PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1986
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
with the support of the International Programme
on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
EVALUATIONS 1986
PART II - TOXICOLOGY
Joint meeting of the
FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment
and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 29 September - 8 October 1986
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M-84
ISBN 92-5 102598-3
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(c) FAO 1987
CONTENTS
PART II - TOXICOLOGY
List of those attending the Meeting
Abbreviations
Introduction
Toxicology monographs and monograph addenda
Carbosulfan
Chlordane
Clofentezine*
Ethion
Fenitrothion
Folpet
Glyphosate*
Imazalil
Isofenphos
Mecarbam
Methacrifos
Methomyl*
Paraquat*
Phosphamidon
Propamocarb
Thiodicarb
Triazophos
Vinclozolin*
Annex 1. Reports and other documents resulting from previous Joint
Meetings of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide
Residues in Food and the Environment and WHO Expert
Groups on Pesticide Residues
Annex 2. Acceptable daily intakes, residue limits, and guideline
levels proposed at the 1986 Meeting
*Full monograph
1986 JOINT MEETING OF THE FAO PANEL OF EXPERTS ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES
IN FOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE WHO EXPERT GROUP ON
PESTICIDE RESIDUES
Rome, 29 September - 8 October 1986
FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the
Environment
Dr D.C. Abbott, formerly Deputy Director (Government Analyst),
Laboratory of the Government Chemist, London, United Kingdom.
(Chairman)
Professor Dr A.F.H. Besemer, formerly Chair of Phytopharmacy,
Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Dr E. Celma-Calamita, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion,
Madrid, Spain.
Dr D.J. Hamilton, Assistant Director Agricultural Chemistry Branch,
Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia.
Mr N.F. Ives, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide
Programs, Washington, D.C., USA.
Mr J.T. Snelson, Canberra, Australia, formerly Pesticides
Co-Ordinator, Department of Primary Industry. (Rapporteur)
Mr K. Voldum-Clausen, Division of Pesticides and Contaminants,
National Food Agency, Soborg, Denmark.
Observers invited by FAO
Mr A.J. Pieters, Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs,
Leidschendam, The Netherlands.
Dr Sakdiprayoon Deema, Inspector General, Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. (Chairman of the CCPR ad hoc
Working Group on Pesticide Residue Problems in Developing
Countries)
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Dr V. Benes, Chief, Department of Toxicology, Institute of Hygiene and
Epidemiology, 10042 Prague 10, Czechoslovakia.
Professor J.F. Borzelleca, Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology,
Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA., 23298 USA.
Mr D.J. Clegg, Head, Pesticide Section, Toxicological Evaluation
Division, Food Directorate, Health Protection Branch,
Ottawa, Canada. (Vice-Chairman)
Professor Mrs Julia Higa de Landoni, Professor of Toxicology, School
of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Professor M. Lotti, Professor of Industrial Toxicology, Istituto di
Medicina del Lavoro, University of Padua Medical School,
Padua, Italy.
Professor R. Plestina, Head, Department of Toxicology, Institute for
Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Yugoslavia.
Secretariat
Mr H. Akagawa, Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Health and
Welfare, Japanese Government, Tokyo, Japan.
(WHO Temporary Adviser)
Professor Mrs Nabila M.S. Bakry, Professor of Pesticide Chemistry and
Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria,
Alexandria, Egypt. (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Professor C.L. Berry, Professor of Pathology and Chairman, Department
of Morbid Anatomy, The London Hospital Medical College,
London, UK. (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr A.L. Black, Medical Adviser in Toxicology, Commonwealth Department
of Health, Woden, A.C.T., Australia. (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr J.L. Herrman, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.,
USA. (WHO Consultant)
Dr E. Johnson, Scientist, Unit of Analytical Epidemiology,
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
(WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr F.-W. Kopisch-Obuch, Pesticide Residue Specialist, Plant Protection
Service, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
(Joint Secretary).
Dr L.G. Ladomery, Food Standards Officer, Joint FAO & WHO Food
Standards Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization,
Rome, Italy.
Mr A.F. Machin, London, United Kingdom (FAO Consultant).
Dr M. Manno, Istituto di Medicina del Lavoro, University of Padua
Medical School, Padua, Italy. (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr D.S. Saunders, Toxicologist, Toxicology Branch, Hazard Evaluation
Division (TS 769c), US Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C., USA. (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr A. Takanaka, Head, Division of Pharmacology, Biological Safety
Research Center, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences,
Tokyo, Japan. (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr Mrs. E.M. den Tonkelaar, Toxicology Advisory Center, National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene,
Bilthoven, The Netherlands. (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr G. Vettorazzi, Senior Toxicologist, International Programme on
Chemical Safety, Division of Environmental Health, WHO,
Geneva, Switzerland. (Joint Secretary).
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THESE MONOGRAPHS
2-AAF 2-acetylaminofluorine
AChE acetylcholinesterase
ADI acceptable daily intake
a.i. active ingredient
ALD acute lethal dose
ALP alkaline phosphatase
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AMP aminomethylphosphonic acid
AST aspartate aminotransferase
BUN blood urea nitrogen
b.w. body weight
ChE cholinesterase
CHO Chinese hampster ovary
CMC carboxymethylcellulose
CNS central nervous system
EMS ethylmethanesulfonate
F1 filial generation, first
F2 filial generation, second
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GC gas chromatography
G.I. gastrointestinal
GLC gas-liquid chromatography
GMP guanosine monophosphate
GOT glutamate-oxoloacetate transaminase
GPT glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
GSSG glutathione, oxidized
Hb haemoglobin
HGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IBT Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc.
i.m. intramuscular
i.p. intraperitoneal
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
i.v. intravenous
JMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (Joint Meeting
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food
and the Environment and a WHO Expert Group on Pesticide
Residues)
LC50 lethal concentration, median
LD50 lethal dose, median
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
MCA 3-methylcholanthrene
MCH mean corpuscular haemoglobin
MCHC mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
MCV mean corpuscular volume
MMS methylmethane sulfonate
MTD maximum tolerated dose
NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level
NOEL no-observed-effect level
NPMG N-nitrosophosphonomethyl glycine
NTE neurotoxic esterase
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
op organophosphate
2-PAM 2-pyridine aldoxine methyl (pralidoxime)
p.c. post-coitum
ppb parts per billion (1000 ppb = 1 ppm)
ppm parts per million
RBC red blood cell
RER rough endoplasmic reticulum
s.a. specific activity
SAP serum alkaline phosphatase
s.c. subcutaneous
SCE sister chromatid exchange
SER smooth endoplasmic reticulum
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxin
TADI temporary acceptable daily intake
TEM triethylenemelamine
TLC thin layer chromatography
TLV threshold limit value
TOCP tri-o-cresyl phosphate
TSH thyrotropin
UDS unscheduled DNA synthesis
WBC white blood cell
WHO World Health Organization
w/v weight/volume
INTRODUCTION
The toxicology monographs and monograph addenda contained in this
volume were prepared by a WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues that
met with the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and
the Environment in a Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) in
Rome, Italy, 29 September to 8 October 1986. These monographs
summarize the safety data on those pesticide residues for which
sufficient information was provided to the WHO Expert Group for it to
make decisions regarding acceptable daily intakes.
Most of the compounds considered by the WHO Expert Group at this
Meeting had been evaluated at previous meetings and monographs on them
have been published previously. In such cases, only new information is
summarized in the relevant "monograph addenda". Reference is made to
reports and other documents resulting from previous Joint Meetings of
the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the
Environment and WHO Expert Groups on Pesticide Residues, which are
listed in Annex 1. The appropriate documents should be consulted to
obtain a full toxicological profile of the chemicals under
consideration.
The report of the Joint Meeting has been published by the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as FAO Plant
Production and Protection Paper No. 77. The report contains brief
comments on the compounds under consideration, acceptable daily
intakes established by the WHO Expert Group, and maximum residue
limits or guideline levels established by the FAO Panel of Experts.
Residues monographs prepared by the FAO Panel of Experts have been
published as a companion volume to this one, Evaluations 1986, Part I
- Residues, as FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 78.
The toxicology monographs and monograph addenda contained in
this volume are based upon working papers that were prepared by
temporary advisers in advance of the 1986 Joint Meeting. A special
acknowledgement is given to those who prepared these working papers,
Professor N.S. Bakry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt;
Professor C.L. Berry, The London Hospital Medical College, London, UK;
Dr A.L. Black, Commonwealth Department of Health, Woden, Australia;
Dr M. Manno. University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy;
Dr D.S. Saunders, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, USA; and Dr E.M. den Tonkelaar, National Institute of Public
Health and Environmental Hygiene, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
The preparation and editing of the monographs included in this
volume have been made possible through the technical and financial
contributions of the lead Institutions of the International Programme
on Chemical Safety (IPCS), which support the activities of JMPR. The
designations employed and the presentation of the material in this
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on
the part of the Central Unit of the IPCS concerning the legal status
of any country, territory, city, or area or its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The
mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products
does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the IPCS in
preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
Any comments or new information on the biological or
toxicological data on the compounds reported in this document should
be addressed to: Joint WHO Secretary of the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on
Pesticide Residues, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World
Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.