PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1984
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
EVALUATIONS 1984
The monographs
Data and recommendations of the joint meeting
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 24 September - 3 October 1984
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome 1985
TRIADIMEFON
Explanation
Triadimefon was evaluated by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide
Residues in 1979, 1981 and 1983. 1/ At the 1981 JMPR, a temporary ADI
was allocated and consequently the former guidelines, recorded in
1979, were changed to temporary ADIs. The 1981 and 1983 JMPR allocated
additional TMRLs for some commodities.
New residue data have been received on triadimefon and its main
metabolite, triadimenol, in grapes, must, tree tomato (syn:
tamarillo), coffee beans, cucumber, melons (cantaloupes), chickpea and
the cereal grains barley, rye and wheat. Extensive data on cereal
grains and data on coffee beans originated from countries not included
in the earlier Evaluations.
The data mentioned are evaluated and summarized in this
monograph.
RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION
USE PATTERN
The information on good agricultural practice provided to the
1983 JMPR, and presented in the 1983 Evaluations, is still valid. No
changes or extensions of the use pattern were reported.
RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS
Additional residue data were available from seven countries.
Supervised residue trials were performed preharvest on nine crops and
on a commodity derived from one of these crops (must made from
grapes).
Results from these trials are summarized in Tables 1 - 5 (Bayer,
1984). The results from most trials are presented separately for
triadimefon and its main metabolite triadimenol, but for some trials
they are the sum of triadimefon and triadimenol.
Grapes and Must
The residues found in supervised trials on wine grapes after
seven or eight treatments are in conformity with the data presented in
the 1983 Evaluations; no measurable amounts of triadimefon were found
35-56 days after the last application, whereas the residues of
triadimenol did not exceed 0.2 mg/kg.
1/ See Annex 2 for FAO and WHO documentation
TABLE 1. Triadimefon Residues on Fruit from Supervised Trials
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
Grapes Fed. Rep. 7 50 wp 5% 35 <0.02 <0.02 0.06-0.09 0.07
Germany 42 <0.02 <0.02 0.05-0.06 0.06
Must 1983 42 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
Grapes 8 45 wp 5% 35 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
55 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
Must 55 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
Grapes 7 45 wp 5% 37 <0.02 <0.02 0.11-0.15 0.13
56 <0.02 <0.02 0.18-0.20 0.19
Must 56 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
Grapes 7 50 wp 5% 35 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05-0.06 0.05
42 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05-0.05 <0.05
Must 42 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Grapes 8 30-45 wp 5% 35 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
55 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
Must 55 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
Grapes 7 45 wp 5% 37 <0.02 <0.02 0.13-0.31 0.13
56 <0.02 <0.02 0.08-0.09 0.08
Must 56 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05
I + II
Range Average
Tree New 7 140 wp 0 0.04-0.04 0.04
tomato Zealand 1 0.04-0.04 0.04
1983 3 0.01-0.01 0.01
TABLE 1. (continued)
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
Coffee El 3 250 EC 250 15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
bean Salvador g/l 29 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
(sun 1982 1 250 EC 250 7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
dried) g/l
Coffee El 14 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
bean Salvador 21 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
1982 28 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
1 500 EC 250 7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
g/l 14 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
21 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
28 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1
Coffee Brazil 2 250 wp 25% 1 <0.01-0.01 <0.01 <0.01-0.02 0.01
bean 1982 6-8 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
(sun 15 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
dried) 4 250 wp 25% 14/15 <0.01-0.01 0.01 0.02-0.04 0.03
28/29 <0.01-0.02 0.01 0.01-0.03 0.01
TABLE 2. Triadimefon Residues in Vegetables from Supervised Trials
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
Cucumber Mexico 3 125 wp 25% 0 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
1979 5 <0.01-0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01
15 <0.01-0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01
Mexico 3 125 wp 25% 0 0.04-0.04 0.04 0.05-0.05 0.05
5 0.01-0.02 0.02 0.01-0.02 0.02
15 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Melons Mexico 3 125 wp 25% I + II
(cantaloupe) 1979 Range Average
whole fruit 0 0.03-0.13 0.09
5 0.05-0.08 0.07
15 0.03-0.11 0.06
pulp 3 125 wp 25% 0 <0.01-0.02 0.01
5 0.01-0.02 0.02
15 <0.01-0.03 0.02
Chickpea Mexico 2 150 wp 25% 7 <0.01-0.01 0.01 <0.01-0.02 0.01
dry 1980 14 <0.01-0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
20 <0.01-0.02 0.01 <0.01-0.01 0.01
TABLE 3. Triadimefon Residues in Barley from Supervised Trials
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
Barley Fed. Rep.
Germany
1983 2 250 EC 125
spring sown g/l
green forage 0 2.0-3.4 2.5 0.55-0.91 0.74
14 0.18-0.20 0.2 1.0-1.0 1.0
grain 28 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <0.08
35 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04-<0.08 <0.04
straw 28 0.11-0.11 0.11 3.4-3.4 3.4
35 0.12-0.13 0.13 2.4-2.7 2.7
2 250 EC 125
green forage g/l 0 3.7-3.8 3.7 0.42-0.51 0.47
14 0.20-0.22 0.21 0.73
grain 28 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <0.08
35 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <0.08
straw 28 0.10-0.11 0.10 2.0-2.0 2.0
35 0.13-0.14 0.13 2.3-2.4 2.3
Barley 1982/83 1 1 125 wp 6.25%
autumn sown
green forage 0 2.6 0.12
28 <0.05 0.14
grain 35 <0.05 <0.1
42 <0.05 <0.1
straw 35 <0.05 0.3
42 <0.05 0.2
TABLE 3. (continued)
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
green forage 2 125 wp 6.25% 0 3.3 <0.1
28 <0.05 <0.1
grain 49 <0.05 <0.1
straw 49 <0.05 <0.1
Barley 1983 2 125-250 EC 125
spring sown g/l
green forage 0 3.8-4.3 4.0 1.0-1.4 1.3
14 0.08-0.1 0.09 1.1-1.1 1.1
28 0.5-0.5 0.05 0.5-0.6 0.55
grain 35 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <0.08
42 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <0.08
straw 35 <0.04 <0.04 2.7-3.0 2.9
42 <0.04 <0.04 2.2-2.5 2.4
Canada, 1981 I + II
average
green forage 1 280 wp 50% 0 1.4
6 2.1
18 0.2
threshed 2 21 0.15
grain
straw 2 21 1.4
green forage 1 280 wp 50% 0 3.9
7 1.5
14 6.7
TABLE 3. (continued)
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
I + II
average
threshed 2 21 0.7
grain
straw 2 21 1.3
Barley United States, 1981
spring sown
green forage 1 280 wp 50% 0 4.0
7 1.6
2 280 0 5.8
threshed 2 24 0.3
grain
straw 2 24 2.0
green forage 1 280 wp 50% 0 3.7
7 0.5
14 0.3
threshed grain 2 280 21 0.6
straw 2 21 1.3
TABLE 3. (continued)
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
United States, 1982
I + II
average
green forage 1 280 wp 50% 0 9.3
7 3.6
threshed grain 1 28 0.1
straw 1 28 1.4
Barley 1980/81
autumn sown
green forage 1 280 wp 50% 0 0.7, 1.1
7 0.8, 0.3
14 0.2, 0.2
threshed grain 2 25 0.2, 0.3
straw 2 25 1.3, 1.5
green forage 280 wp 50% 0 1.9, 2.9
7 0.2, 0.9
14 0.3, 0.3
threshed 21 0.2, 0.5
grain
straw 21 0.5, 3.7
1 Two other trials carried out 1982/83 in the Federal Republic of Germany gave similar results.
TABLE 4. Triadimefon Residues in Rye from Supervised Trials
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
Rye Fed. Rep. 2 125-250 EC 129
Germany
1983
green forage g/l 0 5.6-6.0 5.7 0.24-0.24 0.24
14 0.26-0.26 0.26 0.52-0.56 0.54
21 0.16-0.19 0.18 0.59-0.66 0.62
grain 35 <0.04 <0.08
42 <0.04 <0.08
straw 35 0.29-0.32 0.30 1.5-1.7 1.6
42 0.12-0.17 0.16 0.9-1.2 1.0
2 125 EC 125
green forage g/l 0 9.7-9.7 9.7 0.23-0.23 0.23
14 0.66-0.74 0.7 0.86-0.97 0.92
28 0.36-0.38 0.37 1.2-1.2 1.2
grain 35 <0.04 0.11-0.11 0.11
straw 35 0.67-0.74 0.71 2.0-2.1 2.0
2 250 EC 125
green forage g/l 0 9.2-9.9 9.5 1.2-1.3 1.2
14 0.09-0.16 0.12 0.39-0.67 0.5
28 0.13-0.13 0.13 0.66-0.84 0.8
grain 35 - <0.04 - <0.08
42 - <0.04 - 0.08
straw 35 0.13-0.15 0.14 0.73-0.82 0.77
42 0.11-0.13 0.12 0.50-0.59 0.54
TABLE 5. Triadimefon Residues in Wheat from Supervised Trials
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
Wheat Fed. Rep. Germany, 1983 1
spring sown
green forage 2 125 wp 6.25% 0 5.7 0.22
21 0.06 0.47
grain 42 <0.05 <0.1
straw 42 <0.05 1.0
green forage 2 wp 6.25% 0 2.2-2.9 2.5 <0.1-0.05 0.05
21 0.05-0.05 0.05 0.16-0.22 0.2
grain 35 <0.05-<0.05 <0.05 <0.1-<0,1 <0.1
42 <0.05-<0.05 <0.05 <0.1-0.1 <0.1
straw 35 <0.05-<0.05 <0.05 <0.1-0.2 0.1
42 <0.05-<0.05 <0.05 0.32-0.23 0.3
TABLE 5. (continued)
Application
Residues (mg/kg)
Crop Country/ No. Rate Interval
Year (g a.i./ha) Formulation after last Triadimefon I Triadimenol II
application Range Average Range Average
(days)
I + II
Range average
Wheat Canada, 1981
green forage 2 280 wp 50% 0 3.1
9 0.42
21 0.93
threshed grain 3 20 0.03
straw 3 20 0.8
green forage 1 280 0 11.5
7 2.9
14 0.6
threshed grain 2 21 0.12
straw 2 21 3.5
United States 2
green forage 280 0 2.3-6.1
7 0.6-0.7 0.7
14 0.3-0.8
grain 21 0.01-0.05 0.05
straw 21 0.03-2.0
1 Another 16 supervised trials carried out in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1982 and 1983 gave similar results (13 on spring sown
wheat and 3 on autumn sown wheat).
2 Another seven supervised trials carried out in 1980 and 1982 in the United States gave similar results.
Must made from grapes harvested 42 to 56 days after the last
application showed no residues of triadimefon (limit of determination
0.02 mg/kg) or triadimenol (limit of determination 0.05 mg/kg).
The results of the new series of supervised trials give no cause
to amend the TMRL allocated by the 1981 JMPR on the basis of the
guideline levels recorded by the 1979 JMPR.
Tree Tomato (syn: Tamarillo)
Tree tomatoes in New Zealand sprayed seven times showed total
residues of triadimefon and triadimenol of 0.04 mg/kg at day zero and
of 0.01 mg/kg three days after the last of seven applications (limit
of determination of the method of analysis 0.01 mg/kg).
The small number of available data (one country, one supervised
trial) does not enable allocation a TMRL for this commodity.
Coffee beans
Data from supervised trials from Brazil and El Salvador were
provided. These data are in conformity with those presented in the
1983 Evaluations and the levels recorded in the 1979 JMPR as guideline
levels.
Cucumbers
The highest residue found in supervised trials on cucumbers in
Mexico, treated three times with triadimefon, was of the order of
0.1 mg/kg of the sum of triadimefon and triadimenol at day zero after
the last application and about 0.04 mg/kg five days after the last
application. These data confirm the TMRL for this commodity allocated
by the 1983 JMPR, on the basis of the 1979 guideline levels.
Melons (Cantaloupes)
The residues found in supervised residue trials on melons in
Mexico in 1979 are of the same order of magnitude as the residues on
melons evaluated at the 1979 JMPR. The highest residue at day zero
after the last of three applications was 0.13 mg/kg, as sum of
triadimefon and triadimenol.
Chickpea
Residues on dry chickpea in a supervised trial in Mexico,
harvested 7 and 14 days after the last application, were at or about
the limit of determination of triadimefon and triadimenol.
Cereal Grains
Data on a large number of supervised trials carried out in
Europe, Canada and the United States on barley, wheat and rye were
provided (on rye only from Europe). In all supervised trials, the
crops were sprayed once or twice with various formulations at dosages
of 125 to 280 g a.i./ha.
Grains of barley, wheat and rye from the supervised trials
carried out in Europe did not contain measurable residues of
triadimefon or triadimenol. In the supervised trials carried out in
Canada, threshed grain of barley contained up to 0.7 mg/kg total
residue of triadimefon and triadimenol and threshed grain of wheat
0.03 to 0.12 mg/kg of the sum of triadimefon and triadimenol, 21 days
after the last application.
Straw of barley, harvested 35 to 42 days after the last of one or
two applications, contained <0.1-3.0 mg/kg total residue of
triadimefon and triadimenol. Rye straw harvested after the same
preharvest intervals contained 1.9 to 2.7 mg/kg total residue of
triadimefon and triadimenol, with a maximum residue of triadimefon of
0.71 mg/kg.
Wheat straw, harvested 35 to 42 days after the last of one or two
applications contained <0.1 to 3.5 mg/kg total residue, as the sum of
triadimefon and triadimenol.
The originally allocated levels for cereal straws of 2 mg/kg (sum
of triadimefon and triadimenol) were exceeded in several supervised
trials.
RESIDUES IN FOOD IN COMMERCE OR AT CONSUMPTION
The following residue levels of triadimefon and triadimenol in
food samples were reported from routine food surveys carried out by
the Swedish National Food Administration during the period January
1983 - January 1984 (Sweden, 1984).
TABLE 6. Triadimefon and Triadimenol Residues in Food Samples, Sweden
Commodity Origin No. of samples No. of samples with residues
analysed within given ranges (mg/kg)
<0.11 0.11-0.28 0.29-0.55
Apples Sweden 385 385
Import 915 914 1
Oranges Import 707 705 2
Pineapple Import 29 27 1 1
The levels found in apples and pineapple were all within the TMRLs
allocated by the JMPR.
NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS
The following national MRLs which have not been reported in
earlier Evaluations or have since been amended, were brought to notice
of the 1984 JMPR.
TABLE 7. National MRLs Reported to the Meeting
Country Crop/Commodity MRL (mg/kg) PHI
Triadimefon
+
Triadimenol Triadimefon Triadimenol (days)
Belgium Pome fruit 0.05
(Feb. 1982) Cucumbers and
gherkins 0.05 3
Cereal grains 0.05
Fed. Rep. Hops 15
Germany Grapes 3
(June 1982) Pome fruit 0.5
Cucumbers 0.5
Cereal grains 0.5
Strawberries 0.2
Other commodities
of plant origin 0.1
Luxembourg Grapes 3
(May 1983) Pome fruit 0.1
Cucumbers and
gherkins 0.05
Cereal grains 0.05
Netherlands Apple 0.1* - 1 14
(March 1984) Cereal grains 0.05* 0.1* 42
Milk 0.05* - 1
Meat 0.05* - 1
Other food commodities 0*(0.05) 0*(0.1)
* at or about limit of determination
1 included in the entry Other Food Commodities, Triadimenol 0* (0.1)
Note: Date MRL came into force shown in brackets.
APPRAISAL
Residue data from supervised trials on grapes (including must),
coffee, cucumbers and melons, supplementing data received by the JMPR
in 1979, 1981 and 1983, supported the TMRLs recommended in 1981 and
1983.
Limited new residue data on tree tomato (tamarillo) and chickpea
were insufficient to estimate maximum residue levels for these
commodities.
At the 15th session of the CCPR it was suggested that higher
residue limits were required for cereal grains, especially barley, and
for straw of barley and wheat. For the latter commodities the 1981
JMPR recommended a TMRL of 2 mg/kg, a limit recorded as a GL by the
1979 JMPR.
The 1983 JMPR received extensive new data from supervised trials
on cereals from two countries in Europe, including residue data on
cereal grains and straw. These data did not indicate a need to raise
the limits for barley, oats or rye grains, nor to set higher limits
for straw. Some of the data, however, supported a higher limit for
wheat grain and the recommended TMRL for wheat grain was raised from
0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg by the 1983 JMPR.
Extensive new residue data were provided to the 1984 JMPR from
supervised trials carried out according to current good agricultural
practice on barley, rye and wheat. The data included residues in
barley and wheat grain from other regions of the world, in addition to
those available for the earlier evaluations.
The residue data on cereal grains from European countries,
especially the Federal Republic of Germany, again showed no need to
increase the TMRLs recommended for barley and wheat grain in 1981 and
1983 respectively.
Results from supervised residue trials from Canada and the United
States, carried out according to good agricultural practice,
illustrate that in several cases the TMRLs originally recommended were
too low to accommodate good agricultural practice in these important
grain-growing regions.
The residue data on rye provided to the JMPR in 1983 and 1984
show that residues on rye grain are of the same order as those on
wheat grain. A similar TMRL is appropriate.
Residue data on the straw of barley and wheat, both from Europe
and North America, show that in several trials straw from crops
harvested 35 to 42 days after the last application contained residues
above the existing TMRL and an increase is necessary to accommodate
current good agricultural practice. The limited residue data on rye
straw show the same tendency.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The meeting examined residue data from supervised trials on a
number of crops, from which it was able to confirm some existing
residue limits and estimate new maximum residue levels, which are
recommended as TMRLs. Residues up to these limits may occur when
triadimefon is used according to good agricultural practice and the
reported preharvest intervals are observed.
The limits refer to the sum of triadimefon and its major
metabolite triadimenol.
Commodity TMRL PHI on which recommendations
(mg/kg) are based (days)
grains of barley,
oats, rye and wheat 0.5 1/ 35-42
straw of barley,
oats, rye and wheat 5 35-42
1/ increased for barley, oats from 0.1, for wheat from 0.2. The
figure for rye is based on its similarity to other grains.
FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION
Desirable
Information on the fate of residues of triadimefon and
triadimenol during milling and baking processes.
REFERENCES
Bayer Reports Nos. 546, 552, B9000-B9005, B9063-B9067, Bay 9009,
1984 Bay 9010, Bay 9012, Bay 9032-Bay 9034, Bay 9094-Bay 9096,
M68060/61, M68062/63, M68712/13, M68714/15, M80541, M80542,
M80548, M80549, M80554, M80556-M80561, M80930/31, M82534/53,
M82538/54, M82827. Submitted by Bayer AG to FAO.
(Unpublished)
Sweden Residues of triadimefon and triadimenol in food samples.
Report of a 1984 survey from the Swedish National Food
Administration.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Triadimefon (Pesticide residues in food: 1979 evaluations)
Triadimefon (Pesticide residues in food: 1981 evaluations)
Triadimefon (Pesticide residues in food: 1983 evaluations)
Triadimefon (Pesticide residues in food: 1985 evaluations Part II Toxicology)