PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1984
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
EVALUATIONS 1984
The monographs
Data and recommendations of the joint meeting
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 24 September - 3 October 1984
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome 1985
FENVALERATE
Explanation
Fenvalerate was evaluated in 1979 and 1981. 1/ A temporary ADI
of 0-0.007 mg/kg bw has been estimated and temporary maximum residue
limits were recommended for a wide range of agricultural commodities
for treatments applied both pre-harvest and post-harvest.
Representatives from some countries commented on some of the
temporary MRLs at the sixteenth Session of the CCPR and the views
expressed were considered by the meeting in reviewing previous data
and evaluating new data.
RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION
USE PATTERNS
The following uses have been registered in The Netherlands since
April 1982 (Table 1).
In Canada the following use claims have been registered.
- In Brussels sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower, against
aphids, 675-975 g in 450-550 l/ha E.C. Apply when insects
first appear. Repeat every ten days, or as necessary. Use the
higher rate for severe infestation. Use core nozzles at a
pressure of 1400-2800 kPa.
- In peanuts against potato leafhopper, 51 g in 225-280
1/ha. Apply when insects or damage first appears. Apply in
the first week of July. A second application may be
necessary in August.
- In cattle against face flies and horn flies, 8 percent ear
tag. Position ear tags between the first and second ribs
from the bottom of the ear. Use one tag for horn flies, two
tags for face flies. Tag the entire herd, except breeding
bulls. Apply in spring.
The following preharvest intervals (days) have been registered in
Canada: apple (60), Brussels sprouts (14), cabbage (14), cauliflower
(14), pear (60), peanut (30), potato (7).
In New Zealand the registered product is a 10 percent E.C. with
the use pattern shown on Table 2.
Other preharvest intervals in New Zealand are 14 days for apples
and pears and 35 days for alfalfa hay.
1 See Annex 2 for FAO and WHO documentation.
TABLE 1. Fenvalerate Use Pattern, The Netherlands
Crop Pest Application Treatment Preharvest
Rate Formulation Interval
g/100 g/ha (days)
Apples, several Before and
pears kinds of shortly
caterpillar, after blossoming,
moths, bugs, half June, July
etc. 4.5 300 g/l & August 14
pear sucker 10.5 300 g/1 same as
previous
Potatoes larvae of Spray when
the Colorado infestation
beetle 45 300 g/l occurs; repeat 7
treatment only
if necessary
Brussels caterpillars
sprouts, diamond-back
cabbage, moth, leaf-
cauliflower rollers,
Chinese swede midge,
cabbage, cabbage root
curled kale fly
brocolli, 45 300 g/l same as 7
kohlrabi previous
TABLE 2. Fenvalerate Use Pattern, New Zealand
Preharvest
Crop/Pest Application Rate interval
(days)
Brassica vegetables/caterpillars 35-75 g a.i./ha 3
Tomatoes (field)/caterpillars 4 g a.i./100 l 3
Sweet corn/caterpillars 250 g a.i./ha 7
Maize/caterpillars 250 g a.i./ha 14
Alfalfa/aphids 25 g a.i./ha 21
In the United States the registered product is a 30 percent w/w
E.C. The relevant registered uses at January 1983 are summarized in
Table 3.
Note: In Table 3, 1 lb = 0.454 kg
1 acre = 0.405 ha
1 fl oz = 28.35 g
1 US gallon = 3.79 l
RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS
A correction of the data recorded on p.220 of the 1981 evaluations is
necessary. The entire entry on that page should read as shown below.
Trials were carried out in The Netherlands in 1977 (Huntingdon
Research Centre, 1978).
Application
Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days)
Crop No. of Rate/ after (last) application
treatments treatment Formulation
(g a.i./ha) 7 14 52 106 untreated
Chinese 1 50 300 g/l 0.35 0.22 0.01
cabbage emulsifiable (0.24- (0.19-
concentrate 0.50) 0.24)
Brussels
sprouts 1 45 " 0.03 0.02
(0.02-
0.04)
1 45 " 0.01 0.01
Apples
New data on supervised trials on apples in The Netherlands in
1982 are reported in Table 4 (Greve & Hogendoorn, 1983).
Fruits and Vegetables
Supervised trials in New Zealand (1984) on several crops are
summarized in Table 5.
TABLE 3. Registered Uses of Fenvalerate, United States
Dosage No. of PHI
Lb a.i./ Fl oz/ acres (days
Crop Pest acre acre treated
with 1 US
gallon
Cotton Pink bollworm 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24 21
5-1/3
Cotton leaf perforator 0.10 5-1/3 24
Cotton bollworm
Tobacco budworm
Lygus bugs
Cabbage looper 0.10-0.20 5-1/3 - 24-12
Beet armyworm 10-2/3
Boll Weevil
Whitefly
Peanuts Corn earworm 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24 21
Red-necked peanut worm 5-1/3
Potato leafhopper
Velvetbean caterpillar
Fall armyworm 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12
Granulate cutworm 10-2/3
Lesser cornstalk borer 0.2 10-2/3 12
Soybean Mexican bean beetle 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24 21
Green cloverworm 5-1/3
Velvetbean caterpillar
Potato leafhopper
Cabbage looper
Corn earworm 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12
Southern green stinkbug 10-1/3
Bean leaf beetle
TABLE 3. (continued)
Dosage No. of PHI
Lb a.i./ Fl oz/ acres (days
Crop Pest acre acre treated
with 1 US
gallon
Broccoli Diamondback Moth 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24 3
Cabbage 5-1/3
Cauliflower Imported cabbageworm 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12
Cabbage looper 10-2/3
Beet armyworm
Alfalfa looper
Flea beetle
Grasshopper
Cutworm
Cucumber Pickleworm 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12 3
Melons Rindworms 10-2/3
(cantaloupe, Leafhoppers
honeydew Corn earworm
melons, Cabbage looper
watermelon, Squash bug
musk-melon) Black cutworm
Pumpkin (seedling spray)
Squash Cucumber beetle
(summer, (adult control)
winter)
Beans, Mexican bean beetle 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24 21
dry 5-1/3
Peas, Corn earworm 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12
dry Pea Aphid 10-2/3
Cowpea curculio
Pea leaf weevil
Cabbage looper
Western bean cutworm
TABLE 3. (continued)
Dosage No. of PHI
Lb a.i./ Fl oz/ acres (days
Crop Pest acre acre treated
with 1 US
gallon
Peppers 0.1-0.2 7
(1 ppm)
Potato Potato psyllid 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24 7
Potato tuberworm 5-1/3
Fleabeetles 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12
Tarnished plant bug 10-2/3
Potato aphid
Potato leafhopper
Cucumber beetle
(adult control)
Colorado potato beetle
-West of Mississippi River 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24
5-1/3
-East of Mississippi River 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12
10-2/3
-Long Island, NY 0.2 10-2/3 12
Maize Corn earworm 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12 1
(sweet European corn borer 10-2/3
corn) Cutworms
Southwestern corn borer
Corn rootworm
(adult control)
Grasshoppers
TABLE 3. (continued)
Dosage No. of PHI
Lb a.i./ Fl oz/ acres (days
Crop Pest acre acre treated
with 1 US
gallon
Western bean cutworm 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-24
5-1/3
Tomato Tomato hornworm 0.05-0.1 2-2/3 - 48-12 1
5-1/3
Tomato pinworm 0.1-0.2 5-1/3 - 24-12
Tomato fruitworm 10-2/3
Colorado potato beetle
Cabbage looper
Southern armyworm
Sugarbeet armyworm
Western yellow striped
armyworm
Vegetable leafminer 0.2 10-2/3 12
TABLE 3. (continued)
Dosage
Concentrate Dilute No. of
spray spray acres
Crop Pest Lb a.i./ Fl oz/ Fl oz/ treated PHI
acre acre 100 gal. with 1 US
gallon
Apples Codling moth 0.1-0.3 5-1/3 - 2-2/3 24-8 21
Variegated leafroller 16
White apple leafhopper
Tentiform leafminer
San Jose scale
Apple aphid
Tufted apple budmoth
Plum curculio
Oriental fruit moth
Apple maggot
Red-banded leafroller
Lesser appleworm
Peach Peach twig borer 0.15-0.3 8-16 4 16-8 14
Oriental fruit moth
Peach tree borer
Plum curculio
Lesser peach tree borer
Pear* Pear psylla 0.2-0.4 10-2/3 - 5-1/3 12-6
21-1/3
Filberts Filbert worm 0.2 10-2/3 - 5-1/3 12-6 21
21-1/3
Pecans Pecan weevil 0.1-0.3 5-1/3 - 2-2/3 24-8 21
Hickory shuckworm 16
Pecan nut casebearer
Pecan aphids
* (including those interplanted with apple)
TABLE 4. Fenvalerate Residues in Apples from Supervised Trials, Netherlands
Application
Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days)
Crop No. of Rate/ after (last) application
treatments treatment Formulation
(g a.i./ha) 6 7 untreated
Apple 2 157.5 " 0.25 0.01
(Golden (0.20-
Delicious 0.33)
Apple 2 157.5 " 0.42
(Cox's (0.37-0.51) 0.01
Orange
Pippin)
TABLE 5. Fenvalerate Residues in Crops, New Zealand
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop/year No. of Rate Days after treatment
treatments 0 1 3 4 5 7 14 21
Apples 11 80 g a.i./l - 1.0 - - 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4
(Sturmer) 10 l/tree/treatment
1976/77
Broccoli 5 0.15 kg a.i./ 6.5 - 3.8 - 1.9 1.5 1.4 -
(edible part) ha/tr (1.0)
1978 0.3 kg a.i./ 11.3 - 3.0 4.9 3.8 1.6 -
ha/tr (1.0)
Cabbages 5 0.15 kg a.i./ 1.3 1.3 - 0.5 - 0.6 0.9 -
1977 ha/tr
Cabbages 6 0.15 kg a.i./ 1.2 0.5 - 0.6 - 0.5 0.9 -
1977 ha/tr
Kiwi fruit 6 0.6 to 1.2 kg/
1976/1977 a.i./ha/tr
high volume
whole 4.1 4.6 - - 3.8 - 3.6 2.2
(6)
edible 0.3 0.3 - - 0.2 - 0.2 0.2
(6)
skin 3.8 7.3 - - 3.6 - 3.4 2.0
(6)
6 0.3 to 0.6 kg/
a.i./ha/tr
high volume
whole 3.4 3.4 - - 3.2 - 2.5 2.1
(6)
TABLE 5. (continued)
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop/year No. of Rate Days after treatment
treatments 0 1 3 4 5 7 14 21
edible 0.1 0.1 - - 0.3 - 0.1 0.1
skin 3.3 3.4 - - 2.9 - 2.4 2.0
Lucerne 1 0.025 kg a.i./ 0.2 0.01 0.04
1978 1 ha/tr 0.05
Sweetcorn 1 0.05 kg a.i./ha - - 0.3 - - 0.2 0.05 0.05
(foliage)
1980
(grain) - - - - - nd -
Tomatoes 5 0.026 to 0.056 - - 0.07 - 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
1979/80 kg a.i./ha/tr
5 0.016 to 0.035 - 0.06 0.06 - <0.06 <0.06 <0.06 <0.006
kg/a.i./ha/tr
Sheep
In a supervised trial on sheep in New Zealand, the animals were
put to graze on grass paddocks 14 days after one treatment at
25 g a.i./100 l and one treatment at 12.5 a.i. 100 l using 200 l/ha.
The sheep were slaughtered from seven days and various tissues
analysed (see Table 6).
Cabbage
The 1981 evaluations summarized data from trials in six states in
the United States. These data are given in more detail in Table 7. The
maximum dose recommended in GAP in the United States is 0.2 bls/acre
(0.22 kg/hectare) and the minimum interval between last application
and harvest is three days (see Table 7). Under these conditions
residues do not exceed 4.3 mg/kg.
RESIDUES IN FOOD IN COMMERCE OR AT CONSUMPTION
Pears
In Sweden (1983), samples of imported fruits and vegetables were
collected at ports of import. Domestic samples were collected mainly
at wholesalers. Fenvalerate residues are shown in Table 8.
NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS
The following MRLs were reported to the meeting:
New Zealand mg/kg
Brassica vegetables 5
Kiwi fruit 3
Apples and pears 1
Tomatoes 0.2
United States
Cabbage 10 (3 days)
Cucumbers 0.5
Peppers 1 (7 days)
APPRAISAL
The meeting examined previously reported good agricultural
practices and residues data together with some new information and the
comments of representatives of some countries at the sixteenth Session
of CCPR.
TABLE 6. Fenvalerate Residues in Sheep Tissues from Supervised Trials
Application Interval Residues (mg/kg)
rate after
(g a.i./ treatment Liver Quadriceps Mesentaric fat Subcutaneous fat
100 l) (days) muscle
25 g 21 0.002 nd 0.015 0.09
28 nd nd nd 0.01
12.5 g 21 nd nd 0.06 0.06
24 nd nd 0.05 0.04
28 nd nd 0.03 0.04
35 nd nd 0.05 0.05
TABLE 7. Fenvalerate Residues in Cabbage, United States
Application Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days)
State (kg a.i./l) after application
No. Rate Method 0 1 3 7 10
Florida 8 0.22 Ground - - 0.4, 0.3 - -
8 0.45 Ground - - 0.6, 0.4 - -
South 8 0.22 Ground - - 2.8, 4.3 - -
Carolina 8 0.45 Ground - - 8.9, 10.6 - -
Wisconsin 8 0.22 Ground 0.84 0.7 1.2 2.4 0.9
5.6 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.4
8 0.45 Ground 5.8 0.9 0.9 2.8 0.5
11.8 1.1 1.4 4.3 0.8
California 8 0.22 Ground - - 0.2 - -
8 0.45 Ground - - 0.3 - -
Arizona 8 0.22 Helicopter 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1
New York 8 0.22 Ground - - 0.8, 0.9 - -
8 0.45 Ground - - 1.0, 1.1 - -
TABLE 8. Fenvalerate Resiudes in Pears, Sweden
Origin No. of No. of samples in range (mg/kg)
samples 0.21 0.21-0.53 0.54-1.05
Sweden 45 45 - -
Imported 165 163 1 1
The 1981 meeting had estimated a maximum residue level of 2 mg/kg
for bell peppers based on the then proposed GAP in the USA of a
three-day interval between last application and harvest. New
information indicates that GAP in the USA is now established with a
seven-day interval and the existing data relevant to the practice
enabled the meeting to estimate a revised level of 0.5 mg/kg for bell
peppers. The commodity description was revised to "sweet peppers".
The cumulative residues data on cucumbers from the 1979 and 1981
evaluation (Table 9), accepting a GAP of a maximum rate of 0.22 kg/ha
and a three-day interval, are limited but indicate that the proposed
MRL of 0.2 mg/kg should not be exceeded in such practice. The meeting
confirmed this proposal. The estimate of 2 mg/kg for celery was also
confirmed and a GAP of 0.22 kg/ha and a seven-day interval between
application and harvest were recognized.
New data on cabbage, based on a GAP requiring a higher rate of
application, indicate that the proposed limit of 2 mg/kg for brassica
leafy vegetables can be exceeded and the meeting estimated a maximum
residue of 5 mg/kg for cabbage. However, the estimate of 2 mg/kg for
broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale and cauliflower was confirmed. The
data on apples, pears and peaches in the 1979 and 1981 monographs were
re-examined but the meeting was not able to revise its estimates on
these crops. It noted from the report of the sixteenth Session of CCPR
that further data were expected and proposed to review these at a
future meeting.
The data in the 1979 evaluations on which beans (dry) 0.5 mg/kg
was proposed were reviewed together with the additional data in 1981.
The meeting agreed that the data were better represented by a maximum
residue level of 0.1 mg/kg. The commodity description was changed to
"beans (without pod)".
The data on peas (without pod) in the 1981 evaluations were
considered at that time to support an estimate of 0.1 mg/kg as a
maximum residue level but no proposal was made. The present meeting
confirmed this estimate.
TABLE 9. Fenvalerate Residues on Cucumbers and Celery (from 1977 and 1981 evaluations)
Application
Residues (mg/kg) at intervals
Crop Country/Year No. Rate EC Formulation (days) after application
(kg a.i/
ha) % 0 1 3 7 10 14
Cucumber United 1977 2 0.11 30 0.09 0.02 0.01 <0.01 <0.01
States 0.22 0.26 0.12 0.08 <0.01 <0.01
1978 4 0.11 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
0.22 0.03 0.02 <0.01
2 0.45 0.03 0.01 0.02
1979 5 0.22 30 0.04
1980 5 0.22 30 0.06
5 0.22 0.14
0.45 0.59
5 0.22 0.26
0.45 0.69
5 0.11 30 0.09 0.04 0.03
5 0.22 30 0.48 0.08 0.03
5 0.45 30 0.54 0.07 0.08
Celery United 15 0.22 10 1.5 0.46
States 15 0.45 10 3.6 1.9
15 0.055 10 0.11 0.20
15 0.11 10 0.37 0.52
15 0.22 10 1.0 1.2
15 0.45 10 2.0 2.6
TABLE 9. (continued)
Application
Residues (mg/kg) at intervals
Crop Country/Year No. Rate EC Formulation (days) after application
(kg a.i/
ha) % 0 1 3 7 10 14
1979 15 0.22 1.7
0.45 3.5
15 0.22 2.8
0.45 5.1
15 0.22 0.41
1980 15 0.22 30 3.5
Canada 1978 11 0.07 0.04
1979 7 0.07 0.24 0.14
The meeting also proposed that an estimate of 0.1 mg/kg for
legume oilseeds should replace separate estimates for peanuts and
soybeans, both at the same level of 0.1 mg/kg.
The data in the 1979 monograph included information for liver and
kidney but no proposal was made at that time. The present meeting
proposed a maximum residue level of 0.02 mg/kg for meat by-products.
The proposal of 0.2 mg/kg in "animal fats" (1979 report) or "fat
of meat" (1979 evaluations) should be defined as referring to "carcase
meat (in the carcase fat)". A review of the limited data in the 1979
monograph on poultry and eggs confirmed that more data are needed
before an estimate of maximum residues in these commodities can be
made.
The meeting reconsidered the data used by the 1979 meeting in
estimating the transfer of fenvalerate residues occurring in animal
feed to human food of animal origin. The transfer study, using
10.9 ppm in the diet of lactating cows, showed that up to 0.08 mg/kg
could be expected in the milk and up to 0.8 in the carcase fat. The
only item of animal feed on which there is a Codex limit is alfalfa,
at 20 mg/kg, although waste and products from other commodities could
be fed to animals. The meeting assumed that alfalfa would not
regularly be fed to animals in amounts much greater than 50 percent of
their diet and that residues of fenvalerate would not constantly be at
20 ppm. The meeting, therefore, estimated that the maximum levels
likely to be found in practice would be 1 mg/kg in the carcase meat
(in carcase fat) and 0.1 mg/kg in milk. The meeting emphasized that
this was not a "worst case" calculation and recognized that, in
exceptional circumstances, residues in meat and milk might exceed
these estimates. It noted that further consideration of the principles
involved in interpreting animal transfer studies in conjunction with
realistic estimates of the intake of pesticide residues by animals was
urgently needed and agreed to study the problem further at the next
meeting. A review of the residues following the use of fenvalerate as
a grain protectant and data on the fate of residues during processing
resulted in the meeting revising the estimates for fenvalerate in
wheat bran and white flour.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following estimates of maximum residue levels are recommended
as suitable for use as MRLs.
Commodity MRL (mg/kg)
Sweet peppers 0.5 (replacing bell peppers - 2)
Cabbage (headed) 5 (replacing brassica leafy
vegetables - 2)
Brassica leafy vegetables
(except headed cabbage) 2
Beans (without pod) 0.1 (replacing beans dry - 0.5)
Peas (without pod) 0.1
Legume oilseeds 0.1 (replacing peanuts - 0.1,
soybeans - 0.1)
Carcase meat 1 (replacing fat of meat - 0.2)
(in carcase fat)
Meat by-products 0.02
Wheat bran 10.00 (replacing bran - 5)
Wheat flour (white) 0.5 (replacing flour (white) - 0.2)
REFERENCES
Greve, P.A. & Hogendoorn, E.A. Residues of some synthetic pyrethroids
1983 in apples (in Dutch). Rapport nr 638201001, Rijksinstituut
voor de Volksgezondheid, Utrecht/Bilthoven.
Huntingdon Research Centre. The analysis of Sumicidin in various
1978 crops. Report submitted by Huntingdon Research Centre,
Department of Analysis, to FAO.
New Zealand. Data from trials carried out in New Zealand, provided by
1984 the Government of New Zealand to FAO.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Fenvalerate (EHC 95, 1990)
Fenvalerate (HSG 34, 1989)
Fenvalerate (Pesticide residues in food: 1979 evaluations)
Fenvalerate (Pesticide residues in food: 1981 evaluations)
Fenvalerate (Pesticide residues in food: 1984 evaluations)
Fenvalerate (UKPID)
Fenvalerate (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 53, 1991)