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    PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1980


    Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO






    EVALUATIONS 1980





    Joint meeting of the
    FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
    in Food and the Environment
    and the
    WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
    Rome, 6-15 October 1980




    DELTAMETHRIN

    IDENTITY

    Chemical Name          (S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzylcis-(1R,3R)-3-
                           (2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropane
                           carboxylate

    Synonyms               RU-22974, NRDC-161, OMS-1998, Roussel Uclaf
                           DECIS(R), Roussel Uclaf K-OTHRIN(R),
    Decamethrin

    Molecular Formula      C22H19Br2NO3

    Structural Formula

    CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 1

    Other information on identity and properties

    Molecular Weight       505.2

    Physical Form          Technical material is a white crystalline
                           powder.

    Purity                 >98.00% for technical grade material.

    Melting Point          98 to 101°C

    Vapour pressure        1.5 × 10-8mm Hg at 25°C

    Solubility             Insoluble in water (less than 0.002 mg/kg at
                           20°C); soluble in acetone, DMSO, DMF,
                           benzene, xylene, cyclohexanone, HMTP, ethyl 
                           acetate, THF, dioxan; slightly sol. in ethanol,
                           isopropanol, acetonitrile (9g/100ml).

    Stability              Stable in acidic and neutral solution;
                           unstable in alkaline solution. No alteration of 
                           the technical product was observed after
                           24-month storage in white glass vials at 40°C in
                           dark, in polyethylene flasks at 40°C in dark, in
                           aluminum bottles at 40°C, in metal tins with
                           liner at 40°C, in white glass vials at R.T.
                           exposed to light, in polyethylene flasks at
                           R.T. exposed to light. Under standardized
                           irradiation conditions with a Xenon lamp,
                           the half-life was >21 hours. 

    Formulations           Available formulations are: emulsifiable
                           concentrate (10g/l-25g/l), ultra low volume
                           (1g/l-10g/l), wettable powders (2.5%-5%),
                           and dusts (0.05%-0.1%). In some countries, a
                           certain quantity of cotton seed oil has been
                           introduced into the EC or ULV formulations;
                           these are designated with the letters NH in
                           the trade mark.


    DATA CONSIDERED FOR DERIVATION OF ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE

    BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS

    Distribution, excretion and biotransformation

    Male rats (1-3 animals) received a single oral dose of 0.90 mg/kg bw
    14Cv-deltamethrin, 1.60 mg/kg bw 14C(alpha)-deltamethrin, 0.64 mg/kg
    bw 14CN-deltamethrin, 3.74 mg/kg bw 14Cv-becisthemic acid or 0.94
    mg/kg bw 14Cv-[1R,3S,trans]deltamethrin (Figure 1).


    FIGURE 1

    The radiocarbon of all compounds except for 14CN was nearly fully 
    excreted within 8 days with the main portion within 1 day.
    14C-becisthemic acid showed the highest excretion with 94% in the
    urine and 6% in the faeces, followed by 14C(alpha)-deltamethrin and
    14C-trans-isomere, both with 75% and 25% respectively and 14C-deltamethrin with
    54% and 44% respectively.  No  14CO2 was found in the exhaled air. 
    Residues in carcase at 8 days amounted 0.2% with 14Cv-becisthemic
    acid and 1.1-1.5% with the 14Cv-labelled compounds.  Tissues with a
    relatively high radiocarbon content were different at each
    14C-compound: 59 µg/kg from 14Cv-deltamethrin in the fat, 182 µg/kg
    in the fat and 89 µg/kg in the blood from 14C and 27 µg/kg from
    14Cv-becisthemic acid in the liver.

    Excretion after 14CN administration was slow and amounted to not more
    than 79% within 8 days with 43% in the urine and 36% in the faeces. 
    No CO2 was expired.  Residues in carcase and tissues amounted 21%
    with relatively high radiocarbon contents in the stomach (603 µg/kg)
    and the skin (645 µg/kg).  Oral and i.p. applications of 0.1 mg/kg
    14CN showed only small differences in excretion and distribution
    pattern after 3 days.  A radiocarbon content of the stomach of 3%
    after both applications was noticed.  Compared with these patterns
    oral and i.p. application respectively of 0.1 mg/kg potassium cyanide-
    14C showed a 2-3 times higher excretion in urine at 3 days.  The
    excretion in the faeces and the residues in carcase were about the
    same and only after i.p. administration of KCN a lower stomach residue
    as with 14CN was noticed.

    The parent compound (6-21% of the applied dose) and hydroxylated
    deltamethrins (7-15%; 4'-hydroxy- and 5-hydroxy deltamethrin) were
    present in faeces only.  The other metabolites, primarily carboxylic
    acids or their conjugates, derived from ester  cleavage and oxidation,
    appeared mainly in urine.  The major urinary metabolite from 14CN was
    thiocyanate; those from the other labelled compounds were
    4'-hydroxy-phenoxybenzoic acid sulphate and becisthemic acid
    glucuronide (Ruzo et al., 1977).

    In a separate experiment with rats it was shown that the residual 14C
    in skin and gastrointestinal tract from 14CN was 14C-thiocyanate. 
    This latter compound has a relatively high tissue affinity, accounting
    probably for the delayed and incomplete excretion of
    14CN-deltamethrin (Ruzo et al., 1977).

    Incubation of 14C(alpha)- and 14Cv-deltamethrin with rat stomach
    strips in pH 7.2 medium for 6-24 hours yields approximately 60%
    metabolism, the major products being phenoxybenzoic acid and
    becisthemic acid (Ruzo et al., 1977).

    The metabolism of orally given deltamethrin in mice is essentially the
    same as in rats.  The faeces contain less parent compound and more
    mono- and di-hydroxylated esters than in rats.  Intraperitoneal
    administration in mice yields the same metabolites as oral injection
    but in different ratios (Ruzo et al., 1978b).

    Deltamethrin incubated with mouse liver microsomal fraction yields in
    an oxidase system more metabolised (59%) and hydroxylated parent
    compound (8%) than in an oxidase plus esterase system (25% and 4%
    respectively).  In the latter system the total amount of derivatives
    from the acid and alcohol moieties of the ester is more than doubled.
    No racemization occurred since only alpha S epimers were recovered in
    the alcohol moiety (Shono et al., 1978).


    TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES

    Special studies on primary irritation

    Cutaneous irritation

    Male albino rabbits (12/group) weighing 2.5 to 3.5 kg were
    administered 0.5 g deltamethrin to either shaven intact or abraded
    skin.  The occulsive patch was fixed on the skin for 23 hours.

    Scoring for erythematous and oedematous lesions occurred 1 hour and 49
    hours after removal of the patches. Technical deltamethrin, 98% ai
    showed no irritant effect (Coquet, 1976a).

    Ocular irritation

    Deltamethrin (0.1 g/animal) was administered into the conjunctival sac
    of the eye of 6 male albino rabbits, weighing 2.5 kg, with or without
    rinsing 60 sec after instillation.  Observations for conjunctival
    lesions, chemosis, discharge, conjunctival enanthema, opacity and
    affected cornea were made 1 hour, 24 hours, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days
    following instillation.  Deltamethrin showed both with and without
    rinsing transient irritating effects (Coquet, 1976b).


    Special studies on sensitization

    Deltamethrin (0.5 g/animal ) was applied topically to the skin of
    albino guinea pigs (10 male and female) 3 times per week, with a 2-day
    interval for 3 weeks, and once at the start of the 4th week.  The
    preparation was covered with an occlusive patch for 48 hours.  On day
    1 and 10 the guinea pigs received an intradermal injection of 0.1 ml
    of Freund's adjuvant.  The animals were challenged 12 days after the
    last application with 0.5 g deltamethrin.  The macroscopic and
    histological examination did not reveal evidence of sensitisation.
    (Guillot and Guilaine, 1977).

    Special studies on reproduction

    Rat

    Groups of 10 female and 10 male Charles River rats were fed
    deltamethrin in the diet at 0, 2, 20 or 50 mg/kg and mated to begin a
    three-generation, 2 litter (first generation, 3 litter) standard
    reproduction study.  Parental body weights and food consumption were
    recorded during the study.  After weaning of the second litter the
    survival parental rats were sacrificed and necropsied.

    Five male and 5 female pups of the F3b were necropsied.  No changes
    in general behaviour, or survival of parental rats or pups relevant to
    tent material were observed.  The body weight of F0-males of the 50
    mg/kg group was decreased from week 11 onward; there were some slight
    decreases in mean food consumption of the parental F1 male rats in
    the 50 mg/kg feed group.

    The basic reproduction indices (fertility, gestation, lactation,
    viability and litter size) were not affected by the treatment.
    However, the mean pup weight was in some litters, especially of the 50
    mg/kg group, slightly decreased in comparison to the controls.  Gross
    external examination revealed no abnormalities.  No gross or
    microscopic lesions of treatment-related significance or significant
    effects on the organ weights of the F3b generation were observed
    (Wrenn et al, 1980).


    Special studies on teratogenicity

    Mouse

    Mated female Swiss CDI.SPF mice (24/group) were given orally
    deltamethrin dissolved in sesame oil at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 1 or 10
    mg/kg bw/day during day 6-17 of pregnancy.  The animals were
    necropsied on day 18 of gestation.  No teratogenic effects could be
    detected.  Total implantation sites, foetal losses, living foetuses
    and examinations of skeletal tissue were normal.  Minor embryotoxic
    effects as dose-dependent decrease of average fetal weight and delayed
    ossifications were observed at all dose levels tested (Glomot and
    Vannier, 1977).

    Rat

    Mated female Sprague Dawley rats (24/group) were administered orally
    0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg deltamethrin bw/day during day 6-18 of
    pregnancy.  Examination occurred on day 21 of gestation.  Twelve
    females in control and 10 mg/kg bw-group were allowed to deliver.

    There were no effects on the reproduction or teratogenicity parameters
    examined, with the exception of a slight delayed ossification in the
    highest dose level (Glomot and Vannier, 1977).

    Rabbit

    Groups of fifteen mated females received deltamethrin dissolved in
    sesame oil at levels of 0, 1, 4 or 16 mg/kg bw/day from day 6-19 of
    pregnancy.  Examination was carried out on day 28 of gestation.  The
    average foetal losses were not related to dose increase at all doses
    tested.  This effect was mainly caused by a higher rate of expelling
    traces.  The average foetal weight in the highest dose group was
    decreased.  Some malformations (one animal with hydrocephalia, and one
    with exencephalia and thoracogastrochisis) were observed in 2 animals
    of the highest dose level.  A complementary study with 16 mg/kg bw/
    day was performed.  In this study one foetus with spina bifida and
    shortened tail was detected among 69 apparently normal foetuses.  It
    was concluded that the malformations were within the normal limits of
    the strain used and were not related to the treatment despite the
    occurrence at the highest does level only (Glomot and Vannier, 1977
    and 1978).


    Special study on delayed neurotoxicity

    Chicken

    Adult hens (10/group) were gavaged with a single dose of O, 500, 1250
    or 5000 mg/kg bw deltamethrin suspended in corn oil or 0 or 100 mg/kg
    bw dissolved in sesame oil.  Tri-o-cresylphosphate (TOCP) (500 mg/kg
    bw) was used an positive control for delayed neurotoxicity. During 21
    days observations were made on mortality, health, neurotoxic signs and
    body weight.

    In the TOCP group 8 out of 10 animals died whereas only 2 mortalities
    were observed in the group dosed at 1000 mg deltamethrin/kg with
    sesame oil as the vehicle.  Deltamethrin induced no clinical,
    macroscopic or histological signs of delayed neurotoxicity. TOCP-
    treated hens showed severe ataxia and degenerative changes in spinal
    cord and occasionally in sciatic nerve (Ross et al., 1978).


    Special studies on potentiation

    Mice

    Deltamethrin is hydrolysed in vitro by esterases in blood and in
    brain, kidney, liver and stomach preparations of mice.  Pretreatment
    of mice with oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PB), or esterase
    inhibitor, S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithicate (DEF), delayed
    metabolism of i.p. administered deltamethrin.  Using oxidase or
    esterase inhibitor, different vehicular and different administration
    routes, it was possible to induce similar toxic effects with a wide
    range of deltamethrin doses (6-191 mg/kg bw).  The different
    treatments showed that PB or DEF made mice more sensitive to
    deltamethrin (Ruzo et al., 1978a).

    Special studies on mutagenicity

    Bacterial growth tests

    In a growth inhibition test with E. coli, deltamethrin at levels
    of 1250, 2500, or µg/ml DMSO (0.1 ml per plate) had the same marginal
    inhibitor effect on the mother strains (W3110 and WP2) as on their
    mutants (p3478 and CM611).  Chloramphenicol and N-methyl
    N'-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (MNNG) were used as positive controls and
    induced clear inhibition (Peyre et al., 1980).

    Deltamethrin was compared with MMNG, 9-aminoacridine, 2-nitrofluorene
    and 2-aminoanthracene for mutagenic activity in the Ames test with
    Salmonella typhimurium his strains TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA
    1528, and TA 98.  The concentrations of deltamethrin used were 2, 10,
    50, 200, 500, 1000 or 5000 µg/plate.  Deltamethrin began to
    precipitate at 200 µg/plate.

    The mean number of revertants wan not influenced by any concentration
    of deltamethrin in any strain with or without S9-mix(metabolic
    activation), whereas the positive control mutagens produced an
    increase of the number of spontaneous revertants (Peyre et al,
    1980).

    In a similar experiment, deltamethrin (0, 2, 20, 200 or 400 µg/plate
    dissolved in DMSO) in the presence of activated microsomal enzymes did
    not influence the number of revertants of Salmonella typhimurium
    strains TA 1535, 1537, 1538, 98 and 100.  2-Aminoanthracene,
    3-methylcholanthrene, benzo(alpha)pyrene and acridine orange showed
    mutagenic activity, whereas thio-TEPA was negative (Fouillet, 1976).

    Test with mammalian cells

    Deltamethrin dissolved In Cremaphor oil (0, 0.04, 0.2, 1 or 5 mMol, 0,
    0.08, 0.4, 1 or 10% v/v respectively) in the presence of a metabolic
    activation system increased the incidence of chromosome and chromatid
    aberrations and SCE's, after incubation with Chinese hamster ovary
    cells at 1 mMol.  In the absence of S9-mix (metabolic activation) no
    higher rate of aberration was observed.

    It was shown that this increased incidence was due to a sub-toxic
    effect of some reaction product of Cremaphor oil and S9-mix.
    Deltamethrin in Cremaphor oil without S9-mix and dissolved          
    in DMSO (1%) at levels of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 0.2 mMol with or
    without metabolic activation had no effect on the number of
    aberrations and SCE's.  Due to insolubility no higher concentrations
    were tested (Sobels et al., 1978).

    Animal tests

    Mice, 3 males and 3 females per dose, were gavaged for two consecutive
    days with 5 or 10 mg deltamethrin (dissolved in sesame oil)/kg bw.

    Control mice were gavaged with 0.3 ml sesame oil.  The incidence of
    chromatid aberrations in bone marrow cells or of micronuclei in
    polychromic erythrocytes did not show any significant statistical
    difference in treated and control groups (Sobels, et al., 1978).

    A single oral administration of 15 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to
    Swiss mice.  Groups of 2 animals were sacrificed every 3 hours during
    a 24-hour period.  Several animals died after treatment.  The
    incidence of chromatid aberrations in the bone marrow of femora was
    low.  There was no consistent time-related trend in the distribution
    of these aberrations (Sobels, et al., 1978).

    Deltamethrin dissolved in sesame oil in groups of 9-13 male mice dosed
    orally with 0 or 3 mg/kg bw for 7 days and 6 or 15 mg/kg bw in a
    single dose showed after mating with 6-18 non-treated females, no
    effect on the rate of pre- or post-implantation losses.

    The highest dose tested was toxic to the males.  7 out of 20 animals
    died shortly after treatment.  Histological examination of the testes
    of all animals revealed no abnormalities.

    Triethylene thiophosphoramide (10 mg/kg bw) used as positive control
    reduced considerably the rate of pregnancies in the second and third
    week and increased the number of embryonal looses (Vannier and Glomot,
    1977).


    Special studies in man

    Among plant workers dermally exposed to technical deltamethrin or its
    formulations cutaneo-mucous manifestations were observed.  Initial
    lesions were tenacious and painful pruritus (pricking sensation),
    especially observed after exposure to hot water or on perspiration,
    followed by a blotchy local burning sensation with blotchy erythema
    for about 2 days.  Thereafter slight and regular desquamation,
    restricted to the contaminated area, occurred.  The cutaneous signs
    are sometimes accompanied by itching of the face (mainly around the
    mouth) and/or rhinorrhoea or lacrimation.  No other symptoms related
    to exposure were observed (Husson, 1978).

    Acute toxicity

    Mouse

    Mice injected i.v. with deltamethrin showed intense tremors,
    convulsions and taxis immediately after administration.  Also
    tachycardia and respiratory defects were observed at higher doses.
    Surviving animals showed normal appearance after 4-5 hours.
    Immediately after i.p. injection, jumping movements, slight
    convulsions and prostration, ptosis, tail hypertonicity and cyanosis
    were observed.  Surviving animals showed normal appearance after 72
    hours.  Animals gavaged with deltamethrin showed 1 hour after dosing
    muscular stiffening and convulsions.  After 24 hours hypermotility,

    stereotype movements of the head, tachycardia hypertonicity of the
    tail and a few convulsion.  Normal behaviour and appearance were
    observed after 48 hours (Glomot and Chevalier, 1976a, b and c).

    Rat

    Rats injected i.v.with deltamethrin showed immediately following
    treatment muscular contractions, piloerection, respiratory defects,
    convulsions and paresis of the hind quarters.  Death occurred within
    10 min.  After 25 hours only piloerection was visible, after 48 hours
    surviving animals showed normal behaviour.  After i.p. injection
    immediate tremors, convulsions, prostration and cyanosis were
    observed.  After 48 hours surviving animals showed normal behaviour.
    Gavage with deltamethrin shortly after dosing induced motor
    incoordination, convulsions and respiratory defects.  After 24 hours
    and 48 hours, hypomotility and convulsions were still observed.  After
    3 days surviving animals showed normal behaviour (Glomot and
    Chevalier, 1976a, b and c).

    Rats (7 males and 7 females/group) were exposed (whole body) during 6
    hours to aerosol concentrations of 0.049, 0.43, 0.54 or 0.72 g ai/m3. 
    The aerosol contained 66-86% of particles <5.5 µ.  During exposure
    hyperactivity and dose-dependent increase in grooming and irritation
    was observed.  The animals were hypersensitive to touch and noise and
    showed uncoordinated movements.  During the observation period of 14
    days following exposure all animals except those from the lowest dose
    group developed poor motor coordination and hypersensitivity.  At the
    end of the period all animals were recovered to normal.  In these
    groups the body weight gain and food intake was depressed during 3
    days following exposure.  In rats (4 of control and of highest dose
    group) killed immediately after exposure stomach and small intestine
    were gas-filled.  In treated rats, as result of exposure, massive
    haemorrhage and oedema in lungs was observed.  Stomachs were filled
    with gas, blood and mucus.  In trachea white deposits were visible. 
    In animals killed after the observation period dose-dependent increase
    of degenerations (coloured spots to congestion) in lungs was observed
    (Coombs and Clark, 1978).

    Rabbit

    Rabbits (10 males and 10 females) were treated with 2 g deltamethrin
    in 2 ml PEG 400/kg bw on 80 cm2 shaven akin for 24 hours on
    occlusion. The animals were observed for 14 days.

    One animal showed obvious erythema and another congested skin.  No
    weight changes or abnormal behaviour were observed.  On histological
    observation of liver, kidneys and skin small changes were observed
    which were common for this strain of rabbits and not related to
    treatment (Clair, 1977).

    Birds

    Oral administration of a.i. to hens, game duck, or partridge showed no
    distinct symptoms except for a small initial weight loss occasionally.
    In chickens, diarrhoea, convulsions and jerky movements of the head
    were observed.

    Mallard ducks, at lethal doses, exhibited signs of neurotoxic effects
    which included ataxia, loss of equilibrium and of coordination.  The
    effect was dose related: at lower dose levels only some
    hyperexcitibility and imbalance were observed (Beavers and Fink,
    1977a).

    Dog

    Dogs showed, at non-lethal doses, transient hyperexcitibility,
    akynesia, vomiting and stiffness of the hind legs (Glomot et al.,
    1977).

    Short-term studies

    Quail and duck

    Deltamethrin was given to 14-day old mallard ducks for 5 days in their
    diet at doses of 0, 464, 1000, 2150, 4640 or 10,000 mg/kg feed.  The
    number of birds per group was 10.  There was some mortality in the two
    highest dose groups.  Birds of the highest dose group showed ataxia
    and loss of coordination.  There was a dose-related decreased weight
    gain and food consumption (Beavers and Fink, 1977b).

    An identical experiment was performed with 14-day old Bobwhite quails
    (10 birds/group).  The effects were the same as in the mallard ducks,
    except there was no mortality (Beavers and Fink, 1977c).

    Rat

    Male and female weanling Spargue Dawley rats (20/sex/group) were daily
    dosed by oral gavage with 0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg deltamethrin in
    PEG 200/kg bw/day for 13 weeks.  No treatment related effects on food
    and water consumption, mortality, urinalysis and haematology were
    observed.  Neurological examinations and ophthalmoscopy revealed no
    abnormalities.  In the 10 mg/kg bw group some hypersensitivity with
    males was observed in week 6.  Body weight gain among males receiving
    deltamethrin was significantly lower at 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day.  The
    body weight of the females was not affected by the treatment.  The
    male animals of the 1 mg/kg group showed a tendency to a reduced body
    weight gain.  In the females blood glucose and urea was significantly
    increased in week 6 but no significant changes occurred in week 12 or
    with other blood chemistry parameters.  No clear effects were noted on
    the weights of the organs.  Gross and microscopic examination of a
    variety of tissues and organs showed no treatment-related alterations.

    Following the 13-week dosage period, 5 males and 5 females per group
    were allowed to recover for 4 weeks.  Autopsy was performed at the end
    of this recovery period.  The body weights of all previously treated
    animals appeared not to be different from controls.  Thyroid weights
    were not dose-related increased in males.  This increase was
    significant in the 1.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg group.  Marginal no effect
    level was 1 mg/kg bw (Hunter et al., 1977).

    Dog

    Male and female beagle dogs (3-5/sex/group) at 25 weeks of age, were
    daily dosed orally with O, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg deltamethrin in
    PEG 200/kg bw/day in gelatin capsules.  Dosage was continued for 13
    weeks, followed by a recovery period of 20 weeks for 2 dogs/sex, from
    the groups receiving 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg/kg bw/day.

    Observations were made on behaviour, mortality, body weight, food and
    water consumption.  Haematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis and six
    channel EEG-analysis were performed at week 0, 6 end 12;
    ophthalmoscopy at week O, 5 and 12.  Special attention was paid to the
    muscular and nervous system.

    Liquid faeces was associated with all groups of treated dogs
    throughout the dosing period.  All groups of animals receiving
    deltamethrin gained less weight than the controls.  The effects were
    not strictly dose-related.  The dogs from the control group were
    leaving smaller quantities of the offered food than those of the
    treated groups.  Water consumption was not dose-related decreased in
    any treated group.

    Dilatation of the pupils was seen to occur in the dogs receiving 2.5
    and 10.0 mg/kg/day.  The sign was first seen 4-7 hours after dosing
    and persisted throughout the day.  They reacted normally prior to
    dosing on the following day.  The incidence of vomiting was
    dose-related increased in all treated groups, except the 0.1 mg dose
    level.  The incidence decreased in all the animals affected as the
    dosing period progressed.

    In the highest dose group, unsteadiness, body tremors and jerking
    movements were seen particularly in males in weeks 2, 3 and 4.

    These effects were reduced during weeks 5 to 9 and were seen only in
    one dog in week 13.  Excessive salivation was seen initially and
    diminished during the dosing period.  After 5 and 12 weeks depression
    of the gag reflex was noted in a proportion of animals in all treated
    groups.  Depression of the patellar reflex was observed in all treated
    groups except the dogs administered 0.1 mg/kg.  In the animals given 1
    or 2.5 mg/kg/day exaggeration of the patellar reflex was noted only
    after 5 weeks.  Some animals of all treated groups showed variations
    in the flexor reflex.  A high proportion of the animals had depression
    of the hind limb tactile placing reaction.

    Dosage levels of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day deltamethrin caused modification
    of the EEG pattern in some animals, following 12 weeks administration.
    Histopathological evaluations of tissues and organs, including nervous
    s stem and muscles did not reveal abnormalities that could be related
    to dosage with the test compound.  During recovery the gag reflex
    continued to be depressed, whereas exaggeration of the patellar reflex
    was still seen in some dogs that had previously received 1.0
    mg/kg/day.  One animal continued to show an abnormal EEG-pattern
    (Chesterman et al., 1977).

        TABLE 1.  Acute toxicity of deltamethrin

                                                                                          
                                                LD50
    Species          sex       route          mg/kg bw       references
                                                                                          

    mouse            M + F     intrav.            4          Glomot and Chevalier, 1976c
                     M         intrap.           18            "            "    , 1976b
                     M         intrap.          1711           "            "    , 1976b
                     M         oral              21            "            "    , 1976a
                     M         oral              331           "            "    , 1976a
                     F         intrap.           12            "            "    , 1976b
                     F         intrap.          1661           "            "    , 1976b
                     F         oral              19            "            "    , 1976a
                     F         oral              341           "            "    , 1976a

    rat              M + F     intrav,            3            "            "    , 1976c
                     M         intrap.           24            "            "    , 1976b
                     M         intrap.          2091           "            "    , 1976b
                     M         oral              67            "            "    , 1976a
                     M         oral             1281           "            "    , 1976a
                     M + F     inhal.             0.62       Coombs and Clark, 1978
                     M + F     dermal          >29403        Kynoch et al, 1979
                     F         intrap.           25          Glomot and Chevalier, 1976b
                     F         intrap.          1861           "            "    , 1976b
                     F         oral              86            "            "    , 1976a
                     F         oral             1391           "            "    , 1976a

    rabbit           M + F     dermal          >20001        Clair, 1977

    chicken                    oral            >10001        Anonymous, 1976a

    adult hen        F         oral           >25001         Ross et al, 1978
                     F         oral           >50001           "    "  , 1978

    mallard duck     oral                     >46401         Beavers and Fink, 1977a

    game duck        oral                     >40001         Anonymous, 1976b

    grey partridge   F + M     oral           >18006             "    , 1976c

    TABLE 1.  Continued...

                                                                                          
                                                LD50
    Species          sex       route          mg/kg bw       references
                                                                                          

    red partridge    M + F     oral           >30006             "    , 1976c

    beagle dog       M + F     oral           >300           Glomot et al, 1977
                     M + F     oral           >3006          1977
                                                                                          

    without index: suspended in polyethylene glycol 200
    1 dissolved in sesame oil
    2 expressed for LC50 in mg dust/m3 air
    3 60% w/v suspension in aqueous methylcellulose on occulsion;
    4 as paste in PEG 400 on occlusion;
    5 dissolved in corn oil;
    6 in capsules or cachets.
    
    Long-term studies

    Mouse

    Male and female Charles River CD-1 mice (80/sex/group) were fed (in
    the diet) at dosage levels of 0 (control), 1, 5, 25 or 100 mg
    deltamethrin/kg for 24 months.  In a second control group 60 mice/sex
    were used.  After 12 and 18 months 10 mice/sex/group except control
    two were sacrificed.

    There were no clear effects related to the administration of
    deltamethrin on general behaviour, mortality, body weight and food
    consumption.  Blood chemistry, haematology and urine analysis
    parameters were normal after 12, 18 and 24 months.  Increases or
    decreases in absolute and/or relative organ weights occurred in a few
    organs at each dosage level at any time of sacrifice.  Microscopic
    examination of tissues did not reveal any lesions indicative of a
    compound-related effect.  The tumour incidence was unaffected by
    deltamethrin administration.  No-effect level was 100 mg/kg feed
    (Goldenthal et al., 1980a).

    Rat

    Male and female Charles River CD rats (90/sex/group) were fed with 0
    (control), 2, 20, or 50 mg decamethrin/kg in the diet for two years.
    Sixty males and 60 females were used in a second control group.  After
    6, 12 and 18 months of compound administration 10 animals/sex/group
    were sacrificed except for the second control group.

    No changes in general behaviour and appearance in relation to compound
    treatment were recorded.  Survival was similar for control and treated
    rats (50-67%).  Rats at 50 mg/kg feed-group gained slightly less
    weight than control rats, whereas the food consumption was essentially
    the same.  Ophthalmoscopic findings generally were similar for control
    and treated rats.  No haematological and biochemical parameters were
    changed in a biologically significant way in relation to treatment at
    any time, except for a decreased SGPT activity at 6 months, in the
    mid- and high-dose groups.

    No treatment-related effects were observed on organ weights.  The
    macroscopy and microscopy findings were common for the animals of
    species and strain, except for a slightly increased incidence of
    axonal degenerations in sciatic, tibial and/or plantar nerves at 18
    months in the 20 and 50 mg/kg groups.  Evaluation of incidence and/or
    severity of these degenerations at termination of the study was
    obscured by the age of the animals.

    Seven interstitial cell adenomas were observed in the testes of the 50
    mg/kg feed group, compared to 0 and 4 in the two control groups.  Only
    from some animals of the 2 and 20 mg/kg groups were some organs and 
    tissues, including the testes, studied histopathologically.

    Evaluation of a possible dose-response effect on the testes is
    therefore not possible.  No-effect level is 2 mg/kg feed (Goldenthal
    et al., 1980).


    RESIDUES IN FOOD

    USE PATTERN

    Deltamethrin is a new synthetic pyrethroid insecticide manufactured
    and marketed as a single diastereo isomer (>98%) out of eight
    possible isomers.  It is a contact and stomach insecticide with a very
    large spectrum of action and considerable stability when exposed to
    air and light.

    Pre-harvest treatments

    When applied on field crops, deltamethrin is active at the level of
    only 0.01 lb./acre against very numerous species of insects.  Current
    recommendations for foliar applications on various crops in growth are
    summarized in Table 2.

    TABLE 2.  Foliar dosage rates on various crops

                                                               
    Crop                          Rate, g ai/ha
                                                               
    Cotton                        7.5-18.75
                                  (usually 12.5 for medium 
                                  infestations most cotton 
                                  insects)
    Vegetables

    Artichokes                    10
    Eggplants                     7.5-25
    Cabbage                       7-5-25
    Strawberries                  12.5-25
    Beans                         7.5-17.5
    Lettuce                       1.25-12.5
    Melon                         7.5-12.5
    Tomatoes                      7.5-25
    Pimento                       12.5-17.5
    Leeks and onions              7.5-12.5
    Peas                          7.5-12.5

    Fruit

    Apricots                      1.25-1.75 (g/hl)
    Citrus fruit                  1-1.5 (g/hl)
                                  3 (g/ha, directed)
                                  7.5 (g/ha, overall)
    Cherries                      0.75 (g/hl)
                                  12.5
    Figs                          1.25 (g/hl)
    Olives                        0.625-1.75 (g/hl)
    Bananas                       1.25 (g/hl for 250 l/ha)
    Pome fruit                    0.75-1.25 (g/hl)
    Peaches                       0 75-1.75 (g/hl)
    Plums                         0.75-1.25 (g/hl)

    Field crops

    Sugarbeets                    7.5-17.5
    Coffee                        7.5-12.5
    Cereals(foliar treatments
    during vegetative period)     7.5-12.5
    Rapeseeds                     5-7.5
    Alfalfa                       10-17.5
    Maize                         7.5-12.5
    Potatoes                      7.5-12.5
    Soybeans                      5-12.5
    Grapes                        7-5-17.5
    Groundnuts(peanuts)           12.5
    Sugarcane                     17.5
    Rice                          7.5-25
                                                               

    Post-harvest treatment

    Because of its extreme stability and persistence, deltamethrin (as
    K-OTHRIN(R) is very effective against stored product pests, especially
    in grain storage, including oil seeds and semi-finished products
    deriving therefrom (flour, feed, etc.)  It can be economically
    synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PB), but to a lesser extent than
    other pyrethroids.  The recommended rates of application (which have
    to be adapted according to local situations, local insects, and the
    type of grain to be treated) are:

    deltamethrin             0.75 to 1 g ai/ton.
    deltamethrin/PB: 1/5     0.5 to 0.75 g ai/ton.
    deltamethrin/PB: 1/10    0.25 to 0.5 g ai/ton.

    Other uses

    Special formulations for use on animals, as ectoparasiticides, for
    household use, and for public health uses are still under development
    and no data are available at this time.


    RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED FIELD TRIALS

    Extensive field trials have been conducted world-wide on a wide
    variety of crops and the results are presented in Table 3. (Roussel
    Uclaf, 1980).


        Table 3. Delthamethrin residues in various crops.

                                                                                                                                            
                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
    Root and Tuber
    Vegetables

    Carrots        England      12.5g ai/ha         1            Root                                                                    (76)
                                                                                                                                        <0.01
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Root                  0.008  0.008  0.005
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Root                  0.015  0.008  0.007

    Parsnips       England      12.5g ai/ha         1            Root                                                                    (76)
                                                                                                                                        <0.01

    Potatoes       England      12.5g ai/ha         1            Tubers                                                           <0.01
                   F. R. Ger.   12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole     n.d.         n.d.  n.d.    n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Tuber
                                                    2            Whole     n.d.         n.d.  n.d.    n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Tuber
                                                    2            Whole     n.d.         n.d.  n.d.    n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Tuber

    Sugarbeets     France       17.5g ai/ha         1            Root                                                                  (11 wks)
                                                                                                                                        <0.001
                                                                 Beet                                                                  (11 wks)
                                                                 Top                                                                     0.002
                                25g ai/ha           1            Root                                                                  (11 wks)
                                                                                                                                         0.001
                                                                 Beet                                                                  (11 wks)
                                                                 Top                                                                     0.001
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Whole                                                                 (17 wks)
                                                                 Beet                                                                   <0.001
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole                                                                 (17 wks)
                                                                 Beet                                                                    0.001
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Whole                                                               (21 weeks)
                                                                 Beet                                                                   <0.001

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole                                                               (21 weeks)
                                                                 Beet                                                                   <0.001
                                17.5g ai/ha         2            Root                                                                (22 weeks)
                                                                                                                                         0.004
                                                                 Beet                                                                (22 weeks)
                                                                 Top                                                                     0.003
                                25g ai/ha           2            Root                                                                (22 weeks)
                                                                                                                                         0.002
                                                                 Beet                                                                (22 weeks)
                                                                 Top                                                                     0.003
                   England      12.5g ai/ha         1            Root                                                                (10 weeks)
                                                                                                                                        <0.01
                   F. R. Ger.   25g ai/ha           3            Root                                        n.d.                    (55) (109)
                                                                                                                                      n.d. n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           3            Root                                        n.d.                n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           3            Root                                                      n.d.   n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           4            Root                                                             n.d.(55) (66)
                                                                                                                                      n.d. n.d.
                   Finland      15g ai/ha           2            Root                                                                 (116)
                                                                                                                                      <0.1

    Bulb Vegetables

    Leeks          F. R. Ger.   13g ai/ha           2            Green      0.03        0.01   n.d.   0.02          n.d.
                                                                 Part
                                13g ai/ha           2            White      n.d.        0.03   0.02   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Part
                                13g ai/ha           2            Green      0.05        0.06   0.1    0.06          n.d.
                                                                 Part
                                13g ai/ha           2            White      n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          0.03
                   France       5g ai/ha            5            Leek                                                                 0.020
                                7.5g ai/ha          5            Leek                                                                 0.010

    Table 3.  Continued....

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
    Onions         F. R. Ger.   13g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.2         0.04   0.03   0.02          n.d.
                                13g ai/ha           2            Bulb       0.03        0.07   0.02   0.02          0.03
                                12g ai/ha           2            Peel       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                13g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.05        0.01   0.02   0.03          0.03
                                13g ai/ha           2            Bulb       0.04        0.03   0.05   0.02          0.03
                                13g ai/ha           2            Peel       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                13g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.4         0.1    n.d.   0.09          0.09
                                13g ai/ha           2            Bulb       0.04        0.05   0.1    n.d.          0.04
                   England      18.75g ai/ha        1            Bulb                                                                   (52)
                                                                                                                                        <0.01

    Leafy Vegetables

    Lettuce        F. R. Ger.   25g ai/ha           2            Leaf                                 0.1           n.d.   n.d.   n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.4                       0.1           0.1    n.d.   n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.6                       0.05          0.09   0.06   0.1
                   France       25g ai/ha           1            Leaf             0.25  0.25
                                25g ai/ha           1            Leaf             0.28  0.23
                   F.R.Ger.     12.5g ai/ha         2            Leaf       0.20        0.06   0.05   0.04          0.01
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.30        0.20   0.10   0.08          0.01
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Leaf       0.20        0.04   0.05   0.03          n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.30        0.10   0.03   0.05          0.02
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Leaf       0.10        0.04   0.01   n.d.          0.02
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.20        0.10   0.02   0.01          n.d.
                   France       10g ai/ha           1            Leaf                   0.23          0.067         0.004
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Leaf                   0.37          0.082         0.020
                                10g ai/ha           1            Leaf                   0.22          0.044         0.006
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Leaf                   0.33          0.054         0.022

    Spinach        France       17.5g ai/ha         1            Crude Leaf             0.48   0.33   0.22
                                                                 Cooked Leaf                   0.27   0.21
                                                                 Cooking Water                0.0001 0.00009
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Crude Leaf             0.52   0.30   0.155
                                                                 Cooked Leaf                   0.28   0.12
                                                                 Cooking Water               0.00015 0.00005

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Crude Leaf             0.4    0.2    0.14          0.12
                                                                 Cooked Leaf                          0.12          0.10
                                                                 Cooking Water                        0.0001        n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Crude Leaf             0.4    0.2    0.17   0.15
                                                                 Cooked Leaf                          0.15          0.12
                                                                 Cooking Water                        0.00015       0.0001

    Brassica Leafy
    Vegetables

    Cabbages       F. R. Ger.   25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.08                      n.d.          n.d.   n.d.   0.01
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.2                       0.04          0.03   n.d.   n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.2                       0.02          n.d.   n.d.   n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           2            Leaf       0.2                       0.04          n.d.   n.d.   n.d.
                   S.Africa     5.0g ai/ha          1            Leaf       <0.05       <0.05
                                7.5g ai/ha          1                       <0.05       <0.05
                                10.Og ai/ha         1                       <0.05       <0.05
                   Finland      3.8 mg/m            1            Leaf                                 <0.1          <0.1
                   F.R.Ger.     12.5g ai/ha         2            Leaf       0.05        0.007  n.d.   n.d.           n.d.

    Cabbage,       Taiwan       50g ai/ha           8            Leaf      0.024  0.035 0.133         0.01   0.028   n.d.
    Chinese

    Cauliflower    F. R. Ger.   12.5g ai/ha         2                                                                      n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2                       0.03        0.04   0.06   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2                       0.09        0.03   0.02   0.02          0.01

    Kohlrabi       F.R.Ger.     12.5g ai/ha         2                       0.006       n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2                       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2                       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2                       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
    Stem Vegetables

    Artichokes     France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole                  0.20   0.03   0.04          0.03
                                                                 After                  0.17   0.02   0.01          0.01
                                                                 Cooking
                                                                 Cooking              0.0005  0.0005 0.0001        0.0001
                                                                 Water
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole                  0.23   0.06   0.05          0.04
                                                                 After                  0.17   0.06   0.05          0.04
                                                                 Cooking
                                                                 Cooking               0.0005 0.0005 0.0001        0.0001
                                                                 Water

    Legume Vegetables

    Broad Beans    France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Bean             0.01  0.02
                                                                 Without
                                                                 Pod              0.02  0.01
                   France       17.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Bean       0.001 0.0011 0.0008 0.0015
                                                                 Whole            0.002 0.0009 0.0007 0.0015
                                                                 Washed
                   France       15g ai/ha           1            Whole Bean             0.11   0.12   0.05          0.01
                                                                 Whole                  0.01   0.015  0.007         n.d.
                                                                 Cooked
                                                                 Cooking                n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Water
                                15g ai/ha           1            Whole Bean             0.1    0.06   0.05          n.d.
                                                                 Whole                  0.06   0.05   0.04          n.d.
                                                                 Cooked
                                                                 Cooking                n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Water
                   France       12.5g ai/ba         2            Peel                         0.008
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                         n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Peel                   0.09   0.14   0.02          0.07

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Bean             0.04   0.07   0.01          0.03
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                  n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Peel                   0.10   0.02   0.01          0.03
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Bean             0.05   0.010  0.005         0.01
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                  n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.

    French Beans   France       1.75g ai/ha         1            Whole Bean      0.001 0.0011 0.0008 0.0015
                                                                 After Quick     0.002 0.0009 0.0012 0.0014
                                                                 Washing
                   France       1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole Bean             0.11   0.12   0.05          0.01
                                                                 Whole                  0.01   0.015  0.007         n.d.
                                                                 Cooked
                                                                 Cooking                n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Water
                   France       1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole Bean             0.1    0.06   0.05          n.d.
                                                                 Whole                  0.06   0.05   0.04          n.d.
                                                                 Cooked
                                                                 Cooking                n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.

    Soybeans       France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Seed                                 n.d.   n.d.   n.d.   n.d.   n.d.
                                                                 Stem &                                             0.04          0.012
                                                                 Leaves
                                                                 Pod                                                n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Seed                                 n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Stem &                                             0.1
                                                                 Leaves
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Seed                                 n.d.   n.d.   n.d.   n.d.   n.d.
                                                                 Stem &                                            0.035          n.d.
                                                                 Leaves
                                                                 Pod                                                0.32          0.32
                                17.5g ai/ha         2            Seed                                 n.d.   n.d.   n.d.   n.d.   n.d
                                                                 Stem &                                             n.d.
                                                                 Leaves
                                                                 Pod

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Seed                                                      n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Stem                                                      0.13
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Pod                                                       0.45
                   Ivory Coast  25g ai/ha           7            Seed                                               n.d.


    Peas           F. R. Ger.   12.5g ai/ha         2            Seed       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Pod        0.04        0.03   0.04   0.04          0.04
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Seed       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Pod        0.05        0.01   0.02   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Seed       n.d.        n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Pod        0.05        0.02   0.03   0.05          0.04
                   France       1.25g ai/hl         2            Seed                   0.013         0.010
                                1.25g ai/hl         2            Pod                    0.008         0.005
                                1.25g ai/hl         2            Whole Peas             n.d.          n.d.
                   England      12.5g ai/ha         1            Pod & Pea                                   0.02

    Sugarpeas      France       1.25g ai/hl         2            Whole Pea              0.030         0.015
                                                                 Non-Washed
                                                                 Whole Pea              0.030         0.005
                                                                 Washed
                   France       1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole Pea              0.06   0.015  0.025         n.d.
                                                                 Cooked Pea             0.02   0.007  0.008         n.d.
                                                                 Cooking                n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Water
                   France       1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole Pea              0.10   0.025  n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Cooked Pea             0.011  n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Cooking                n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Water

    Lentils        Morocco      10g ai/ha           1            Grain                                              n.d.
                                15g ai/ha           1            Grain                                              n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
    Fruiting Vegetables
    with Edible Peel

    Cucumbers      Finland      2.1 mg/l            1            Whole            0.02         0.03   0.01          n.d.
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       12.5g ai/ha                      Whole                  0.009  0.004  n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Fruit
                                                                 Pulp                   n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Peel                   0.04   0.005  n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha                      Whole                 0.0045  0.002  n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Fruit
                                                                 Pulp                   n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Peel                   0.026  0.012  n.d.          n.d.
    Eggplants      France       1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole                  0.025  0.010  0.006
                                                                 Fruit
                                                                 After                  0.030  0.010  0.010
                                                                 Washing
                                                                 After                  0.015  0.005  0.005
                                                                 Cooking
                                                                 Cooking               0.0001 0.00009 0.00007
                                                                 Water

    Gherkin        Belgium      37.5g ai/ha         1            Whole      (0.5)
                                                                 Fruit      0.078 0.051 0.036  0.021
                                37.5g ai/ha         1            Whole      0.049 0.035 0.008  0.002
                                                                 Fruit
                                37.5g ai/ha         1            Whole      (0.5)
                                                                 Fruit      0.009 0.013 0.007  0.004
                                37.5g ai/ha         1            Whole            0.019 0.004  0.001  0.004
                                                                 Fruit

    Jamaica        France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole                  0.10   0.03   0.03          0.04
    Pepper                                                       Fruit
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole                  0.01   0.01   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Fruit

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
    Tomatoes       France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole      0.023              0.023  0.027
                                                                 Fruit
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole      0.047              0.023  0.015
                                                                 Fruit
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole                                0.008  0.009  0.024
                                                                 Fruit
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole                                0.006  0.019  0.042
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       25g ai/ha           2            Whole      0.017       0.014  0.016  0.011
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       10g ai/ha           3            Whole                  0.009  0.009
                                                                 Fruit
                                10g ai/ha           3            Whole                  0.010  0.007
                                                                 Fruit
                   Spain        12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole            <0.03  n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole      0.019       0.016  0.014  0.008  0.008  0.004  0.004
                                                                 Fruit
                                                                 Whole Washed                         0.008         0.003
                                                                 Whole Peeled                         n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Peel                                 0.049         0.043
                                                                 Juice                                0.003         0.002
                                                                 Washing Water                        0.0019        0.001
                                                                 Washing Water+48H                    0.0001        n.d.
                   Finland      1 mg/l              1            Whole Fruit      0.04  0.03          0.01

    Fruiting Vegetables
    with Inedible Peel

    Melons         France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Peel                   0.022  0.022  0.014
                                                                 Pulp                   0.0015 0.0016 0.0016
                                                                 Whole Fruit            0.009  0.009  0.006
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Peel             0.04         0.03   0.01
                                                                 Pulp             n.d.         n.d.   n.d.
                                                                 Whole Fruit      0.018        0.015  0.004

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
    Citrus Fruits

    Oranges        Morocco      50g ai/ha           3            Peel                                                               (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                    0.020 0.002
                                                                 Pulp                                                               (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                    0.003  n.d.
                                                                 Whole Fruit                                                        (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                    0.008 0.0006
                                75g ai/ha           3            Peel                                                               (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                    0.035 0.005
                                                                 Pulp                                                               (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                    0.001  n.d.
                                                                 Whole Fruit                                                        (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                    0.011 0.0015
                                100g ai/ha          3            Peel                                                               (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                    0.060 0.007
                                                                 Pulp                                                               (180) (180)
                                                                                                                                     n.d.  n.d.
                                                                 Whole                                                              (180) (180)
                                                                 Fruit                                                              0.017 0.0023
                   S. Africa    82.5g ai/ha         1            Peel       0.085 0.060        0.047  0.037       0.030  0.063  0.027 (35)  (42)
                                                                                                                                     0.044 0.023
                                                                 Pulp      0.0003 0.0008      0.0004  0.0005     0.0008 0.0003 0.0008 (35)  (45)
                                                                                                                                   0.0009 0.0004
                                                                 Whole      0.026 0.018        0.014  0.010      0.0095  0.018 0.0086 (35)  (42)
                                                                 Fruit                                                               0.014 0.007
                                165g ai/ha          1            Peel       0.109 0.079        0.060  0.067       0.058  0.083  0.140 (35)  (42)
                                                                                                                                     0.100 0.042
                                                                 Pulp      0.0009 0.0006       0.0007 0.0004     0.0006 0.0009 0.0002 (35)  (42)
                                                                                                                                   0.0009 0.0005
                                                                 Whole     0.0355 0.0255       0.0215 0.020       0.022  0.026  0.043 (35)  (42)
                                                                 Fruit                                                              0.032  0.013
                   Morocco        10g ai/ha         5            Peel                                                                    (42)
                                                                                                                                         0.05

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
                                                                 Pulp                                                                    (42)
                                                                                                                                         n.d.
                                                                 Whole                                                                   (42)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.01
                   Spain        12.75g ai/ha        1            Whole Fruit      0.1   n.d           n.d
                   S.Africa     220g ai/ha          1            Peel                                                                    (62)
                                                                                                                                         0.10
                                                                 Pulp                                                                    (62)
                                                                                                                                         n.d.
                                                                 Whole                                                                   (62)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.03
                                34.3g ai/ha         1            Peel                                                                    (196)
                                                                                                                                         0.005
                                                                 Pulp                                                                    (196)
                                                                                                                                        0.0009
                                                                 Whole                                                                   (196)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.002
                                68.7g ai/ha         1            Peel                                                                    (231)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.
                                                                 Pulp                                                                    (231)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.
                                                                 Whole                                                                   (231)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    n.d.
                   S. Africa    110g ai/ha          1            Peel                                                                    (86)
                                                                                                                                         0.075
                                                                 Pulp                                                                    (86)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.
                                                                 Whole                                                                   (86)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.025
                                220g ai/ha          1            Peel                                                                    (86)
                                                                                                                                         0.105
                                                                 Pulp                                                                    (86)
                                                                                                                                         n.d.
                                                                 Whole                                                                   (86)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.035

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                396g ai/ha          1            Peel       0.27  0.28  0.24          0.15          0.22  0.25 0.16(135)(49)(63)
                                                                                                                                   0.18 0.24 0.25
                                                                 Pulp       n.d.  n.d.  n.d.          n.d.           n.d.  n.d. n.d.(35)(49)(63)
                                                                                                                                     n.d.n.d.n.d.
                                                                 Whole      0.10  0.09  0.09          0.06           0.08      0.06 (35)(49)(63)
                                                                 Fruit                                                             0.06 0.08 0.07
                                396g ai/ha          1            Peel       0.22  0.22  0.24          0.23           0.22  0.17 0.19 (35)(49)(63)
                                +132 l of oil                                                                                      0.21 0.20 0.16
                                                                 Pulp       n.d.  n.d.  n.d.          n.d.           n.d.  n.d. n.d. (35)(49)(63)
                                                                                                                                     n.d.n.d.n.d.
                                                                 Whole      0.10  0.10  0.095         0.08           0.10  0.08 0.08 (35)(49)(63)
                                                                 Fruit                                                             0.08 0.07 0.05

    Clementines    Morocco      10g ai/ha           5            Peel                                                                    (42)
                                                                                                                                         0.05
                                                                 Pulp                                                                    (42)
                                                                                                                                         n.d.
                                                                 Whole                                                                   (42)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.01

    Pome Fruits

    Apples         F. R. Ger.   50g ai/ha           4            Whole      0.05                      0.03          0.03   0.02   0.03
                                                                 Fruit
                                50g ai/ha           4            Whole      0.03                      0.02          0.02   0.04   0.02 
                                                                 Fruit
                                50g ai/ha           4            Whole      0.2                       0.1           0.08   0.1    0.06
                                                                 Fruit
                                50g ai/ha           4            Whole Fruit                          0.2           0.1    0.09   0.1
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         7            Whole                                                                   (57)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.007
                                25g ai/ha           7            Whole                                       0.048         0.50          (57)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.032
                                25g ai/ha           6            Whole Fruit                                        0.061
                                25g ai/ha           9            Whole Fruit                          0.194         0.264  0.144

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                              
                   France       7.5g ai/ha          8            Whole Fruit                                               0.005
                                12.5g ai/ha         8            Whole Fruit                                               0.007
                                7.5g ai/ha          10           Whole                                              0.003
                                12.5g ai/ha         10           Whole                                              0.004
                                12.5g ai/ha         5            Whole                                                                   (34)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.002
                                12.5g ai/ha         5            Whole                                                                   (34)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.005
                                7.5g ai/ha          8            Whole                                              0.008
                                                                 Fruit
                                12.5g ai/ha         8            Whole                                       0.020  0.012  0.020
                                                                 Fruit
                   F. R. Ger.   25g ai/ha           6            Whole      0.07                      0.06   0.06   0.07   0.05
                                                                 Fruit
                                50g ai/ha           6            Whole      0.06                      0.06   n.d.   0.07   0.07
                                                                 Fruit
                                25g ai/ha           6            Whole Fruit                          0.05   0.05   0.04   0.05
                                50g ai/ha           6            Whole      0.05                      0.04   0.04   0.05   0.04
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       11.25g ai/ha        7            Whole Fruit                                               0.01
                                18.75g ai/ha        7            Whole Fruit                                               0.014
                                7.5g ai/ha          6            Whole Fruit                                        0.020  0.011
                                12.5g ai/ha         6            Whole Fruit                                        0.035  0.008
                                8.25g ai/ha         6            Whole Fruit                                               0.011
                                13.75g ai/ha        6            Whole Fruit                                               0.012
                                7.5g ai/ha          10           Whole Fruit                                               0.005
                                12.5g ai/ha         10           Whole Fruit                                               0.015
                                7.5g ai/ha          8            Whole Fruit                                               0.01
                                12.5g ai/ha         8            Whole Fruit                                               0.011
                                7.5g ai/ha          8            Whole Fruit                                               0.08
                                12.5g ai/ha         8            Whole Fruit                                 0.01          0.014  0.011
                                12.5g ai/ha         5            Whole                                                                   (34)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   0.012
                   England      12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole                                                     0.03
                                                                 Fruit

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
                   F. R. Ger.   26g ai/ha           6            Whole      0.1         0.08   0.07   0.07
                                                                 Fruit
                                26g ai/ha           6            Whole      0.08        0.05   0.04   0.05
                                                                 Fruit
                                26g ai/ha           6            Whole      0.08        0.08   0.05   0.06
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       0.75g ai/hl         8            Whole Fruit                                        0.035  0.030  0.032
                                1.25g ai/hl         8            Whole Fruit                                        0.068  0.040  0.050
                                0.75g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.017                       0.008  0.006  0.012
                                1.25g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.025                       0.011  0.010  0.006
                                0.75g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.013                       0.010  0.008  0.016
                                1.25g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.013                       0.012  0.013  0.012
                                0.75g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.025                       0.020  0.011  0.013
                                1.25g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.0i8                       0.034  0.030  0.019
                                0.75g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.016                       0.015  0.017  0.018
                                1.25g ailhl         5            Whole Fruit            0.025                       0.033  0.025  0.015
                                0.75g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.034                       0.024  0.023  0.020
                                1.25g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.057                       0.040  0.036  0.030
                                0.75g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.027                       0.016  0.014  0.030
                                1.25g ai/hl         5            Whole Fruit            0.041                       0.042  0.030  0.049
                   Sweden       22.5g ai/ha         3            Whole                                                                     (63)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.010
                   S.Africa     0.31g ai/hl         2            Whole      <0.05                     <0.05         <0.05  <0.05
                                                                 Fruit
                                0.75g ai/hl         4            Whole      <0.05                     <0.05         <0.05  <0.05
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       7.5g ai/ha          6            Whole Fruit            0.045  0.035  0.02          0.01
                                7.5g ai/ha          4            Whole Fruit            0.03   0.03   0.01
                   Sweden       43.2 & 21.6g ai/ha  2                                                                                      (58)
                                                                                                                                          0.006
                                43.2 & 21.6g ai/ha  2                                                                                      (58)
                                                                                                                                          0.004
                                43.2 & 21.6g ai/ha  2                                                                                      (58)
                                                                                                                                          0.006

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
    Pears          France       7.5g ai/ha          3            Whole                                                                     (33)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.006
                                12.5g ai/ha         3            Whole                                                                     (33)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.011
                                15g ai/ha           3            Whole                                                                     (33)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.015
                   Italy        1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole Fruit                          0.01          0.02   0.005
                                1.875g ai/hl        1            Whole Fruit                          0.025         0.015  0.015
                   France       1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole Fruit                                                      0.004
                                1.75g ailhi         1            Whole Fruit                                                      0.004
                                1.25g ai/hl         1            Whole Fruit                                                      0.006
                                1.75g ai/hl         1            Whole Fruit                                                      0.006
                                0.75g ai/hl         4            Whole Fruit                                        0.018  0.021  0.015
                                1.25g ai/hl         4            Whole Fruit                                        0.017  0.014  0.004
                   France       7.5g ai/ha          5            Whole Fruit            0.125  0.015  0.010         0.010
                                7.5g ai/ha          5            Whole Fruit            0.09   0.02   0.02          0.02
    Stone Fruits

    Apricots       France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Pulp                   0.22   0.026  0.022         0.03
                                                                 Whole Fruit            0.20   0.02   0.02          0.02
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Pulp                   0.077  0.026  0.026         0.011
                                                                 Whole Fruit            0.07   0.02   0.02          0.01
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Pulp                   0.03   0.025  0.008         0.006
                                                                 Whole Fruit            0.025  0.023  0.007         0.005
                                                                 Cooked                 n.d.   n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Pulp                   0.03   0.024  0.008         n.d.
                                                                 Whole Fruit            0.027  0.020  0.007         n.d.
                                                                 Cooked                 n.d.   n.d.

    Cherries       France       15g ai/ha           2            Whole Fruit                          0.055
                                21g ai/ha           2            Whole Fruit                          0.095
                                27g ai/ha           2            Whole Fruit                          0.045
                   F. R. Ger    25g ai/ha           3            Whole      0.04                      0.04   0.02   0.04   0.03
                                                                 Fruit
                                25g ai/ha           3            Whole      0.1                       0.04   0.07   0.05   0.05
                                                                 Fruit

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                             
                                25g ai/ha           3            Whole      0.08                      0.06   0.06   0.05   0.04
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Pulp                   n.d.          0.0023        0.002
                                                                 Whole Fruit            n.d.          0.002         0.0018
                                                                 Preserved              0.003         0.0017        0.0023
                                                                 Pulp
                                                                 Preserved              0.0025        0.0015        0.002
                                                                 Pulp

    Peaches        France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit                          0.05   0.04   0.02
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit                          0.03   0.04   0.02
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole Fruit                          0.09   0.07   0.08
                                25g ai/ha.          1            Whole Fruit                          0.15   0.08   0.08
                   France       12.4g ai/ha         3            Whole Fruit      0.008               0.015
                                22.5g ai/ha         3            Whole Fruit      0.10                0.045
                   France       17.5g ai/ha         2            Pulp                   0.03   0.047  0.043         0.029
                                                                 Whole Fruit            0.03   0.043  0.040         0.026
                                                                 Preserved              n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          0.0015
                                                                 Fruit
                                17.5g ai/ha         2            Pulp                   0.027  0.045  0.040         0.024
                                                                 Whole                  0.025  0.04   0.037         0.022
                                                                 Preserved              n.d.   n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Fruit
                   F. R. Ger.   18.75g ai/ha        3            Whole      0.1         0.05   0.04   0.03
                                                                 Fruit
                                18.75g ai/ha        3            Whole      O.04        0.03   0.02   0.03
                                                                 Fruit
                                18.75g ai/ha        3            Whole      0.06        0.02   0.04   0.02
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       17.5g ai/ha         1            Whole      0.05        0.04   0.03   0.02
                                                                 Fruit
                                                                 Preserved                            0.01.
                                                                 Fruit
                                                                 Juice                                n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
    Plum           F. R. Ger.   25g ai/ha           5            Whole      0.07                      0.08   0.08   0.07   0.05
                                                                 Fruit
                                25g ai/ha           5            Whole      0.05                      0.05   0.03   0.04   0.05
                                                                 Fruit
                                25g ai/ha           5            Whole      0.02                      0.04   0.05   0.05   0.04
                                                                 Fruit
                   France       1.25g ai/hl         2            Whole Fruit            0.018  0.009  0.009         n.d.
                                                                 Juice                                              n.d.

    Small Fruits
    and Berries

    Blackberries   Finland      6.3 mg/bush         1            Berries                              0.1           0.1

    Grapes         France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit      0.020 0.035  0.055  0.035         0.035
                   Fruit        12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit      0.055 0.020  0.020  0.020         0.025
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole Fruit      0.025 0.045  0.033  0.015         0.010
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole Fruit      0.040 0.015  0.015  0.015         0.005
                   France       25g ai/ha           1            Whole Fruit      0.006        0.075                0.040
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole Fruit      0.015        0.010                0.030
                   F. R. Ger.   50g ai/ha           2            Whole      0.07                                    0.07   0.07   0.08     (35)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     0.06
                                50g ai/ha           2            Whole      0.05                                    0.08   0.07   0.05     (35)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     0.05
                   France       17.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit            0.035         0.035
                                                                 Juice                  Traces        Traces
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit            0.045         0.045
                                                                 Juice                  Traces        Traces
                   France       22.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit            0.025  0.03   0.01          0.01
                                                                 Juice                                              0.006
                                22.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit            0.06   0.04   0.015         0.01
                   F. R. Ger.   25.Og ai/ha         2            Whole      n.d.                      0.04          0.07   0.05   0.02
                                                                 Fruit

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
    Strawberries   F. R. Ger.   50g ai/ha           1            Whole                                                                  (5W)(6W)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                  n.d. n.d.
                                50g ai/ha           1            Whole                                                                (12W)(13W)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                  n.d. n.d.
                                50g ai/ha           1            Whole                                                                  (6W)(7W)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                  n.d. n.d.
                                50g ai/ha           1            Whole                                                                  (5W) (6W)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                   n.d.n.d.
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit            0.015  0.004  0.008
                                                                 Whole                  0.014  n.d.   n.d.
                                                                 Washed
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit            0.011  0.010  0.004
                                                                 Whole                  0.008  0.008  0.005
                                                                 Washed
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         1            Whole Fruit            0.017  0.015  0.012         0.002
                                                                 Jam                                  n.d.          n.d.

    Assorted Fruits
    with Edible Peel

    Figs           France       16g ai/ha           3            Whole Fruit                                        <0.002
                                21g ai/ha           3            Whole Fruit                                        <0.002
                                27g ai/ha           3            Whole Fruit                                        0.002

    Olives         France       15g ai/ha           3            Pulp                          <0.007
                                21g ai/ha           3            Pulp                          <0.007
                                27g ai/ha           3            Pulp                          <0.007
                                15g ai/ha           3            Whole Fruit                   <0.005
                                21g ai/ha           3            Whole Fruit                   <0.0O5
                                27g ai/ha           3            Whole Fruit                   <0.005
                                15g ai/ha           3            Pulp                          <0.007
                                21g ai/ha           3            Pulp                          <0.007
                                27g ai/ha           3            Pulp                          <0.007

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                15g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit                   <0.005
                                21g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit                   <0.005
                                27g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit                   <0.005
                                17.5g ai/ha         4            Pulp             0.225               0.115  0.130  0.155  0.110  0.058
                                17.5g ai/ha         4          Whole Fruit        0.140               0.080  0.085  0.100  0.070  0.040
                                                                 Oil              0.035                             0.040  0.060  0.006
                   France       15g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit        0.003
                                21g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit        0.004
                                25g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit        0.003
                                21g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit        0.003
                                25g ai/ha           3          Whole Fruit        0.006
                                18.75g ai/ha        1            Whole                                                                     (75)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.007
                                18.75g ai/ha        1            Whole                                                                     (55)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.005
                                18.75g ai/ha        2            Whole                                                                     (55)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.016
                                25g ai/ha           1            Whole                                                                     (55)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.018
                                37.5g ai/ha         1            Whole                                                                     (55)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                    0.029
                   France       28g ai/ha           2            Pulp                                 n.d.          n.d.   n.d.
                                                                 Oil                                  n.d.          n.d.   n.d.
                   Tunisia      12.5g ai/ha         1            Pulp                                                                      (135)
                                                                                                                                            n.d.

    Assorted Fruits
    with Inedible Peel

    Bananas        Phillippines 2.5g ai/ha          3-6          Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           <0.01
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           <0.01

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     <0.01
                                2.5g ai/ha          3-6          Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           <0.01
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           <0.01
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     <0.01
                                2.5g ai/ha          3-6          Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           <0.01
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           <0.01
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     <0.01
                                2.5g ai/ha          3-6          Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           0.01
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           1.0
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     0.39
                                2.5g ai/ha          3-6          Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           <0.01
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           0.10
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     0.04
                   Guadeloupe   22.5g ai/ha         1            Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           0.07
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     0.016
                                46.8g al/ha         1            Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           0.03
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     0.01
                                93.7g ai/ha         1            Pulp                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           0.003
                                                                 Peel                                                                      (77)
                                                                                                                                           0.10
                                                                 Whole                                                                     (77)
                                                                 Fruit                                                                     0.03

    Pineapples                  75g ai/ha           1            Juice                                                                 (31)(61)
                                                                                                                                      n.d. n.d.
                                                                 Pulp                                                                  (31)(61)
                                                                                                                                      n.d. n.d.
                                                                 Peel                                                                  (31)(61)
                                                                                                                                    0.025 0.018
                                                                 Whole                                                                 (31)(61)
                                                                 Fruit                                                              0.007 0.005
                                150g ai/ha          1            Juice                                                                 (31)(61)
                                                                                                                                      n.d. n.d.
                                                                 Pulp                                                                  (31)(61)
                                                                                                                                      n.d. n.d.
                                                                 Peel                                                                  (31)(61)
                                                                                                                                      0.2 0.025
                                                                 Whole                                                                 (31)(61)
                                                                 Fruit                                                               0.07 0.008

    Cereal Grains

    Wheat          Brazil       7.5g ai/ha          1            Grain                                              n.d.
                                10g ai/ha           1            Grain                                              n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                                              n.d.
                                15g ai/ha           1            Grain                                              n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                   France       10g ai/ha           1            Grain                                                                     (53)
                                                                                                                                           0.003
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                                                                     (53)
                                                                                                                                          0.003
                                10g ai/ha           1            Grain                                                                     (53)
                                                                                                                                          0.004
                                17.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                                                                     (53)
                                                                                                                                         0.0035
                   France       7.5g ai/ha          1            Grain                                                                     (80)
                                                                                                                                          0.002
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (80)
                                                                                                                                          0.015
                                15g ai/ha           1            Grain                                                                     (80)
                                                                                                                                           0.04
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (80)
                                                                                                                                           0.05
                                7.5g ai/ha          1            Grain                                                                     (74)
                                                                                                                                          0.001
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (74)
                                                                                                                                          0.025
                                                                 Flour                                                                     (74)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Bran                                                                      (74)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                15g ai/ha           1            Grain                                                                     (74)
                                                                                                                                          0.003
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (74)
                                                                                                                                          0.025
                                                                 Flour                                                                     (74)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Bran                                                                      (74)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                7.5g ai/ha          1            Grain                                                                     (61)
                                                                                                                                         0.0015


    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (61)
                                                                                                                                          0.025
                                                                 Flour                                                                     (61)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Bran                                                                      (61)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                15g ai/ha           1            Grain                                                                     (61)
                                                                                                                                          0.002
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (61)
                                                                                                                                          0.025
                                                                 Flour                                                                     (61)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Bran                                                                      (61)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                   France       7.5g ai/ha          1            Grain                                                                     (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Flour                                                                     (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Bran                                                                      (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                15g ai/ha           1            Grain                                                                     (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Stem                                                                      (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Flour                                                                     (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Bran                                                                      (64)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.

    Maize          F. R. Ger.   17.5g ai/ha         1            Corn/                                                                     (55)
                                                                 Grain                                                                    0.006
                   Brazil       15g ai/ha           2            Corn/            n.d.         n.d.          n.d.   n.d.          n.d.
                                                                 Grain

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                   France       7.5g ai/ha          1            Corn/                                                                     (70)
                                                                 Grain                                                                     n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Corn/                                                                     (70)
                                                                 Grain                                                                     n.d.
                   France       7.5g ai/ha          1            Corn/                                                                     (94)
                                                                 Grain                                                                     n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Corn/                                                                     (94)
                                                                 Grain                                                                     n.d.

    Rice           Guyanne      12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                                                                     (50)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                                                                     (50)
                                                                                                                                          0.020
                   Suriname     6.25g ai/ha         1            Grain                                                                  (43)(49)
                   0.001 n.d.
                                                                 Straw                                                                  (43)(49)
                                                                                                                                          n.d. n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain                                                                  (43)(49)
                                                                                                                                       0.005 n.d.
                                                                 Straw                                                                  (43)(49)
                                                                                                                                      0.010 0.008
                                18.75g ai/ha        1            Grain                                                                  (43)(49)
                                                                                                                                       n.d. 0.005
                                                                 Straw                                                                  (43)(49)
                                                                                                                                      0.010 0.010
                                25g ai/ha           1            Grain                                                                  (43)(49)
                                                                                                                                      0.015 0.015
                                                                 Straw                                                                  (43)(49)
                                                                                                                                      0.080 0.050
                   Ivory Coast  18.75g ai/ha        3            Grain                                                                     (39)
                                                                                                                                           0.03
                   Philippines  17.5g ai/ha         5            Grain                                                                     (37)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Husk                                                                      (37)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                25g ai/ha           5            Grain                                                                     (37)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Husk                                                                      (37)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.

    Fodders & Straws

    Grass          New Zealand  5g ai/ha            1                       0.52  0.42  0.4    0.2    0.13
    (Pasture)                   10g ai/ha           1                       1.07  1.07  0.8    0.67   0.46   0.07
                                15g ai/ha           1                       1.20  1.23  1.3    0.70   0.5
                                20g ai/ha           1                       1.37  1.30  2.3    0.97   0.8    0.47
                                35g ai/ha           1                       2.89  2.42  2.68   1.87   1.0    1.3
                                50g ai/ha           1                       4.7   3.7   3.6    3.6    1.9    1.1

    Legume Oilseed

    Peanuts        Ivory Coast  18.5g ai/ha         7            Grain                                                                     (71)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Pods                                                                      (71)
                                                                                                                                          0.005

    Legume
    Animal Feeds

    Alfalfa        France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole                  1.5    l.0    0.45          0.11
    Fodder                                                       Crop
    (Lucerne)

                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole                  1.6    0.75   0.48          0.10
                                                                 Crop
                   New Zealand  10.Og ai/ha         1            Whole            0.25  0.25          0.23          0.09   n.d.
                                                                 Crop
                   France       12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole                                1.0           0.16   0.10
                                                                 Green

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole Dry                                                 0.20
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole                                0.25          0.065  0.03
                                                                 Green
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Whole Dry                                                 0.03

    Oilseeds

    Cottonseed     USA          22.5g ai/ha         3            Cottonseed                                  n.d.
                                22.5g ai/ha         8            Cottonseed                                                       n.d.
                                22.5g ai/ha         5            Cotton                                                                    (43)
                                                                 Seed                                                                     <0.02
                                22.5g ai/ha         4            Cotton                                                                    (45)
                                                                 Seed                                                                     <0.02
                                22.5g al/ha         5            Cotton                                                                    (49)
                                                                 Seed                                                                     <0.02
                                22.5g ai/ha         14           Cotton                                                                    (52)
                                                                 Seed                                                                      n.d.
                                22.5g ai/ha         7            Cotton                                                                    (77)
                                                                 Seed                                                                      n.d.
                   USA          0.03 mg/kg          1            Cotton     0.03
                   (Fortified                                    Seed
                   Cotton                                        Delinted   <0.02
                   Seed)                                         Seed
                                                                 Hulls      0.035
                                                                 Linters    0.325
                                                                 Solvent    n.d.
                                                                 Extracted
                                                                 Meal
                                                                 Refined    <0.02
                                                                 Oil
                                                                 Alkaline   <0.02
                                                                 Soap
                                                                 Stock

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                0.03 mg/kg          1            Total      n.d.
                                                                 Full
                                                                 Fatty
                                                                 Acids
                                0.34 mg/kg          1            Cotton     0.33
                                                                 Seed
                                                                 Delinted   0.05
                                                                 Seed
                                                                 Hulls      0.39
                                                                 Linters    3.2
                                                                 Solvent    n.d.
                                                                 Extracted
                                                                 Meal
                                                                 Refined    n.d.
                                                                 Oil
                                                                 Alkaline   n.d.
                                                                 Soap
                                                                 Stock
                                                                 Total      n.d.
                                                                 Free
                                                                 Fatty
                                                                 Acids
                   Morocco      25g ai/ha           7            Cotton                                                                   (62)
                                                                 Seed                                                                     <0.01
                                25g ai/ha           6            Cotton                                                                   (121)
                                                                 Seed                                                                     0.002
                   USA          22.5g ai/ha         6            Cottonseed                                                n.d.
                                22.5g ai/ha         6            Cottonseed                                         n.d.
                                22.5g ai/ha         7            Cottonseed                                                       <0.02
                                22.5g ai/ha         8            Cotton                                                                    (40)
                                                                 Seed                                                                      0.03
                                22.5g ai/ha         8            Cottonseed                                                n.d.
                                22.5g ai/ha         10           Cotton                                                                    (40)
                                                                 Seed                                                                     <0.02

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                22.5g ai/ha         14           Cottonseed                                                       0.08
                                22.5g ai/ha         15           Cottonseed                                         <0.02
                                22.5g ai/ha         15           Cottonseed                                         <0.02
                                22.5g ai/ha         15           Cottonseed                                         <0.02
                                22.5g ai/ha         15           Cottonseed                                          0.01
                                22.5g ai/ha         15           Cottonseed                                                n.d.
                   USA          22.5g ai/ha         15           Cottonseed                                                <0.02
                                                                 Delinted                                                  n.d.
                                                                 Seed
                                                                 Linters                                                   <0.05
                                                                 Hulls                                                     n.d.
                                                                 Solvent                                                   n.d.
                                                                 Extracted
                                                                 Meal
                                                                 Refined                                                   <0.02
                                                                 Oil
                                                                 Alkaline                                                  n.d.
                                                                 Soap
                                                                 Stock
                   Morocco      12.5g ai/ha         7            Cottonseed                                                       n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         7            Cottonseed                                                       n.d.
                                + NH
                   Ivory Coast  15g ai/ha           6            Fibers                                      0.007
                   India        10g ai/ha           8            Cotton                                                    n.d.
                                                                 Seed
                                                                 Fiber                                                     n.d.
                                                                 Oil                                                       n.d.
                                                                 Cake                                                      n.d.
                                20g ai/ha           8            Cottonseed                                                n.d.
                                                                 Fiber                                                     n.d.
                                                                 Oil                                                       n.d.
                                                                 Cake                                                      n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
    Rapeseed       F. R. Ger.   12.5g ai/ha         1            Seed                                                                      (73)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Cake                                                                      (73)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Oil                                                                       (73)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                                                                 Seed                                                                  (51)(80)
                                                                                                                                       0.01 0.03
                                                                 Cake                                                                   (51)(80)
                                                                                                                                        n.d. n.d.
                                                                 Oil                                                                    (51)(80)
                                                                                                                                        n.d. n.d.
                   Sweden       100g ai/ha          1            Seed                                                                     (84)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.
                   Finland      15g ai/ha           1            Seed                                                                     (87)
                                                                                                                                         <0.05
                   France       5g ai/ha            1            Seed                                                                     (38)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.
                                5g ai/ha            1            Seed                                                                     (48)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.

    Tropical Seeds

    Cocoa          Ivory        6.25g ai/ha         8            Cocoa                                                                    (38)
    Beans          Coast                                         Bean                                                                     0.006
                                8.75g ai/ha         8            Cocoa                                                                    (38)
                                                                 Bean                                                                     0.025
                                8.75g ai/ha         8            Cocoa                                                                    (38)
                                                                 Bean                                                                     0.007
                   Ivory        18.75g ai/ha        3            Cocoa                                                                    (72)
                   Coast                                         Bean                                                                     n.d.

    Coffee         Brazil       6.25g ai/ha         1            Grain            n.d.                              n.d.          n.d.
    Beans                       6.25g ai/ha         2            Grain            n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grain            n.d.                              n.d.          n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         2            Grain            0.02
                   Ivory        12.5g ai/ha         2            Grain                                                                    (198)
                   Coast                                                                                                                   n.d.
                                18.75g ai/ha        2            Grain                                                                    (198)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                   Brazil       10g ai/ha           2            Grain                                                                    (46)
                                                                                                                                           n.d.
                   Ivory        18.75g ai/ha        2            Grain                                                                    (178)
                   Coast                                                                                                                   n.d.

    Spices

    Pepper         Cameroun     12.5g ai/ha         1            Black                                                                    (56)
                                                                 Grains                                                                   n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Grey                                                                     (56)
                                                                 Grains                                                                   n.d.
                                12.5g ai/ha         1            Green                                                                    (35)
                                                                 Grains                                                                   n.d.

    Tea

    Tea            China        6.6g ai/ha          1            Leaf       3.1         3.0    1.1           0.75   0.65
                                                                 Water      0.001       0.005  0.0006        n.d.   n.d.
                                10.0g ai/ha         1            Leaf       4.3         1.6    1.4           1.5    0.85
                                                                 Water      0.002       0.0005 0.0009        n.d.   n.d.
                                13.3g ai/ha         1            Leaf       3.2         3.2    2.5           1.9    1.2
                                                                 Water      0.002       0.0013 0.0009        n.d.   n.d.
                                20.0g ai/ha         1            Leaf       2.5         4.8    3.4           2.4    1.5
                                                                 Water      0.005       0.001  0.0008        n.d.   n.d.
                   India        10.0g ai/ha         1            Leaf             5.5   2.1    1.7    1.0
                                                                 Water            n.d.  n.d.   n.d.   n.d.
                                15.0g ai/ha         1            Leaf             7.8   5.1    2.9    2.3
                                                                 Water            n.d. 0.0005  n.d.   n.d.

    Table 3.  Continued...

                                                Number of        Part          Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application 
    Crop           Country      Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-5    6-8    9-12   13-16  21-24  27-30  >30
                                                                                                                                               
    Miscellaneous

    Hops           England      12.5g ai/ha         7            Cone                                        0.02

    Mushrooms      Netherlands  6.25g ai/ha         2            Whole          0.0033 0.0017  0.0010 
                                6.25g ai/ha         2            Whole                 0.0014  0.0012
                                25g ai/ha           2            Whole          0.0088 0.0036  0.0029
                                25g ai/ha           2            Whole                 0.0041  0.0027

    Sugarcane      Brazil       25g ai/ha           2            Juice                                              n.d.
                   Martinique   7.5g ai/ha          1            Juice                                                                    (98)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           1            Juice                                                                    (98)
                                                                                                                                          n.d.
                                7.5g ai/ha          1            Juice                                n.d.
                                25g ai/ha           1            Juice                                n.d.
                                                                                                                                               
    
    Trials on various root and tuber vegetables resulted in residues
    ranging from n.d. (<0.001 mg/kg) to 0.015 mg/kg at 2-3 days after
    last application.

    Trials on bulb vegetables (leeks and onions) resulted in residues
    ranging from <0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg on the bulb and 0.1 mg/kg on the leaf
    at 2-5 days after last application.

    Trials on leafy vegetables (lettuce and spinach) resulted in residues
    ranging from 0.52 mg/kg (highest value) at 2-3 days after last
    application to 0.15 mg/kg (highest value) at 13-16 days.

    Trials on Brassica leafy vegetables (cabbages, cauliflower, and
    kohlrabi) ranged from 0.13 mg/kg (highest value) at 2-3 days to 0.03
    mg/kg (highest value) at 13-16 days after last application.

    Trials on artichokes gave residues ranging from 0.23 mg/kg at 2-3 days
    to 0.04 mg/kg at 13-16 days after last application.  Cooking did not
    reduce the residue levels significantly.

    Trials on legume vegetables gave residues ranging from 0.1 mg/kg (high
    value) at 2-3 days to 0.07 mg/kg ( high value) at 13-16 days after
    last application except for soybean pods which had residues up to 0.35
    mg/kg at 13-16 days.

    Trials on fruiting vegetables (edible peel) resulted in residues
    ranging from 0.1 mg/kg (high value, jamaica pepper) at 2-3 days to
    0.04 mg/kg (high value, tomato) at 13-16 days after last application.

    Residues from trials on melons did not exceed 0.0016 mg/kg in the pulp
    or 0.018 mg/kg in the whole fruit at any interval from 1-8 days after
    last application.

    Residues on citrus fruits resulting from the highest rate of use (396
    g ai/ha + oil) declined from 0.1 mg/kg (whole fruit) on the day of
    treatment to 0.08 mg/kg (whole fruit) at 35 days after last
    application.

    Trials on pome fruits resulted in residues on whole fruit that did not
    vary significantly with the number of days after treatment but were
    largely dose-dependent.  A dosage rate of 50g ai/ha gave a highest
    residue of 0.2 mg/kg on day of treatment.  Dosage rates of 1.25 g
    ai/hl gave residues that did not exceed 0.057 mg/kg.

    Trials on stone fruits resulted in residues on whole fruit ranging
    from 0.2 mg/kg (apricots) at 2-3 days to 0.08 mg/kg ( highest value,
    peaches) at 13-16 days after last treatment.

    Residues on small fruits and berries ranged from 0.1 mg/kg (high
    value, blackberries) and 0.08 mg/kg (high value, grapes) to 0.017
    mg/kg (high value, strawberries).

    Trials on assorted fruits (edible peel) resulted in residues on figs
    of <0.002 mg/kg at 13-16 days after last application.  For olives the
    results ranged from 0.225 mg/kg (pulp) to 0.003 mg/kg at 1 day after
    treatment.  By 55 days after treatment residues did not exceed 0.018
    mg/kg (whole fruit).

    Residues on assorted fruits (inedible peel) did not exceed 0.01 mg/kg
    in the pulp of bananas at 77 days after last treatment even at the
    highest dosage tested (93.7 ai/ha).  Residues in pineapple pulp were
    n.d. at 31 days post-treatment, but residues in whole fruit were 0.*07
    mg/kg at the same interval.  No residues were detected in pineapple
    juice.

    Trials on cereal grains resulted in maximum residues of 0.04 mg/kg in
    wheat grain at 80 days after last treatment.  Residues in wheat flour
    and bran were n.d. after 61 days post-treatment at dosages up to 15 g
    ai/ha.

    A maximum residue of 0.006 mg/kg was found in maize grain at 55 days
    post-treatment.  A maximum residue of 0.03 mg/kg was found in rice
    grain at 39 days post-treatment.  There were no detectable residues in
    rice husks.

    Trials on pasture grass resulted in residues up to 4.7 mg/kg on day of
    treatment with dosage of 50 g ai/ha.  The residue had declined to 1.1
    mg/kg by 9-12 days post-treatment.

    A trial on peanuts resulted in no detectable residue in the grain and
    0.005 mg/kg in the pod at 71 days after last treatment.

    Trials on alfalfa animal fodder resulted in residues that ranged from
    0.25 to 1.6 mg/kg at 2-3 days after last treatment and steadily
    declined to values of n.d. to 0.2 mg/kg after 21-24 days.  Trials on
    soybean stem and leaves resulted in residues ranging from n.d. to 0.1
    mg/kg at 13-16 days after last treatment.

    Residues in cotton seed were 0.03 mg/kg or less at 40 or more days
    after field treatment at 22.5 g ai/ha for 3-15 treatments.  Cotton
    seed fortified at 0.34 mg/kg gave residues after processing
    distributed as follows: seed-0.33 mg/kg, delinted seed-0.05 mg/kg,
    hulls-0.39 mg/kg, linters-3.2 mg/kg, solvent extracted meal-n.d.,
    refined oil-n.d., alkaline soap stock-n.d., total free fatty
    acids-n.d.  Residues in processed products from cotton field-treated
    15 times at 22.5 g ai/ha did not exceed 0.05 mg/kg (linters). 
    Residues in rapeseed, cake, and oil were less than 0.05 mg/kg at 51-87
    days post-treatment.

    Trials on cacao resulted in residues in cocoa beans that did not
    exceed 0.025 mg/kg at 38 days after last treatment regardless of trial
    dosage or number of applications.  Residues in coffee beans were n.d.
    at 13-198 days after last treatment at dosages of 6.25 to 18.75 g
    ai/ha.  However, analysis of a sample at 1 day after the last of 2
    treatments at 12.5 g ai/ha found a residue of 0.02 mg/kg.

    Residues on spices (pepper; black, grey and green grains) were n.d. at
    35-56 days post-treatment with 12.5 g ai/ha.

    Residues on tea (leaves) ranged from 2.5 to 7.8 mg/kg (not
    dose-related) at 0-1 day post-treatment with single dosages from 6.6
    to 20 g ai/ha.  Residues declined thereafter to a range of 0.65 to 1.5
    mg/kg at 13-16 days post-treatment.  Analysis of tea water brewed from
    leaves picked on day of treatment gave residues ranging from 0.001 to
    0.005 mg/kg which became n.d. (<0.0005 mg/kg) by 6-8 days
    post-treatment.

    Trials on miscellaneous crops (hops, mushrooms, sugarcane) resulted in
    residues on hops cones of 0.02 mg/kg at 9-12 days after the last of 7
    treatments.  Residues on mushrooms ranged from 0.0033 to 0.0088 mg/kg
    (dose-dependent) at 1 day after last treatment with either 6.25 or 25
    g ai/ha and declined to 0.0012 to 0.0029 mg/kg by 4-5 days
    post-treatment.  Residues in the juice of sugarcane were n.d. (<0.005
    mg/kg) at 6-8 days after last treatment at any level tested.


    FATE OF RESIDUES

    General

    On foliage in the field, deltamethrin degrades rapidly to a large
    variety of hydrolytic, oxidative, and photolytic products and their
    conjugates.  The following extractable compounds have been identified:
    trans-deltamethrin, trans-hydroxymethyl deltamethrin, 4'-hydroxy
    deltamethrin, 4'-hydroxy-trans-hydroxymethyl deltamethrin,
    3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2 dimethyl-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid
    (Br2CA) and 3 conjugates, trans-hydroxymethyl Br2CA,
    3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (pb ald) and the corresponding alcohol (pb alc)
    and acid (pb acid), 4'-hydroxyphenoxy-benzoic acid, and 2 or 3
    conjugates of each of phenoxybenzyl alcohol, phenoxybenzoic acid, and
    alpha-cyanophenoxybenzyl alcohol.  Considerable amounts of
    unextractable residues of unknown composition (up to 35% of the
    applied dose) are also formed.  Metabolism in animals is generally
    similar to that in plants, differing in the nature of the conjugates.
    Rapid excretion of deltamethrin and its metabolites occurs in animals
    with negligible tendency to bioaccumulate.

    In animals

    Metabolism in a lactating cow

    Studies were carried out in two phases on a single lactating Jersey
    cow, weighing 350 kg, giving milk of approx. 6.3% butterfat, using
    C14-deltamethrin labelled in the alpha-methine group of the alcohol
    moiety.  In phase 1, 0.27 g of labelled deltamethrin was injected
    intrarumenally as a solution in a sesame oil/alcohol mixture.
    Radioactivity was rapidly excreted, mainly in urine and faeces
    (85.3%).  Only 0.4% was found in whole milk, corresponding to peak

    residue levels after only one day of 0.045 and 0.92 mg/kg deltamethrin
    equivalents in whole milk and rendered butterfat respectively.  The
    residue found in the peak butter sample was mainly (89%) unchanged
    deltamethrin.  The half-life in milk and butter was 0.8 days.  Omental
    fat and leg muscle biopsy samples, removed two days after treatment,
    contained 0.088 and 0.008 mg/kg deltamethrin equivalents respectively.
    In phase 2, conducted 49 days after phase 1, 0.21 g of labelled
    deltamethrin in the form of a miscible oil formulation was applied
    externally to the cow (except on the udder) by brushing.  Although
    well restrained by a neck halter, the sow succeeded in licking herself
    to a nominal degree.  Peak residue levels were attained after 2-5 days
    (0.0057 mg/kg) in whole milk and 2 days (0.1 mg/kg) in butterfat.
    Half-lives for depletion of activity from whole milk, butterfat, and
    body hair were in the range of 4 to 4 1/2 days.  There was no apparent
    degradation of deltamethrin on body hair during the first 20 days.

    Since good control of flies in stables is obtained by spraying 7.5 mg
    ai/m2 on the walls, an estimate of residue potential in milk and
    butter from this source was made on the assumption that a restrained
    dairy cow cannot lick more than 1 m2 of treated wall.  Calculated
    residues of deltamethrin would thus be 0.00125 mg/kg and 0.0255 mg/kg
    in milk and butter respectively (WELL 79 04 HIBH/A).

    In plants

    Cotton was treated topically on the leaves with each of
    C14-deltamethrin samples labelled in the dibromovinyl, benzylic, and
    cyano carbons in field and greenhouse studies in California.  Initial
    deposits were 0.04-0.33 g/cm2 of leaf surface (3-15 mg/kg based on
    fresh leaf weight).  Leaves were harvested at 2 and 6 weeks after
    treatment and immediately cut into approx. 5 mm2 pieces.  The 14C
    products were extracted by soaking in acetonitrile-chloroform (2:1)
    and decantation.  The concentrated extracts were analysed for total
    14C content by liquid scintillation counting of an aliquot and for
    individual 14C compounds by TLC.  Unextractable residue was
    determined by combustion analysis.

    Metabolism in cotton and bean leaf discs from leaves freshly removed
    from greenhouse-grown plants was also studied. Discs of 10-mm diameter
    were punched out under water and incubated for 5 h at 30°C under
    artificial illumination in 25-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25
    discs, 2 ml distilled water, and 1-5 g of 14C substrate in 30 l
    ethanol.

    Under the greenhouse conditions the half-life of deltamethrin is 1.1
    weeks with a 90% loss in 4.6 weeks.  Under field conditions there is a
    more rapid loss of parent compound, a higher proportion of trans- to
    cis-deltamethrin and larger amounts of unextractable products.  The
    primary compounds found (1% of applied dose) after six weeks were
    deltamethrin (1.7-6.1%), trans-deltamethrin (0.7-2.7%), Br2CA
    (0.3-3%), Br CA-conj. (7.7-4.2%), pb ald (1.2-1.1%), pb acid (0-2%),

    pb alc-conj. (1.9-1.2%), pb acid glyc. (0.9-1.7%), pb acid conj.
    (5.9-1.5%), pb cy-conj. (8.8-3.2%), and unextractables (35-20%).  

    In the leaf disc experiments, bean leaf discs converted [14C]- and
    [14C(alpha)]-deltamethrin in small yield (approx. 6%) to
    [14C]Br2CA-glyc and [14C]alc-glyc respectively, whereas cotton leaf
    discs did not. Cleavage products 14CBr2CA and [14C(alpha)]pb cy as
    substrates undergo more extensive metabolism than deltamethrin in both
    plants (Ruzo et al., 1979).

    Uptake - translocation studies in cotton plant growth chambers
    following hydroponic, foliar, and soil treatments were carried out
    using C14 labelled (alpha-methrin position) deltamethrin.  For the
    hydroponic application, a 750 ml volume of nutrient solution/jar was
    fortified with an ethanol solution of 14C-deltamethrin.  For the soil
    application 2.5% EC formulation prepared by adding 14C-deltamethrin
    to an EC blank was applied evenly by pipette to the soil surface 3 cm
    around 2-week old potted plants.  Foliar application was made as a
    droplet of ethanol solution of 14C-deltamethrin from a micropipette
    to the midvein of the first leaf of the cotton plant.  Plants were
    harvested at 1, 3 and 7 days after treatment for autoradiography and
    extraction.  Analyses were by liquid scintillation, combustion of
    post-extraction solids, and TLC.  Recovery of radioactivity was 96.5%.
    Results of the foliar and hydroponic experiments indicated virtually
    no systemic behaviour for deltamethrin with observed transport being
    extremely limited (0.5-0.8%) after 7 days in both cases.  For soil
    treatment, radioactivity detected in the shoots and roots was only 1.6
    and 0.35% of applied dose respectively after 7 days.  Most of the
    radioactivity found in the shoot was concentrated in the polar and
    bound residue fractions (PRO 77 1309/A).

    In soil

    No data.

    In water

    No data.

    In storage and processing

    Wheat

    Trials were conducted on the persistence of deltamethrin residues on
    stored wheat and processed wheat products in Morocco, Belgium, Greece,
    and the U.K. following treatment of the grains with various
    formulations at low, but effective, dosages as shown in Table 4.  In
    Morocco, dusts and EC formulations of equal strength (0.025 g ai/ql)
    resulted in lower initial (8-11 weeks) residues (approx. 0.01 mg/kg)
    for EC than for dust (approx. 0.05 mg/kg).  However, after 40 weeks,
    residues on grain were approximately equal (approx. 0.1 mg/kg) with no
    measurable losses, taking account of the analytical variability.

    Washing the grain after treatment had no effect on residue levels.
    Bran and flour produced from the wheat after 40 weeks storage had mean
    residues of 0.15 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg respectively (FP. 78.27.04/A).

    In Belgium, low volume sprays of Decis EC 25 at 0.7, 0.85, or 1.0
    mg/kg gave initial (1 week) residues proportional to dosage of 0.56,
    0.69, or 0.78 mg/kg respectively.  These had fallen to 0.27, 0.47, or
    0.69 by the end of 35 weeks.  The corresponding residues in flour and
    bran were 0.1, 0.25, and 0.4 mg/kg and 1.2, 1.3, and 1.7 mg/kg
    respectively (FP-78.07.12/A).

    In Greece low volume sprays of K-OTHRINE EC 25 at 1 or 0.75 mg/kg on
    wheat grain gave residues of 0.31 and 0.29 mg/kg respectively after 24
    and 17 weeks (FP-80.05.02/A).

    In the U.K. two liquid spray formulations containing piperonyl
    butoxide were applied to wheat, at calculated dosages of 1 or 2 mg/kg.
    Analysis of the wheat on the day of treatment however showed actual
    levels of 0.44 and 0.80 mg/kg respectively.  Residue analysis on
    samples taken at monthly intervals for three months showed no
    degradation of the deltamethrin.  There was no detectable degradation
    of deltamethrin by the process of milling and backing of either
    freshly treated wheat or wheat that had been stored for three months
    (WELL/80.21.05/A1).



        Table 4.  Deltamethrin residues in stored products

                                                                                                                                               
                                                  Number of        Part         Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application1
    Crop           Country        Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-7    8-11   12-19  20-29  30-39  40-49  50-59
                                                                                                                                               

    Cereal Grains

    Wheat          Morocco        0.025g ai/ql        1            Non-washed                           0.050  0.067  0.050  0.100  0.120
                                  Dust
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Washed                               0.052  0.042  0.060  0.080  0.120
                                  Dust
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Non-washed                           0.010  0.010  n.d.   0.110  0.080
                                  EC 25 + PB2
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Washed                               0.015  0.012  n.d.   0.060  0.100
                                  EC 25 + PB
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Non-Washed                                                0.145
                                  Dust                             Wheat bran
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Washed                                                    0.145
                                  Dust                             Wheat bran
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Non-Washed                                                0.16
                                  EC 25 + PB                       Wheat bran
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Washed                                                    0.14
                                  EC 25 + PB                       Wheat bran
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Non-Washed                                                0.007
                                  Dust                             Wheat flour
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Washed                                                    0.004
                                  Dust                             Wheat flour
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Non-Washed                                                0.004
                                  EC 25 + PB                       Wheat flour
                                  0.025g ai/ql        1            Washed                                                    0.004
                                  EC 25 + PB                       Wheat flour
                   Belgium        0.7 mg/kg           1            Grain            0.56         0.70          0.35          0.27
                                  Low vol. spray                   Wheat flour                                 0.065         0.1
                                  Low vol. spray                   Wheat bran                                  0.65          1.2
                                  0.85 mg/kg          1            Grain            0.69         1.00          0.50          0.47
                                                                   Wheat flour                                 0.07          0.25
                                                                   Wheat bran                                  1.00          1.3

    Table 4.  Continued...

                                                  Number of        Part         Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application1
    Crop           Country        Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-7    8-11   12-19  20-29  30-39  40-49  50-59
                                                                                                                                               
                                  1.0 mg/kg           1            Grain            0.78         1.10          0.70          0.69
                                  Low vol. spray                   Wheat flour                                 0.09          0.4
                                  Low vol. spray                   Wheat bran                                  1.20          1.7
                   Greece         1.0 mg/kg           1            Grain                                              0.31
                                  Low vol. spray
                                  0.75                1            Grain                                       0.29
                   U.K.           1.0 mg/kg + PB      1            Wheat      0.44              0.53    0.48   0.50
                                  2. 0 mg/ 1 kg + PB  1            Wheat      0.80              1.25    1.33   1.46
                                  Dil. ag. spray
                                  1.0 mg/kg + PB      1            Wheat      0.44                             0.50
                                                                   Wholemeal  0.42                             0.43
                                                                   flour
                                                                   Wholemeal  0.26                             0.27
                                                                   bread
                                                                   Bran       3.0                              1.8
                                                                   Fine       n.d.                             0.5
                                                                   Offal
                                                                   First      n.d.                             n.d.
                                                                   reduction
                                                                   flour
                                                                   Total      0.09                             0.05
                                                                   white
                                                                   flour
                                                                   White      0.10                             n.d.
                                                                   bread
                                  2.0 mg/kg + PB      1            Wheat      0.80                             1.46
                                                                   Whole      0.73                             0.80
                                                                   meal
                                                                   flour
                                                                   Whole      0.63                             0.57
                                                                   meal
                                                                   bread
                                                                   Bran       5.4                              4.7
                                                                   Fine       n.d.                             0.75
                                                                   Offal

    Table 4.  Continued...

                                                  Number of        Part         Residues (mg/kg) at intervals (days) after last application1
    Crop           Country        Dosage rate    applications    analyzed     0     1     2-3    4-7    8-11   12-19  20-29  30-39  40-49  50-59
                                                                                                                                               
                                                                   First      n.d.                             n.d.
                                                                   reduction
                                                                   flour
                                                                   Total      0.20                             0.20
                                                                   white
                                                                   flour
                                                                   White      0.29                             0.15
                                                                   bread

    Maize          Brazil         0.5 mg/kg dust      1            Grain                                                            0.6
                                  1. 0 mg/kg dust     1            Grain                                                            0.7
                                  2.0 mg/kg dust      1            Grain                                                            1.0
                   Brazil         1.0 mg/kg dust      1            Whole Fruit                                                      n.d.
                                  1. 0 mg/kg dust     1            Grain                                                                     n.d.
                   Cameroon       5 mg/kg             1            Straw/                                             1.25
                                  EC spray                         Stem
                   Cameroon       2.5 mg/kg           1            Grain                                              0.007
                                  EC spray
                   Cameroon       2. 5 mg/kg          1            Grain                                                     0.47
                   EC spray

    Peanuts        Cameroon       5 mg/kg             1            Straw/                                             1.25
                                                                   Stem

    Coffee         Brazil         1.0 mg/kg dust      1            Grain                                                     0.95
                                  2.0 mg/kg dust      1            Grain                                                     1.65
                   Brazil         25g/350m2           1            Unroasted  0.01
                                  Spray on bags                    Grain
                                  25g/350m2           1            Roasted    n.d.
                                  Spray on bags                    Grain
                   Brazil         0.0040 m3           1            Grain            n.d.
                                  ULV fog
                                                                                                                                               

    1  Residue data on wheat grain in Morocco at 127, 187, and 244 days is omitted for table size 
    and convenience since the values do not differ significantly from those occurring before and after.
    2  PB = Piperonyl butoxide.
    
    Maize

    Trials were conducted in Brazil and Cameroon on stored maize treated
    at various low levels with either dusts or low volume sprays as shown
    in Table 4.  Analysis of grain samples after 20-50 weeks showed no
    measurable degradation for treatments at 0.5 mg/kg.  However, for
    treatments of 1 mg/kg and above, residues had decreased by 50 to 99.7%
    (FP-78.30.09/A, FP-79.16.07/A, FP-79.18.07/A, FP-78.30.05/A, and
    FP-78.02.10/A).

    Peanuts

    Table 4 also presents the results of one trial in Cameroon on stored
    peanuts (hay?) treated once with DECIS EC 25 at a rate of 0.5 g ai.
    for 100 kg crop.  The residue of deltamethrin in straw/stem after 23
    weeks was 1.25 mg/kg (FP-79.07.06/A).

    Coffee

    Trials in Brazil were conducted on 2 stored coffee beans using dust at
    1 and 2 mg/kg, aqueous EC spray on bags at 25 g ai/350 m2, and ULV
    fog at 4 g ai/100 m3.  Dust treatments resulted in negligible loss of
    residue after 8 months of storage.  The EC spray resulted in a residue
    of 0.01 mg/kg on the day of treatment; roasting lowered this to n.d.
    (<0.005 mg/kg).  A sample of coffee fortified at 0.05 mg/kg and
    roasted resulted in a residue of 0.012 mg/kg.  ULV fog resulted in
    n.d. (0.005 mg/kg) residues 1 day after treatment (FP-78.29.09/A,
    FP-79.18.10/A, and FP-79.19.10/A).


    Photodecomposition

    The photochemistry of deltamethrin is quite complex, as might be
    expected.  Exposure to UV radiation (lambda > 290 nm) in various
    organic solvents results in cis-trans isomerization, eater cleavage
    reactions, and loss of bromine.  Films of deltamethrin on glass or
    silica gel exposed to sunlight irradiation results in cis-trans
    isomerization as the major reaction plus smaller amounts of various
    cleavage products and polar materials.  Twenty five photoproducts have
    been identified from irradiation of deltamethrin or its initial
    photolytic derivatives.  The mixtures of deltamethrin photoproducts
    from solution and solid-phase reactions are less toxic than
    deltamethrin to mice treated intraperitoneally (Ruzo et al., 1977).


    RESIDUES IN COMMERCE OR AT CONSUMPTION

    Due to the short period of development and use of deltamethrin there
    are no data yet available on residues in food in commerce or at
    consumption.  Because of the very low dosage rates usually recommended
    for most field crops it seems quite unlikely that measurable residues
    will be found on food ready for consumption.  The exception might be

    for processed foods (flour, bread, corn meal cakes, etc.) prepared
    from stored grains treated in storage, as data in the preceding
    section showed that storage, processing and cooking had little effect
    on residue levels.


    METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS

    A sensitive general purpose method for the analysis of deltamethrin
    residues in plant tissues has been developed, which is the fusion of
    various preceding analytical methods used until now.  The method is
    based on extraction, purification by liquid-liquid partition, liquid
    chromatography clean-up, and gas chromatography quantitation by
    electron-capture detection.  Recoveries range from 80 to 95% and the
    sensitivity of the method is between 1-10 µg/kg.

    A 20 g sample of vegetable material is extracted by blending with
    solvent, sodium sulphate and Celite, filtered through a Buchner
    funnel, and evaporated to about 30 ml.  A choice of 3 extraction
    solvents: acetonitrile (or hexane), petroleum ether-diethyl ether
    (50/50; v/v), or acetone-toluene is made according to the nature of
    the sample and its lipid content.  For some crops these extracts are
    clean enough to proceed directly to liquid chromatography clean-up.

    If not, then one of two available liquid-liquid partition procedures
    is used, according to whether the sample is an oily or non-oily crop.
    For non-oily crops, the extract is washed with acetonitrile-saturated
    petroleum ether and the acetonitrile phase then partitioned between
    aqueous sodium chloride and petroleum ether-ethyl ether (1/1; v/v),
    the organic phase filtered, dried, and evaporated to dryness.  For
    oily crops two methods can be used involving either (a) partition
    between pet. ether and DMSO, followed by partition between DMSO,
    aqueous sodium chloride, and ethyl acetate, or (b) partition between
    hexane and acetonitrile, followed by back partition between
    acetonitrile, aqueous sodium chloride, and hexane.

    For liquid chromatography clean-up, two elution procedures may be
    carried out; a dry-packed, 5 g Florisil (deactivated by 5% water)
    column is eluted either with a) ethyl ether-petroleum ether (20/80;
    v/v) or b) ethyl ether-hexane (10/90; v/v), depending on which
    partition step was used.

    Two gas chromatographic determination procedures are available,
    depending on whether a 63Ni or 3H electron capture detector is
    available.  If a 63Ni detector is to be used then the eluate from the
    clean-up step can be concentrated, adjusted to volume and aliquots
    injected directly into a GC using a 1.5 m × 2 mm i.d. glass column
    packed with either 2% DC-200, OV-1 or OV-101 on chromasorb AW-DMCS
    (80-100 mesh).  A column temperature of 245°C and detector temperature
    of 300°C are used.

    If only a 3H electron capture detector is available then the
    concentrate from the clean-up step must be derivatised to
    2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl) cyclopropane carboxylic acid methyl
    ester by means of transesterification.  This procedure is carried out
    by heating an aliquot of the clean-up concentrate in a mixture of
    hexane, toluene, and 0.1 ml of 0.1 N KOH in methanol at 50°C for 15
    minutes.  After cooling the solution is neutralized with 0.1 ml
    sulphuric acid (0.5% in methanol) and adjusted to volume (10 ml) with
    hexane.  The GLC analysis uses a 2 m glass column packed with 5% SE-30
    on Gas-Chrom Q (100-120 mesh) at a temperature of 170°C.  The detector
    temperature is held at 200°C.  Carrier gas flows of about 35 mg/min
    are used in either procedure.  If an internal standard in desired, the
    use of o-nitroaniline has been found to be acceptable at this stage of
    development, but improvements are being sought.  Quantitation by peak
    area rather than peak height is to be preferred for maximum precision
    and reproducibility at the lowest residue levels (RU-78.11.07/A.;
    RU-76.18.12/A; Mestres, 1978; Mestres et al., 1978).

    For the analysis of deltamethrin residues in animal tissues (muscle,
    kidney, and liver) a suitable gas chromatographic method is available
    which is sensitive to about 1 µg/kg with a recovery factor of 90% at a
    1O µg/kg level.

    A 20 g tissue sample is homogenised in a blender with Celite and
    petroleum ether-ethyl ether (50/50; v/v).  Sodium sulphate is also
    added for kidney or liver tissues.  The solution is filtered through a
    sintered glass Buchner funnel and evaporated to 3 ml under dry
    nitrogen. 

    The extract is then partitioned between acetonitrile and petroleum
    ether and the acetonitrile phase evaporated to dryness.

    Clean-up is by gel permeation chromatography on a calibrated column (1
    cm i.d., 120 cm long) of 30 ml of Styragel (porosity = 100 A, <37µ
    particle diameter) swollen in isopropyl ether and eluted with
    isopropyl ether at 2 ml/min.  The elution volume of deltamethrin
    standard (approx. 10 µg) is first determined by use of a U.V. detector
    at 278 nm.  The residue from the partition step is taken up in 250 µl
    isopropyl ether and 200 µl are injected by a means of a sample loop.
    Eluate corresponding to the elution volume of deltamethrin (approx. 10
    ml) is collected and evaporated to dryness under nitrogen.

    The residue is dissolved in 500 µl of a solution of internal standard
    (0.25 µl/ml of an analogue of deltamethrin provided by the
    manufacturer) in cyclohexane and analysed by G.C. using a 1.9 m × 4 mm
    i.d. glass column packed with SE-30 on Gas Chrom P. and held at 245°C. 
    A 63Ni detector is required, which is operated at 300°C.  Carrier gas
    is argonmethane (90-10) at a flowrate of 40 mg/min (RU-80.01.26/A).

    In all of these analytical methods it is only the parent deltamethrin
    that is being determined although the derivatisation step in the
    vegetable method might also pick up Br2CA if it were present in
    sufficient quantity (unlikely).

    NATIONAL TOLERANCES REPORTED TO THE MEETING

    No national tolerances were reported to the Meeting at this time.
    Formulations of deltamethrin are officially registered for use on one
    or more crops in the following countries:

    Europe

    Bulgaria - Cyprus - Spain - France - Greece - Hungary - Holland
    (ornamentals) - Ireland - Luxembourg - Poland - Portugal - German
    Democratic Republic - Federal Republic of Germany - United Kingdom - 
    Switzerland - Czechoslovakia - Yugoslavia.

    Africa

    Algeria - Egypt - Mauritius - Mozambique - Morocco - Senegal - South
    African Republic - Tunisia - Zimbabwe.

    Americas

    Argentina - Barbados - Brazil - British Guyana - Bolivia - Chile -
    Colombia - Costa Rica - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - Guatemala -
    Haiti - Honduras - Mexico - Nicaragua - Panama - Paraguay - Peru -
    Suriname - Trinidad - Uruguay - Venezuela.

    Asia and Oceania

    Australia - Indonesia - India - Iran - Malaysia - New Zealand -
    Pakistan - Philippines - South Korea - Syria - Taiwan Province of
    China - Thailand - Turkey.

    In the following countries deltamethrin is officially admitted since
    no registration system exists.

    West and Central African Countries

    Benin - Cameroon - Chad - Central African Republic - Congo - Gabon -
    Upper Volta - Mali - Niger - Nigeria - Togo - Zaire - Ivory Coast
    (Registration system just underway - mid-1980).

    Other African Countries

    Malagasy Republic - Kenya - Ethiopia - Zambia.

    Near East

    Lebanon.

    EVALUATION

    COMMENT AND APPRAISAL

    Deltamethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid produced as a single diastereo
    isomer of 98% purity or better, which is active against a wide range
    of insects that attack crops, animals and man.  It is a powerful
    contact and stomach insecticide that exhibits little or no systemic
    activity, but has considerable stability when exposed to air and
    light.

    Deltamethrin is rapidly absorbed and metabolised by oxidation and
    ester cleavage.  Several metabolites have been identified.  The
    majority of these metabolites do not contain the intact pyrethrin
    structure and on which there are no toxicological data.

    Deltamethrin is rapidly and almost completely excreted, primarily in
    urine and also in faeces.  Only one metabolite, thiocyanate, has
    accumulating properties caused by high tissue affinity in skin and
    gastrointestinal tract.  Deltamethrin is neurotoxic in several
    mammalian species, and has a moderate acute oral toxicity in rats.
    Plant workers exposed to deltamethrin experienced a pruritis followed
    by a burning sensation and slight desquamation.  No other
    exposure-related symptoms are recorded.  Quantitative information
    about these effects is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of man to
    deltamethrin.  It does not produce a delayed neurotoxic response in
    hens following exposure to lethal or sublethal dosages.  Neurological
    changes, and modification of the EEG-pattern, were observed in a
    90-day study with dogs.  These animals also showed dilation of the
    pupils, a dose-related increase of vomiting, body tremors and jerking
    movements.  Loose faeces, a reduced body weight gain, decreased
    appetite and water consumption were associated features with all
    groups of treated dogs.

    Deltamethrin has some minor effects on mean body weight of rat pups
    but did not effect reproduction in a three-generation study with rats.
    Studies on teratogenic effects in mice, rats and rabbits revealed
    possible embryotoxic effects in mice and rabbits, but no teratogenic
    effects.   The embryotoxic effects are decreased average foetal weight
    and delayed ossification in mice and increased foetal losses in
    rabbits.

    The mutagenic properties of deltamethrin were studied with bacteria,
    mammalian cell systems, the micronuclei test and dominant lethal test.

    Deltamethrin showed no mutagenic activity in any of these tests.  In a
    90-day study with rats the effect on the body weight gain of the males
    appeared to be the most sensitive criterion.

    Two 2-year feeding studies with deltamethrin in mice and rats revealed
    no clear treatment-related increase of tumour incidence.  It was
    concluded that the no-effect level in the mouse study was 100 mg/kg
    feed.  In the long-term study with rats a dose-dependent effect,

    manifested as a slightly increased incidence of axonal degenerations
    in sciatic, tibial and/or plantor nerves, was observed at 18 months in
    the 20 and 50 mg/kg feed groups.  Evaluation of the incidence and/or
    severity of these degenerations at termination of the study was
    obscured by the age of the animals.  A suggested no-effect level was 2
    mg/kg feed.

    Owing to the absence of a no-effect level in dogs, and a possible
    embryotoxic effect in mice at low dose levels, it was not possible to
    allocate an ADI.  This compound should be re-evaluated as soon as the
    study on dogs, said to be in progress, is made available.

    When applied to field crops, deltamethrin is active at only 9 g
    a.i./ha with usual dosages of around 12.5 g a.i./ha.  Because of its
    stability and persistence, deltamethrin is very effective against
    stored product pests at rates of 0.25 to 1.0 g a.i./ton depending on
    local situations.

    The residue data from supervised trials on field crops were evaluated
    with regard to the commodity groups elaborated in Annex I, Alinorm
    81/24, 1980.  Because of the chemical nature of deltamethrin, the low
    dosage rates normally applied, and the consequent low (generally)
    residues even at short (2-4 days) intervals between last application
    and harvest, it was considered appropriate to list maximum residue
    levels suitable for MRL's on the basis of commodity groupings where
    sufficient data existed on an adequate number of commodities in the
    group and/or where the commodities in the group are known to have
    uniform residue retention properties.

    Residues on fruits and vegetables are found mainly on the peel, hull,
    or outer leaves.  Degradation in field crops occurs mainly by
    hydrolysis and photolysis, followed by enzymatic oxidations leading to
    a wide variety of products and conjugates, among which are
    transdeltamethrin, trans-hydrooxymethyl deltamethrin, 4'-hydroxy
    deltamethrin, 4'-hydroxy-transhydroxymethyl deltamethrin,
    3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (Br2CA)
    and its 3 conjugates, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde and corresponding alcohol
    and acid and their conjugates, and alpha-cyanophenoxylbenzyl alcohol.

    Metabolism in animals is analogous to that in plants, differing mainly
    in the nature of the conjugates.  Rapid excretion of deltamethrin and
    its metabolites occurs in animals with very little tendency to
    bioaccumulate. Since deltamethrin comprises the major residue
    component, it is the only entity sought in residue analysis.

    When 0.27 g of C14-deltamethrin (labelled in the alpha-methine group)
    was injected intrarumenally into a dairy cow, radioactivity was
    rapidly excreted in urine and faeces (85.3%).  Peak residues in whole
    milk and butter were 0.045 and 0.92 mg/kg respectively with a
    half-life of 0.8 days.  Fat and muscle samples contained 0.088 and
    0.008 mg/kg deltamethrin equivalents at two days after treatment.  A
    miscible oil formulation containing 0.21 g of labelled deltamethrin

    was applied externally (except udder) to the same cow 49 days later. 
    Peak residues in whole milk and butter were 0.0057 and 0.1 mg/kg
    respectively by two days after treatment with half-lives of four to
    four and one half days.  On the basis of these ratios it can be
    calculated that residues arising from the consumption of forage or
    fodder having residues up to 2 mg/kg would not be likely to exceed
    0.01 mg/kg in whole milk or 0.02 mg/kg in butter or fat of meat.

    Cereal grains treated with dust, EC, or low volume formulation
    yielding initial deposits of up to 1 mg/kg deltamethrin exhibited
    little or no losses after storage of up to 50 weeks.  The majority of
    the residue in wheat was found in the bran (2 to 10 times that in
    whole grain) while white flour contained approximately one fourth of
    the residue in whole grain.  Baking of flour into bread had no
    significant effect on residue levels leading to possible residues of
    up to 0.3 mg/kg in baked goods from recommended storage treatment
    dosages.  Stored coffee beans treated at 1 or 2 mg/kg (dust, EC, and
    ULV treatments) had negligible loss of residue after 8 months of
    storage.  Roasting of coffee beans fortified at 0.05 mg/kg resulted in
    a residue of 0.012 mg/kg.  At this level of residue in roasted beans
    it can be calculated that less than 0.00003 mg/kg would be found in
    brewed coffee water on the basis of the results of experiments with
    tea in which the residues in brewed tea water did not exceed 1/500th
    of those on tea leaves.

    A sensitive general purpose method for the analysis of deltamethrin
    residues in plant tissues has been developed.  The method is based on
    extraction, liquid-liquid partition (if needed), liquid chromatography
    clean-up on a Florisil column and gas chromatographic quantitation
    using electron capture detection.  The use of a 63Ni electron capture
    detector at a working temperature of 300°C can measure deltamethrin
    directly and obviates the need for derivitisation.  If only a tritium
    electron capture detector is available then column temperature
    considerations require the use of a transesterification reaction to
    produce 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl) cyclopropane carboxylic acid
    methyl ester.  The use of an internal standard is to be preferred
    (either o-nitroaniline or a deltamethrin analogue) and quantitation
    should be by peak area rather than peak height for maximum precision
    and accuracy.  Recoveries range from 80 to 95% with a sensitivity
    (overall) of 1-10 µg/kg.

    For the analysis of deltamethrin residues in animal tissues a suitable
    method is available that is sensitive to about 1 µg/kg, with a
    recovery factor of 90% at the 10 µg/kg level.  The method is similar
    to that for plant tissue, differing mainly in the choice of solvents
    in the extraction and partition stages and in the use of gel
    permeation chromatography for clean-up.  A 63Ni detector operating at
    300°C is required.

    The meeting examined residue data from supervised trials reflecting
    established and proposed good agricultural practice on a number of
    crops and commodities.  From these data the meeting was able to

    estimate the maximum residue levels that were likely to occur when
    deltamethrin was used in practice and when reported intervals between
    last application and harvest were observed.


    RECOMMENDATIONS OF RESIDUES LIMITS

    The meeting concluded that the residue levels listed below need not be
    exceeded if recommended use patterns are adhered to.  In the absence
    of an ADI the meeting recommended that these are suitable as
    guidelines only.  These levels refer to parent compound only.

                                                                                               
                                                                   Interval between last
                                                                   application and harvest,
                                    Guideline residue              on which guideline levels
    Commodity                       levels, mg/kg                  are based, days1
                                                                                           

    Tea                                   10                            none
    Coffee beans                          2                             -
    Legume animal feeds                   0.5 (dry weight basis)        21
    Wheat bran (unprocessed)              2                             -
    Cereal grains                         1                             -
    Wheat flour (white)                   0.5                           -
    Leafy vegetables                      0.2                            7
    Bulb vegetables                       0.1                            7
    Legume vegetables                     0.1                            7
    Pome fruits                           0.1                           21
    Assorted fruits-edible peel           0.1                           14
    Oilseeds                              0.1                           14
    Brassica leafy vegetables             0.05                           7
    Artichokes                            0.05                           7
    Fruiting vegetables-edible peel       0.05                           3
    Oranges, clementines                  0.05                          35
    Stone fruits                          0.05                          14
    Grapes, strawberries                  0.05                           7
    Bananas                               0.05                          77
    Cocoa beans                           0.05                          35
    Root and tuber vegetables             0.01                           7
    Melons                                0.01                           7
    Pineapples                            0.01                          31
    Legume oilseeds                       0.01                          70
    Mushrooms                             0.01                           1
                                                                                           

    1  No numerical entry in given where the levels are based on post-harvest
    treatments.
    
    FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION

    Required (by 1982 and before an acceptable daily intake can be
    allocated)

    1. Results of the two-year feeding study in dogs currently in
    progress.

    2. Clarification of possible embryotoxic effects in animals.

    3. Further observations on reported effects in man.

    4. Studies into the significance of neurological effects observed in
    several animal species.

    5. Results of supervised trials on residues in meat, milk, and eggs
    arising from the use of deltamethrin for ectoparasite control, in
    feeding studies and in stable treatments.

    Desirable

    1. Additional residue data from supervised trials on citrus,
    especially grapefruit, lemons, tangerines, etc., if uses on these
    commodities are developed.

    2. Data on residues in food in commerce or at consumption.

    3. Information on national tolerances.


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    See Also:
       Toxicological Abbreviations
       Deltamethrin (EHC 97, 1990)
       Deltamethrin (HSG 30, 1989)
       Deltamethrin (ICSC)
       DELTAMETHRIN (JECFA Evaluation)
       Deltamethrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1981 evaluations)
       Deltamethrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1982 evaluations)
       Deltamethrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1984 evaluations)
       Deltamethrin (JMPR Evaluations 2000 Part II Toxicological)
       Deltamethrin (UKPID)
       Deltamethrin (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 53, 1991)