PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1982 Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO EVALUATIONS 1982 Data and recommendations of the joint meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues Rome, 23 November - 2 December 1982 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome 1983 DELTAMETHRINExplanation In 1980 the JMPR reviewed deltamethrin (FAO/WHO 1981)1/, and determined that an ADI could not be estimated without further information. Additional data were received and reviewed by the JMPR in 1981 (2-year feeding study in dogs; 2-year mouse oncogenicity study; mouse and rat teratology studies; additional mutagenicity evaluations and information on humans). No ADI was estimated. Since then, additional data has been submitted to FAO/WHO and are reviewed in this monograph addendum. EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Special Study for Carcinogenicity Studies designed to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of deltamethrin have been initiated by IARC. Groups of BDVI rats were administered orally 0-6 mg/kg bw deltamethrin in arachis oil. Similarly, groups of C57 BL/6 mice received orally 0-8 mg/kg bw of deltamethrin in arachis oil. Results were not yet available to the Meeting. 1/ See Annex 2 for WHO and FAO documentation. Special Studies on Eye Irritation Male albino rats (9) weighing between 2 and 3 kg were administered 0.1 ml of formulated deltamethrin (25 g/l mixofluid) into the conjunctival sac. Six of the treated eyes remained unwashed, while the remaining three were rinsed with lukewarm water 20-30 seconds after instillation. There was only transient clouding of the cornea in two animals one hour after dosing (1 washed, 1 unwashed), which cleared by day 2. Also noted was a low grade conjunctival irritation among all animals initially, which disappeared following day 2 of observations (Glomot et al 1981d). The 2.5% WP deltamethrin formulation diluted 1/10 in distilled water (0.1 ml per rabbit) elicited a similar pattern of initial transient corneal clouding in three of nine rabbits examined, which cleared by day 4. The undiluted formulation, 100 mg, administered into the conjunctival sac of rabbits produced increased involvement of conjunctiva, iris and cornea in all animals, generally moderate in severity, with low grade corneal opacity persisting in two rabbits through day 7 (1 washed, 1 unwashed) (Glomot et al 1981e). Special Study on Teratogenicity Mouse Groups of mated Swiss CD1, SPF mice (25/group) were orally gavaged with deltamethrin dissolved in sesame oil at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg bw/day administered during gestation days 6 to 17. This was a complementary teratology study to the Glomot and Vannier 1977 evaluation and was experimentally designed to assess the effects on foetal and post-natal development, including embryotoxicity. One group of mated mice was sacrificed on day 18 of gestation and examined for gravid uterine weight, number of implantation sites, viable foetuses, dead foetuses and resorptions. Visceral and skeletal examinations were performed on the foetuses. Some females were allowed to produce litter, and full examinations of pups and dams were conducted on day 1 post-partum. Similarly, a third group of females was allowed to produce a litter and dams and pups were sacrificed on day 21 post-partum. Pup weights were determined on days 1, 4, 10 and 21 post-partum. Results demonstrate that the conception and pregnancy rates were unaffected by treatment, except that maternal body weight gain was decreased in the 10 mg/kg bw group. Skeletal variants, consisting of delayed ossification of the sternebrae and phalanges in the 1 and 10 mg/kg bw/day group pups at gestation day 18, were not present at day 1 or 21 post-partum. Extranumery ribs and reduced ossification of skull bones were not observed in this complementary study. Litter size, pup weight, viability and lactation index were all normal through day 21 post-partum. Deltamethrin administered during the period of major organogenesis in the mouse causes a moderate and transient retardation of development of the foetus at 1 mg/kg bw/day and higher doses, but these effects were not observed at day 1 or 21 post-partum. There were no teratogenic effects related to treatment (Glomot and Vannier 1982). Special Studies on Skin Sensitization Male albino rabbits (6) weighing 2.5 to 2.9 kg were administered 0.5 ml of formulated deltamethrin (25 g/l mixofluid) to both shaved intact and abraded skin. The Primary Irritation Index after 24 h exposure to occluded sites was 1.2, slightly irritating (Glomot et al 1981b). An evaluation similar to the one described above was determined for a 2.5% WP deltamethrin formulation. Rabbits had a Primary Irritation Index of 2.41, moderately irritating. Moderate erythema continued for 72 hours, while the oedema generally diminished, with the exception of scarified skin sites (Glomot et al 1981c). Acute Toxicity Mouse Mice presented far fewer symptoms than rats after oral dosing at comparable levels, with diarrhoea being the only reportable observation (Glomot et al 1980a). Rat The acute oral toxicity of low concentrations of deltamethrin to rats was without noticeable mortality but included symptoms observed at higher concentrations, including excessive grooming, diarrhoea, drowsiness, piloerection, ptosis, difficulty in walking, general motor incoordination and hypotonia (Glomot 1979; Glomot et al 1979, 1981a). Rats were exposed (whole-body exposure) for 4 hours to an aerosol concentration of deltamethrin equal to 2.8 g/m3, the highest attainable airborne concentration of a 2-5% formulation. Approximately 80% of the total aerosol had a mean aerodynamic diameter less than 5.5 µm. Dyspnoea and gasping were observed in exposed rats. Relative lung weights and macroscopic pathology were normal. There were no mortalities (Clark et al 1980). Dog Dogs orally dosed with a 2.5% formulation of deltamethrin displayed no clinical symptoms related to treatment (Glomot et al 1980b). Table 1 Acute Toxicity of Deltamethrin in Animals LD50 Species Route Sex (mg/kg bw) Reference Rat Oral1/ M/F >5 000 Glomot et al 1981a Rat Oral2/ M 22 700 Glomot et al 1979 (19 100-23 800) Rat Oral2/ F 22 000 " (18 800-22 700) Rat Oral3/ M/F >15 000 Glomot 1979 Rat Inhalation3/ M/F >2.8 g/m3 Clark et al 1980 Mouse Oral3/ M/F >15 000 Glomot et al 1980a Dog Oral3/ M/F >10 000 Glomot et al 1980b 1/ in an aqueous mixture of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (0.25%) and polysorbate 80 (0.20%); 2/ obtained for a 25 g/l flowable formulation; 3/ obtained for a 2.5% wettable powder formulation. Observations in Humans Persons exposed to deltamethrin for 7-8 years of its production, syntheses and reformulation were subjected to medical observations, including both clinical and haematological examinations. Evaluations were conducted at several plants. There were no measurable effects other than transient cutaneous and mucous membrane irritation which was without sequelae. Adequate precautionary measures, such as gloves and face masks, provide protection from exposure (Foulhouz 1981). A medical survey of agricultural workers involved in the use and application of EC and WP formulations of deltamethrin in Yugoslavia revealed no untoward symptoms of exposure other than itching and burning of the face, as well as nasal hypersecretion. Medical examinations included chest x-ray, ECG, liver function tests, neurological exam (eye tonometry, Goldman perimetry, dark adaptation ability), kidney function tests, and whole blood and plasma cholinesterase activity. No adverse effects were noted. Proper use of masks and gloves, as well as good personal hygiene (e.g. washing), were emphasized (Plestina 1981). Four operators were evaluated during normal field applications of deltamethrin lasting one day. Three of the operators wore no protection on their heads or hands, while one wore hood, gloves and respirator. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were determined as well as haematological and biochemical tests and urinalysis. No changes were observed in blood parameters measured and no residues were found in the urine samples. Furthermore, no decrease in nerve conduction velocity occurred. Residues were primarily confined to gloves and legs. None of the operators experienced symptoms of facial sensation (Hewson and Burgess 1981). COMMENTS The additional information reviewed clarified previous concerns. Embryotoxic effects observed are transient in nature, demonstrated only in the foetuses, and without sequelae in newborn animals up through 21 days post-partum. Data accumulated on workers exposed to deltamethrin (e.g. plant workers, field operators and supported by data in laboratory animals demonstrate that deltamethrin is irritating to skin and mucous membranes. This potential can be reduced by proper precautionary measures such as gloves, face shield and other appropriate clothing. Information would indicate that some of this irritation may be partially caused or enhanced by the solvent (i.e. xylene) in the EC formulation. Evaluation of the histopathology in the 2-year rat feeding study by independent pathologists confirmed that there were no dose-related effects. The axonal degenerations at 20 ppm were not significantly different from high dose or control animals. Historical data from the laboratory performing the study re-affirmed that the reported observation of testicular cell adenoma at 50 ppm were age related and within the limits of 1 000 control animals of the same strain. The Meeting noted with interest the neurological effects observed in both acute and short-term studies, which were not observed in longer-term studies. The high doses of the long-term studies in rat and dog were equivalent to the lower doses utilized in the short-term studies, which provides a possible reason for the absence of such response. The Meeting was made aware of ongoing long-term carcinogenicity studies in the rat and mouse from which results are not yet available and hoped that these would be made available to the JMPR when they are completed. Additional data and information made available to the Meeting provided sufficient data to recommend an ADI. TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION Level Causing no Toxicological Effect Rat: 50 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 2.1 mg/kg bw. Mouse: 100 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 12 mg/kg bw. Dog: 40 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 1 mg/kg bw. Estimate of Temporary Acceptable Daily Intake for Man 0 - 0.01 mg/kg bw. FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION Desirable 1. Studies on the significance of neurological effects observed in several animal species. 2. Results from the IARC carcinogenicity studies in mouse and rat. 3. Further information on exposure of humans to deltamethrin. REFERENCES Clark, G.C., Jackson, G.C. and Alexander, D.J. Acute inhalation 1980 toxicity in rats, 4-hour exposure (Decis PM 2.5 percent). Report (ref.: RSL 437/80568) from Huntingdon Research Centre, U.K., submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) Foulhouz, P. Medical observations of personnel working on synthesis 1981 or formulation of deltamethrin. Report (ref.: RU-81.18.06/A) from Roussel Uclaf submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) Glomot, R. Acute toxicity study by oral route in the rat, Report (ref.: RU-79 803-54/A2) 1979 from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) Glomot, R., Audegond, L. and Collas, E. Acute oral toxicity study 1979 in the rat (Decis 25 G/L Mixofluid). Report (ref.: RU 79824/A) from Roussel Uclaf submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) 1980a Single administration by oral route in the mouse (Decis Wettable Powder, 2.5%). Report (ref:RU-80.817/A) from Roussel Uclaf submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) 1980b Single administration study by oral route in the dog (Decis Wettable powder, 2.5%). Report (ref.: RU 80.194/A) from Roussel Uclaf submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) 1981a Single administration study by oral route in the rat. Report (ref.: RU-81239/A) from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) 1981b Primary dermal irritation study in the rabbit. Deltamethrin 25 G/L Mixofluid). Report (ref.: RU-79193/A) from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) 1981c Primary dermal irritation study in the rabbit (Deltamethrin wettable powder, 2.5%). Report (ref.: RU80200/A) from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) 1981d Primary eye irritation study in the rabbit (Deltamethrin in 25 G/L Mixofluid). Report (ref.: RU79192/A) from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) 1981e Primary eye irritation study in the rabbit (Decis Wettable Powder, 2.5%). Report (ref. RU79192/A) from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) Glomot, R. and Vannier, B. Complementary teratological study in the 1982 mouse. Report (ref.: RU-82.506-12/A), from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) Hewson, R.T. and Burgess, J.E. An operator study with deltamethrin 1981 including measurements of nerve conduction times. Report (ref.: GB-NT-11.81/A) from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) Plestina, R. An evaluation of the use of deltamethrin in public 1981 health. Report (ref.: ZAG. KOT. 81/A) from Roussel Uclaf, submitted to the World Health Organization by Roussel Uclaf. (Unpublished) DELTAMETHRIN
Explanation Deltamethrin was reviewed by the Joint Meeting in 1980 and 1981 (FAO/ WHO 1981, 1982)1. In the absence of an ADI, guideline levels were proposed on a wide variety of agricultural commodities. The results of supervised trials on residues in meat, milk and eggs arising from uses for ectoparasite control, in feeding studies and in stable treatments were required by 1982. Also requested was more information on the level and fate on various cereal grains treated under different storage conditions, the effects of processing and cooking, more residue data on kiwi fruit, currants and leafy vegetables, the level and fate of residues in foods of animal origin following feeding and more information on levels on cereal grains. Information was received on residue levels on greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes and on stored wheat, wheat bran and wheat flour. Data on residue levels in meat, milk and eggs arising from ectoparasite control and stable treatments is under development but not yet available. RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION USE PATTERN Preharvest New information was received from the Netherlands (Netherlands 1982) on preharvest treatments in use since 1981 on a wide variety of crops, as shown in Table 1. 1/ See Annex 2 for FAO and WHO documentation. Table 1. Deltamethrin Use Pattern in the Netherlands Crop Application rate (a.i.) Preharvest g/100 l g/ha Formulation Interval (days) Apple, pear 2 0.5 75 EC 25 g/l 7 Strawberries 1 0.5 " - Blackberries, 1 0.5 " 7 raspberries Currants(black, 2 0.5 " 7 red,white),grapes, gooseberries Cherry, plums 1 0.5 " 7 Courgettes, 1 1.25 " 3 cucumbers,eggplant, melons, sweet peppers tomatoes Lettuce, 1 1.25 25 EC 25 g/l 14 endive Sweet fennel 1 7.5 " 7 Black radish, 1 7.5 " 7 radish, turnip, rutabaga Broccoli, 1 7.5 " 7 cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, cabbages, savoy, curly kale, kohlrabi Table 1. (con't) Crop Application rate (a.i.) Preharvest g/100 l g/ha Formulation Interval (days) Leek, 1 7.5 " 7 onions Peas, 1 7.5 " 7 french beans Potatoes 1 7.5 " 7 Sugar and fodder beet 1 7.5 " - Poppy, 1 7.5 " 7 flax Radish leaves, 1 7.5 " 7 cabbage greens, turnip greens Mushrooms 1 0.75-1.5 spray on beds,walk, 2 0.075 ceiling, swing or 2 pulsfog treatment 1 Small-scale use; 2 moderate-scale use. RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS Some additional data were available from Finland (Finland 1982) for residues on greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes. Cucumbers were sprayed at 2.1 mg a.i./plant; no residues (<0.05 mg/kg) were detected in samples harvested at 1, 5 and 8 days post-treatment. Tomatoes were sprayed at 1 mg a.i./plant; no residues (<0.05 mg/kg) were found in samples collected at 1, 5 and 8 days post-treatment. FATE OF RESIDUES In Storage and Processing Additional data were received on the behaviour of deltamethrin on stored wheat arising from experiments conducted in Australia and Greece (Table 2). Residues on wheat grain were roughly proportional to half the treatment rate and showed no measurable losses during storage for over a year. Residues in bran prepared from the stored wheat treated at at 1 mg/kg ranged from 0.3 - 1.5 mg/kg, while corresponding residues in flour (white) ranged from 0.01 - 0.07 mg/kg (Université de Montpellier 1981a,b). NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS An updated list of national MRLs was provided to the Meeting by the Netherlands (Netherlands 1982). Commodity MRL (mg/kg) Strawberries 0.05 Other fruits 0.1 Leafy vegetables 0.2 Other vegetables 0.05 Potatoes 0.05 Meat and milk 0.05 Other food commodities 0.05 APPRAISAL The results of supervised trials in Finland on greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes sprayed with deltamethrin at 2.1 and 1.0 mg a.i./plant respectively showed no measurable residues; <0.05 mg/kg were found even at 1 day post-treatment, and therefore the guideline level of 0.05 mg/kg would not be exceeded. Additional data on the behaviour of deltamethrin residues on stored wheat treated at 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg confirmed that no measurable degradation occurs on the grain over storage periods of more than a year. Measured values ranged from 0.1 - 0.16, 0.25 - 0.27 Table 2. Residues of Deltamethrin on Stored Wheat 1 Location Rates Part Interval (days) following last application (Year) Applied of (mg/kg) Sample 7 90 180 270 Greece 0.25 Grain 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.16 1980 0.50 Grain 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 (Days) 40/48 77 81 118/137 186 223/242 281 318/337 383/420 >1 year Australia 1 A Grain 0.3 0.5 0.25 0.4 1980-1982 Bran 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.3 Flour 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.01 (white) 1 B Grain 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.35 0.2 Bran 0.85 1.1 1.4 0.75 1.2 Flour 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.06 (white) 1 C Grain 0.25 0.35 0.3 0.35 Bran 1.1 0.8 1.4 1.5 Flour 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.01 (white) 1 D Grain 0.15 0.4 0.3 0.45 Bran 1.3 1.2 1 1 Flour 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.02 (white) 1 E Grain 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.25 Bran 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.3 Flour 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 (white) 1 All data based on one treatment. and 0.15 - 0.5 mg/kg respectively. Bran obtained from the stored wheat treated at the 1 mg/kg level contained most of the residue (range 0.3 - 1.5 mg/kg) while the corresponding white flour contained the least (range 0.01 - 0.07 mg/kg). Taking existing or possible use patterns into consideration, these data support the previously proposed guideline levels for cereal grains, wheat bran and wheat flour. Studies are still under way for determining residues occurring in meat, milk and eggs arising from ectoparasite and stable treatments and will be made available by 1984. RECOMMENDATIONS The previous guideline levels are converted to temporary maximum residue limits on the basis of the newly recommended temporary ADI for deltamethrin. FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION Desirable (as available) 1. Results of planned or ongoing studies on residue behaviour on stored crop commodities for the purpose of recommending new or revising previous MRLs on such commodities (estimated date - 1983), 2. Results of planned or ongoing supervised animal studies on residues in meat, milk and eggs resulting from ectoparasite and stable treatments for the purpose of recommending new MRLs on those commodities (estimated date - 1984). REFERENCES Finland Table on deltamethrin residues (official testing), 1982 (Personal communication) Netherlands Tables of preharvest treatments and national MRLs. 1982 (Personal communication) Université de Montpellier. Residues determination in plants. Wheat 1981a (stored). Research Report FP-81.27.04/A. Université de Montpellier, Residues determination in plants. Wheat 1981b (stored). Research Report FP-82.18.03/A.
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations Deltamethrin (EHC 97, 1990) Deltamethrin (HSG 30, 1989) Deltamethrin (ICSC) DELTAMETHRIN (JECFA Evaluation) Deltamethrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1980 evaluations) Deltamethrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1981 evaluations) Deltamethrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1984 evaluations) Deltamethrin (JMPR Evaluations 2000 Part II Toxicological) Deltamethrin (UKPID) Deltamethrin (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 53, 1991)