciable change in the level of residue after storage at
-10°F (-23°C) for 16 to 18 months.
Maize
The distribution of average aldicarb residues in endosperm
(meat), hulls, and oil (germ) were 0.01, 0.034 and 0.005 mg/kg
respectively from dry milled grain with field incurred residues of
approximately 0.014 mg/kg (Union Carbide 1982a). Recoveries were
> 81% at 0.025-0.05 mg/kg fortification levels. Untreated controls
gave residues of < 0.005 mg/kg. Although grain samples with
residues further removed from levels near the limit of determination
(approximately 0.02 mg/kg for oil) would have been preferred, the
study does suggest concentration in hulls only and at approximately
2.5 times. Additional processing studies at higher residue levels
would be useful to further elucidate potential residues in processed
products of maize.
Sorghum
Minimal data on the effects of milling on residues in sorghum
grain were available (Union Carbide 1982c) and are summarized below:
Residue (mg/kg)
grain bran shorts flour
0.09 0.41 0.05 0.03
0.04 0.04 0.02 <0.02
As in the case of maize, these data are inadequate to draw firm
conclusions on possible residue concentrations during processing.
Additional processing studies from grain with higher initial residues
are desirable.
When crops with field-incurred residues in sorghum grain of
0.1-0.11 mg/kg and fodder of 0.14-0.25 mg/kg were stored for 10 months
at -10°F losses were about 10% for grain and 27% for fodder.
Sugarcane
When sugarcane stalk and leaves with residues of 0.018, 0.22 and
0.26, 0.19 mg/kg respectively were held in storage at -15°C for up to
221 days, no losses in residues occurred. In fact, apparent
unexplained increases on the order of 30% were found (Union Carbide
1982c).
When sugarcane stalks containing field incurred residues of
<0.011 mg/kg were processed in a pilot unit, no measurable residues
were detected in bagasse, dilute juice, syrup, raw sugar or molasses
(Union Carbide 1982c,d). When dilute juice was fortified at
0.24 mg/kg, residues were 0.1, 0.21, <0.011 and 0.034 mg/kg
respectively in clarified juice, syrup, raw sugar and molasses (Union
Carbide 1982c). Because the stalk residues were so low, a firm
conclusion cannot be drawn for concentration of residues in juice or
bagasse.
METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS
The analytical methods used for the supervised trials considered
by this Meeting are basically the same as those examined previously
(FAO/WHO 1980b). They are for the most part based on a 3:1
acetone:water extraction, oxidation of aldicarb residues to the
sulphone and determination by flame photometric gas liquid
chromatography.
Milk
As a result of discussions at the 1982 Meeting of the CCPR on the
limit of determination for aldicarb in milk, the manufacturer
re-submitted the analytical method (Lykins 1969). The CCPR considered
0.01 mg/kg to be a more realistic limit of determination than the
0.002 mg/kg estimated by the JMPR.
The method is similar to other variations of the basic method for
aldicarb in crops, but includes a phosphoric acid precipitation step
before oxidization of aldicarb residues to the sulphone. The
manufacturer validated the method by analysing milk samples fortified
from 0.0011 to 0.044 mg/kg with individual components of the aldicarb
residue. Recoveries ranged from 76.2 to 121% with average recoveries
being 91.3%.
Both the CCPR and this Meeting were informed that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency had validated the same basic method UC
21149-III Milk, entitled: "Determination of Total Toxic Residues in
Milk by Gas Chromatography". Validations were conducted with
fortifications at 0.002 and 0.004 mg/kg sulphoxide, with recoveries
ranging from 60-100% (79% av.) at the 0.002 mg/kg level. No major
difficulties were encountered and no interferences were found at the
retention of the sulphone. The limit of detection was estimated at
0.0005 mg/kg.
NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS
The Netherlands reported to the Meeting the following revisions
of and additions to their 1979 submission:
Commodity mg/kg
Brussels sprouts 0.05
Onions 0.1
Potatoes 0.3
Other food commodities 0 (0.02)
The 0.05 mg/kg limit for Brussels sprouts is at or about the
limit of determination. In "other commodities", no residues are
permitted, the limit of determination being 0.02 mg/kg.
APPRAISAL
The Meeting examined residue data for several commodities not
considered previously, as well as substantial additional data for
citrus and potatoes. Data on the latter two resulted from discussions
at the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. Additional information
on the fate of residues and the analytical limit of determination for
milk was also examined. Good agricultural practice (GAP) information
was provided for some commodities for which residue data were
available and only proposed GAP information was available for others.
Data for Brussels sprouts were inadequate for estimating a
maximum residue level. Data were adequate for estimating residue
levels for maize (grain), maize fodder/forage, pecans, sorghum grain,
sorghum fodder and sweet potatoes, and for confirmation of the limit
for potatoes and citrus.
In citrus, the Meeting examined new data in conjunction with
substantial data previously reviewed. Except for one sample (out of
600) with a residue of 0.22 mg/kg harvested 199 days after treatment,
all samples with residues > 0.2 mg/kg resulted from preharvest
intervals of 61 days or less. The current 0.2 mg/kg limit is based on
a 90-day preharvest interval. However, the Meeting received new
information that a 30-day preharvest interval is good agricultural
practice for lemons. Available data on Valencia oranges and limes,
reflecting recommended application rates and preharvest intervals of
30-61 days, give indirect evidence that under some good agricultural
practice conditions residues in lemons could exceed 0.2 mg/kg,
possibly approaching 0.5 mg/kg. While the Meeting concluded that the
0.2 mg/kg can be confirmed, it also concluded that additional residue
data on lemons are highly desirable to give added assurance that the
0.2 mg/kg limit is adequate. The Meeting was informed that
consideration will be given to conducting additional studies to
provide that assurance.
In grapes, many of the treatments did not closely follow proposed
uses or insufficient information was available to make that
determination. For this reason, limits were not estimated. Residues
from supervised trials at least partially consistent with proposed
uses and harvest at intervals greater than or approximately the
recommended 120-day interval between harvest and last treatment gave a
maximum residue of 0.49 (a duplicate analysis that would appear to be
a little higher relative to similar samples, but there is no basis for
discarding it). Lower values on other samples from the same cooperator
cannot be directly compared since the type of treatments were
different.
Additional supervised trials strictly following recommended
application and last treatment to harvest interval are needed for
grapes. Also needed is information on nationally approved agricultural
practices.
In maize (field corn) forage, data from one geographical area are
substantially higher than those from other areas, but there is no firm
basis for discounting the substantial amount of data from this area.
In potatoes, a lot of additional data were examined along with
the substantial amount of data previously examined by the Meeting. A
significant number of trials representing current GAP resulted in
residues exceeding 0.5 mg/kg. A few of these samples were on
"immature" tubers, variety Pungo, or were inexplicably higher than
even the previous JMPR maximum residue level estimate of 1.0 mg/kg.
Too much emphasis cannot be attached to "immature" tubers since these
may also be harvested, marketed and consumed. With all factors taken
into account, the Meeting concluded that the available data continue
to support the previously estimated limit of 1.0 mg/kg, while
recognizing the preference of the Codex Committee on Pesticide
Residues for a 0.5 mg/kg limit.
In sugarcane, substantial data were available, but no residue
level is recommended since sugarcane is not considered a major item in
international trade. Studies show that residues may peak anywhere
between 14 and 60 days after treatment, followed by a rapid decline.
Residues in the leaves may be 2-10 times the level in the stalks.
The increased potential for aldicarb residues in meat and milk
from additional animal feed items considered by this Meeting,
especially maize fodder/forage, indicates a possible need for a higher
limit for carcase meat and milk. For this reason, feeding trials at
feeding levels higher than 5 mg/kg in the diet are desirable.
Processing studies indicate concentration of aldicarb residues
only in grape pomace, raisin trash and maize hulls when grapes,
sugarcane, maize and sorghum with field incurred residues were
processed into their various products. However, data were inadequate
for firm conclusions on residue concentration in processed products of
maize, sorghum, and sugarcane. Additional studies from processing of
raw commodities with higher field incurred residues are desirable for
maize and sorghum.
Analytical methodologies for supervised trials considered by the
Meeting are basically the same as those previously considered. The
Meeting did re-examine the limit of determination for the analytical
method for aldicarb residues in milk. Since it was re-submitted as a
result of actions of the CCPR. The Meeting considered validations
conducted by the manufacturer and one government and re-affirmed
0.002 mg/kg as a reasonable level at or about the limit of
determination under normal circumstances. While the Meeting recognizes
that this level may not always be easily attainable under the demands
of some regulatory situations, residues in milk from good agricultural
practice have not been shown to exceed this level. For these reasons
the Meeting cannot justify recommending a higher limit.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Meeting examined residue data from supervised trials
reflecting current and proposed good agricultural practices for
aldicarb on a number of crops. From these data the Meeting was able to
estimate additional maximum residue levels that are likely to occur
when aldicarb is used in accordance with these practices and when the
reported intervals from last application to harvest are observed.
Residues refer to aldicarb, aldicarb sulphoxide, and aldicarb sulphone
expressed as aldicarb.
Maximum Interval Between
Commodity Residue Level last application
(mg/kg) and harvest (days)
Maize (grain) 0.05 80
Maize (forage) 20 (dry weight basis)
Maize fodder 2 (dry weight basis) 80
Pecans 0.5
Sorghum (grain) 0.2 90
Sorghum fodder 0.5 (dry weight basis) application at planting
Sweet potatoes 0.1 120
FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION
Desirable
1. Additional good agricultural practice information, especially for
maize, sorghum and grapes.
2. Additional supervised field trials data for grapes (closely
following approved practice).
3. Additional processing studies for maize and sorghum, with field
incurred residues at sufficiently high levels to allow a more
conclusive estimate of residues in the various processed
fractions.
4. Feeding studies in cattle at levels greater than 5 mg/kg in the
diet.
5. Selected studies on lemons (and ideally also on Valencia oranges)
in which aldicarb is applied in accordance with good agricultural
practice at maximum recommended rates and harvested at
approximately 30 days after treatment. Study details should be
recorded, including amount and frequency of precipitation or
irrigation.
REFERENCES
Dourough, H.W., Davis, R.B. and Ivie, G.W. Fate of Temik - Carbon-14
1970 in lactating cows during a 14-day feeding period. Journal of
Agricultural Food Chem. 18: 135-142.
CIVO. Information provided by the Netherlands government.
1981
CIVO. Information provided by the Netherlands government.
1982
Hicks, W., Dourough, H.W. and Mehendele, H.M. Metabolism of aldicarb
1972 pesticide in laying hens, Journal of Agricultural Food Chem.
20: (I): 151-156.
Lykins, H.F. Temik pesticide. The determination of Temik sulphoxide
1969 and temik sulphone in milk. Project No. 111A13, 22 May 1969.
Report submitted to the 1982 JMPR by Union Carbide, July
1982. (Unpublished)
Romine, R.R. Aldicarb pesticide. Aldicarb residues in milk and meat of
1973 cows fed aldicarb aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone
in the daily diet. Project no. 111A13, 27 February 1973.
(Unpublished)
Romine, R.R. Aldicarb residues in products from dry milling of
1981 Temik(R)-treated corn, Project No. 813C50, 15 October 1981.
Report submitted by Union Carbide. (Unpublished)
Smith, F.F. Report of residue analysis, PCY-G8-11. Report submitted by
1968 Union Carbide. (Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Grapes, maize, maize fodder, tomatoes. Submission to
1982a the 1982 JMPR by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co.,
Inc. (Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Summary aldicarb residue data.
1982b
Union Carbide. Residues of aldicarb in food and their evaluation;
1982c pecans, sorghum, sorghum fodder, sugarcane and sweet
potatoes. Report submitted to the 1982 JMPR by Union Carbide.
(Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Pecans, sorghum, sorghum fodder, sugarcane, sweet
1982d potatoes, grapes, maize, maize fodder and tomatoes. Report
submitted to the 1982 JMPR by Union Carbide. (Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Aldicarb residue data sheets for potatoes. Submitted
1982e to 1982 JMPR by Union Carbide. (Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Introduction to citrus fruits and potatoes, July
1982f 1982. Document submitted to the 1982 JMPR by Union Carbide.
(Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Aldicarb residue data for tomatoes, October, 1982.
1982g Data submitted by Union Carbide. (Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Aldicarb residue data on citrus. Report submitted by
1982h Union Carbide. (Unpublished)
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Aldicarb (EHC 121, 1991)
Aldicarb (HSG 64, 1991)
Aldicarb (ICSC)
Aldicarb (Pesticide residues in food: 1979 evaluations)
Aldicarb (Pesticide residues in food: 1992 evaluations Part II Toxicology)
Aldicarb (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 53, 1991)