PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1994
JOINT FAO/WHO MEETING ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES
EVALUATIONS 1994
PART II - TOXICOLOGY
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
with the support of the International Programme
on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Joint meeting of the
FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment
and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 19-28 September 1994
This report contains the collective views of two international
groups of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions
nor the stated policy of the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations or the World Health Organization.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY
The preparatory work for the toxicological evaluations of pesticide
residues carried out by the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
for consideration by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment is actively supported by the International
Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS).
The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint
venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International
Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. One of the
main objectives of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate
evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the
quality of the environment.
ISBN 92 4 166510 6
(c) World Health Organization 1995
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on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization
concerning the legal status of every country, territory, city, or area
or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers
or boundaries.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of participants
Abbreviations
Introduction
The monographs
Abamectin (addendum)
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlormequat
Clethodim*
Cyhexatin (addendum)
Fenpropimorph*
Phorate
Phosmet
Tebuconazole*
Tecnazene
Teflubenzuron*
Tolclofos-methyl*
Annex I. Reports and other documents resulting from previous Joint
Meetings of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and WHO Expert Groups on
Pesticide Residues
* First full evaluation
1994 Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide
Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues
Rome, 19-28 September 1994
PARTICIPANTS
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Dr A.L. Black, Medical Services Adviser in Toxicology, Department of
Human Services and Health, Canberra ACT, Australia
Professor J.F. Borzelleca, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Medical College
of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,
United States (Vice-Chairman)
Dr P. Fenner-Crisp, Acting Deputy Director, Office of Pesticide
Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC,
United States (Rapporteur)
Professor O. Pelkonen, Professor of Pharmacology, Department of
Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Professor A. Rico, Biochemistry-Toxicology, Physiopathology and
Experimental Toxicology Laboratory (INRA), Ecole Nationale
Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
Dr P.-P. Yao, Professor of Toxicology, Institute of Occupational
Medicine, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
FAO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Dr D.C. Abbott, Ashtead, Surrey, United Kingdom
Dr A. Ambrus, Budapest Plant Health and Soil Conservation Station,
Budapest, Hungary (Rapporteur)
Dr U. Banasiak, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture
and Forestry, Kleinmachnow, Germany
Mr D.J. Hamilton, Department of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Mr N.F. Ives, Health Effects Division, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington DC, United States (Chairman)
Ms E. Masoller, Servicios de Laboratorios, Ministerio de Ganaderia,
Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay
Mr T. Sakamoto, Assistant Director, Plant Protection Division,
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
Dr B. Worobey, Chemical Evaluation Division, Bureau of Chemical
Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Secretariat
Dr E. Bosshard, Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Food
Science, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Mrs M. Caris, Bureau of Chemical Hazards, Environmental Health
Centre, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (WHO Temporary
Adviser)
Dr P. Chamberlain, Veterinary Medical Officer, Center for Veterinary
Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20855,
United States (WHO Consultant)
Dr W.H. van Eck, Food and Product Safety Division, Ministry of
Health, Welfare and Sport, Rijswijk, Netherlands (Chairman,
Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues)
Dr K. Fujimori, Division of Pharmacology, Biological Safety Research
Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Ministry of
Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr J.L. Herrman, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (WHO Joint Secretary)
Mrs E. Heseltine, Communication in Science, St Léon-sur-Vézère,
France (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Mrs P.H. van Hoeven-Arentzen, National Institute of Public Health
and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands (WHO
Temporary Adviser)
Dr J.-J. Larsen, Head, Department of General Toxicology, Institute
of Toxicology, National Food Agency of Denmark, Soborg, Denmark
(WHO Temporary Adviser)
Mr A.F. Machin, London, United Kingdom (FAO Consultant)
Dr D. McGregor, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation,
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Dr A. Moretto, Università di Padova, Istituto di Medicina del
Lavoro, Padova, Italy (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr G. Moy, Food Safety Unit, Division of Food and Nutrition, World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Mr W. Murray, Plant Protection Service, Plant Production and
Protection Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome, Italy (FAO Joint Secretary)
Dr. B. Röstel-Peters, Detached National Expert, DG III/E/3,
Pharmaceuticals, Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels, Belgium (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr G. Vettorazzi, International Toxicology Information Centre, San
Sebastian, Spain (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Mr M. Walsh, Principal Administrator, European Commission,
Législation des produits végétaux et de nutrition animale,
VI/B/II.1, Brussels, Belgium
Mr M. Watson, Head, Risk Evaluation Branch, Pesticides Safety
Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, York,
United Kingdom (WHO Temporary Adviser)
Dr Y. Yamada, Food Standards Officer, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards
Programme, Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Abbreviations used in these monographs
ADI acceptable daily intake
ATP adenosine triphosphate
bw body weight
CCPR Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
CHO Chinese hamster ovary
CI confidence interval
CMC carboxymethylcellulose
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
F female
F0 parental generation
F1 first filial generation
F2 second filial generation
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
hprt hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
JMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues
LC50 median lethal concentration
LD50 median lethal dose
LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
M male
NADPH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level
NR not reported
ppm parts per million
SD standard deviation
TLC thin-layer chromatography
Tween 80 polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate
v/v volume per volume
w/w weight per weight
Introduction
The toxicological monographs and monograph addenda contained in
this volume were prepared by a WHO Expert Group on Pesticide
Residues that met with the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide
Residues in Food and the Environment in a Joint Meeting on Pesticide
Residues (JMPR) in Rome, Italy, on 19-28 September 1994. These
monographs summarize the safety data on those pesticide residues for
which sufficient information was provided to the WHO Expert Group
for it to make decisions about acceptable daily intakes.
Five of the compounds considered by the WHO Expert Group at
this Meeting had been evaluated at earlier meetings. For two of
these, abamectin and cyhexatin, only information received since the
previous evaluation is summarized, in 'monograph addenda'. The
appropriate earlier documents should be consulted in order to obtain
a full toxicological profile of these chemicals. In the cases of
chlorfenvinphos, chlormequat, phorate, phosmet and tecnazene,
toxicological monographs were prepared, summarizing new data and
incorporating information from previous monographs and addenda.
Reports and other documents resulting from previous Joint Meetings
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the
Environment and WHO Expert Groups on Pesticide Residues are listed
in Annex I.
The report of the Joint Meeting has been published by the FAO
as FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 127. The report
contains brief comments on the compounds considered, acceptable
daily intakes established by the WHO Expert Group, and maximum
residue limits or guideline levels established by the FAO Panel of
Experts. Monographs on residues prepared by the FAO Panel of Experts
are published as a companion volume, as Evaluations 1994, Part I,
Residues, in the FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper series.
The toxicological monographs and addenda contained in this
volume are based on working papers that were prepared by temporary
advisers before the 1994 Joint Meeting. A special acknowledgement is
made to those advisers. The monographs were edited by Mrs E.
Heseltine, St Léon-sur-Vézère, France.
The preparation and editing of this volume were made possible
by the technical and financial contributions of the lead
institutions of the International Programme on Chemical Safety
(IPCS), which supports the activities of the JMPR. The designations
employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of
the Central Unit of the IPCS concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, nor
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The
mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products
does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the IPCS in
preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
Any comments or new information on the biology or toxicology of
the compounds included in this volume should be addressed to: Joint
WHO Secretary of the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues,
International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health
Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations