PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1984
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
EVALUATIONS 1984
The monographs
Data and recommendations of the joint meeting
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 24 September - 3 October 1984
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome 1985
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on
the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or
area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries.
M-84
ISBN 92-5-102353-0
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reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications
Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via
delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
(c) FAO 1985
CONTENTS
List of Those Attending the Meeting
Abbreviations
Introduction
The Monographs
PART I: Residues
Acephate*
Amitraz*
Bendiocarb*
Binapacryl*
Bitertanol*
Bromophos
Captan*
Carbaryl*
Carbosulfan
Chinomethionat*
Chlordane*
Chlorfenvinphos*
Cyhalothrin
Cypermethrin*
Deltamethrin*
Demeton-S-methyl and related compounds*
Diflubenzuron*
Dimethoate*
Diphenylamine*
Disulfoton*
Ethoprophos*
Fenitrothion*
Fenvalerate*
Imazalil*
Isofenphos*
Malathion*
Maleic hydrazide*
Metalaxyl*
Methamidophos*
Methoprene
Omethoate*
Parathion*
Parathion-methyl*
Permethrin*
Phorate*
Phosmet*
Phoxim*
Propamocarb
Propineb*
Thiram*
Triadimefon*
Triazophos* (See Report 1984, Section 4.53)
PART II: Toxicology
Acephate*
Amitraz*
Bendiocarb*
Butocarboxim, See Report 1984, section 4.7
sec-Butylamine. See Report 1984, section 4.8
Captan*
Carbosulfan
Chlorothalonil (corrigenda to 1983 Evaluation)
Cyhalothrin
DDT*
Demeton and related compounds*
Demeton-S-methyl*
Demeton-S-methyl sulphone*
Demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide (Oxydemeton methyl)*
Dimethoate*
Diphenylamine*
Fenithrothion*
Fenvalerate*
Folpet*
Imazalil*
Maleic hydrazide*
Methiocarb. See Report 1984, section 4.36
Methoprene
Oxamyl*
Parathion methyl*
Phenothrin
Phenthoate*
Phoxim*
Propamocarb
Annex I - Acceptable daily intakes, maximum residue limits
and guideline levels proposed at the 1984 Meeting
Annex II - Previous FAO and WHO Documentation
* Addendum
1984 JOINT MEETING OF THE FAO PANEL OF EXPERTS ON PESTICIDE
RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE WHO EXPERT GROUP
ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES
Rome, 24 September - 3 October 1984
FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the
Environment
J.A.R. Bates, Pesticide Registration Department, Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Hatching Green, Harpenden,
Herts, UK (Chairman)
A.F.H. Besemer, Chair of Phytopharmacy, Agricultural University,
Hartense Weg 30, 6705 Wageningen, The Netherlands
E. Celma, Servicio de Defensa contra Plagas e Inspeccion
Fitòpatologica, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion,
Juan Bravo, 3-B, Madrid 6, Spain
N.F. Ives, Office of Pesticide Programmes (TS - 769), Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington DC, 20460, USA (Rapporteur)
J.T. Snelson, Department of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia
K. Voldum Clausen, Division of Pesticides and Contaminants, National
Food Institute, Soborg, Denmark
Observer invited by FAO
A.J. Pieters, Directorate of Public Health, Foodstuffs Division,
Leidschendam, The Netherlands (Chairman of the Codex Committee on
Pesticide Residues)
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
C. Amerasekera, Head, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
E. Astolfi, University of Buenos Aires, Ayacucho 1337, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
V. Benes, Chief, Department of Toxicology, Institute of Hygiene and
Epidemiology, Srobarova 48, 10042 Prague, Czechoslovakia
D.J. Clegg, Head, Pesticide Section, Toxicological Evaluation
Division, Health Protection Branch, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa,
Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada (Vice-Chairman)
M. Lotti, Istituto di Medicina del Lavoro, Via Facciolati 71, 35127
Padova, Italy
D.V. Parke, Head, Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey,
Guildford GU2, UK (Rapporteur)
O.E. Paynter, Hazard Evaluation Division, Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M Street S.W., Washington DC, USA
R. Plestina, Head, Department of Toxicology, Institute for Medical
Research and Occupational Health, Mose Pijade 158, 41000 Zagreb,
Yugoslavia
FAO/WHO Secretariat
C.L. Berry, Professor of Morbid Anatomy, The London Hospital, London
E11 BB, UK
A.L. Black, Medical Services Adviser (Toxicology), Commonwealth
Department of Health, Woden, ACT Australia (WHO Temporary
Adviser)
E.R. Budd, Supervisory Toxicologist, Hazard Evaluation Division TS -
769, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M Street S.W., Washington DC, 20460, USA
J.R. Cabral, Scientist, Unit of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis,
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
F. Coulston, White Sands Research Center, 1092 Madison Ave., Albany,
N.Y. 12208, U.S.A.
B. Dieterich, Director, Environmental Health Division, WHO, Geneva,
Switzerland
A. Di Muccio, Toxicological Laboratory, Pesticide Section, Istituto
Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (WHO Temporary Adviser)
R.B. Jaeger, Supervisory Toxicologist, Hazard Evaluation Division,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA (WHO
Temporary Adviser)
F.-W. Kopisch-Obuch, Pesticide Residues Officer, Plant Production and
Protection Division, FAO, Rome, Italy (FAO Joint Secretary)
L.G. Ladomery, Food Standards Officer, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards
Programme, FAO, Rome, Italy
A.F. Machin, Boundary Corner, 2 Ullathorne Road, London, SW 16 1SN, UK
(FAO Consultant)
M. Mercier, Manager, International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO,
Geneva, Switzerland
J.R. Plimmer, Head, Agrochemicals and Residues Section Joint FAO/IAEA
Division, Wagramstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna
K. Topsy, 17 Dr. Moliére Street, Vuillemin, Beau Bassin, Mauritius
G. Vettorazzi, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Division of
Environmental Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (WHO Joint
Secretary)
E. Weisenberg, Director, Institute of the Standardization and Control
of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel (WHO
Temporary Adviser)
D. Wu-Lau, Scientific Adviser, Pesticide Section, Toxicological
Evaluation Division, Health Protection Branch, Ottawa, Ontario,
K1A 0L2 Canada (WHO Temporary Adviser)
ABBREVIATIONS WHICH MAY BE USED IN THESE EVALUATIONS
n.b.: chemical elements and pesticides not included in this list
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake
TADI - Temporary Acceptable Daily Intake
a.i. - active ingredient
approx. - approximate
at. wt. - atomic weight
b.p. - boiling point
c - centi - (× 10-2)
°C - degree Celsius (centigrade)
CCPR - Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
cm - centimetre
cu - cubic
DL - racemic (optical configuration, a mixture of dextro-
and laevo-; preceding a chemical name)
EC - emulsion concentrate
F1 - filial generation, first
f.p. - freezing point
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
g - gram
µg - microgram
GAP - good agricultural practice
G.I. - gastro-intestinal
GPC - gel-permeation chromatography
GLC - gas-liquid chromatography
h - hour(s)
ha - hectare
Hb - haemoglobin
i.m. - intramuscular
i.p. - intraperitoneal
IR - infrared
i.v. - intravenous
JMPR - joint meeting on pesticide residues (Joint Meeting of
the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food
and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on
Pesticide Residues)
k - kilo- (x 103)
kg - kilogram
l - litre
LC50 - lethal concentration, 50%
LD - lethal dose
LD50 - lethal dose, median
m - metre
mg - milligram
m - micrometre (micron)
min - minute(s)
ml - millilitre
MLD - minimum lethal dose
mm - millimetre
M - molar
mo - month(s)
m.p. - melting point
MRL - Maximum Residue Limit
TMRL - Temporary Maximum Residue Limit N.b. - this term
replaces "tolerance"
N - normal (concentration)
no. - number
NOEL - no-observable-effect level
o - ortho (position, preceding a chemical name)
p - para (position, preceding a chemical name)
PHI - pre-harvest interval
*ppb - parts per billion
*ppm - parts per million
s.c. - subcutaneous
SD - standard deviation
SE - standard error
sp. or
spp. - species (only after a generic name)
sp gr - specific gravity
sq - square
t - tonne (metric ton)
tert - tertiary (preceding a chemical name)
TLC - thin-layer chromatography
UV - ultraviolet
v/v - volume ratio (volume per volume)
WHO - World Health Organization
wk - week
WP - wettable powder
wt - weight
wt/vol - weight per volume
w/w - weight per weight
yr - year
< - less than
< - less than or equal to
> - greater than
> - greater than or equal to
* (Used only with reference to the concentration of a pesticide in
an experimental diet. In all other contexts the terms µg/kg, or
µg/l, mg/l are used.)
INTRODUCTION
The report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on
Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert
Group on Pesticide Residues, held in Rome from 24 September to 3
October 1984 contains a summary of the evaluations of residues in
foods of the various pesticides considered at the session as well as
information on the general principles followed by the Meeting. The
present document contains summaries of the data considered, together
with the recommendations made.
The information included in the monographs has been obtained from
the published literature wherever possible, but other sources have
also been included. Early and complete publication of the results of
research in this field are very important, particularly those data
which can form the basis for the estimation of acceptable daily
intakes and appropriate residue levels. Publication allows the
research to be assessed by scientists from disciplines not necessarily
represented at the meeting. Data contained in unpublished reports are
less satisfactory and, when considered, must be complete and
nonconfidential and indicate authorship.
Some of the compounds considered at this Meeting have been
previously evaluated and reported on in earlier publications. Only new
information is summarized in the relevant monographs and reference is
made to the previously published evaluation(s), which should also be
consulted. Such monograph addenda are indicated by an asterisk in the
"Contents" sheet.
Annex 1 to this volume of monographs summarizes the
recommendations on acceptable daily intakes, maximum residue limits
and guideline levels made at the 1984 Meeting. It has already appeared
as an annex to the report of the Meeting.
NOTE
Any comments on evaluation for acceptable daily intake should be
addressed to:
International Programme on Chemical Safety
World Health Organization
Geneva, Switzerland
Any comments on residues in food and their evaluation should be
addressed to:
Pesticide Residues Specialist
Plant Protection Service
Plant Production and Protection Division
Food and Agriculture Organization
Rome, Italy
See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations